1

Tribal Economic Development Principles-at-a-Glance Series

Expanding Broadband in Indian Country

This is the 21st in a series of economic development primers produced by the Division of Economic Development (DED), Indian Affairs Office of Indian Energy and Economic

Development (IEED), to offer answers to fundamental questions about creating jobs and

expanding economies in tribal communities. If you would like to discuss broadband in Indian

Country in more detail, please contact the Division of Economic Development at (202)

219-0740.

What is Broadband?

The word “broadband” typically refers to high speed Internet access that is always accessible

and does not need to be turned on like the previous dial-up access technology. There are several

technologies through which broadband or high-speed Internet is transmitted including: Digital

Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable Modem, Satellite, Wireless, Broadband over Powerlines (BPL),

and Fiber. 1 The FCC explains each technology as:

DSL – DSL utilizes traditional copper telephone lines that already exist in homes and

businesses to transmit data anywhere from several hundred Kbps to millions of bits per

second (Mbps).

Cable Modem – Cable modem speeds are comparable to DSL and use a cable

connection to provide broadband services.

Satellite – Satellite speeds are about ten times faster than dial-up access, but slower than

DSL and cable modem technologies. Broadband speeds delivered via satellite depend on

outside weather elements as well as whether the area from the where the user is located to

the satellite is clear or obstructed.

Wireless – Wireless technology speeds are similar to DSL and cable modem. In rural

areas wireless is oftentimes a cheaper alternative to DSL and cable modem technologies.

Broadband over Powerlines – This technology employs the use of electrical lines to

provide broadband to users and its speeds are similar to DSL and cable modem.

1 FCC

https://www.fcc.gov/general/types-broadband-connections

2

Fiber – Fiber optic technology is much faster than both DSL and cable modem

technology by as much as hundreds of Mbps. It utilizes very fine glass fiber to transmit

broadband.

What kind of fixed Internet access do Tribes have compared to the U.S. as a

whole?

The table below shows the percentage of U.S.

population segments that are connected to fixed

terrestrial broadband Internet (more specifically,

to the FCC’s benchmark speed of 25 Mbps/3

Mbps for fixed advanced telecommunications

capability). As of year-end 2017, 94.0% of the

entire population in the United States had

coverage of such services compared to only

68.0% of people on tribal lands2. This means there

are still 32.0% of people on tribal lands that are

disconnected to benchmark speed broadband

Internet services compared to only 6.0% of people

in the United States as a whole (as shown in the

graph to the right).

2 FCC

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

United States

6.0%

Tribal Lands

32%

Percent of Population

Disconnected to Fixed Internet

Benchmark Speed (2017)

https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-18-181A1.pdf

3

What kind of Mobile Internet access do Tribes have compared to the U.S. as a

whole?

The table below shows the percentage of U.S.

population segments that live in geographical

areas covered by mobile LTE with a minimum

advertised speed of 5 Mbps/1 Mbps. LTE stands

for Long Term Evolution. Mobile LTE refers to

mobile broadband or mobile data. It is what

makes downloading apps, browsing the Internet

and accessing e-mail, for example, on a cellphone

possible. As of year-end 2017, 99.8% of the

entire population in the United States lived in a

geographical area with mobile LTE coverage

compared to 97% of people on tribal lands3.

While the difference is not as drastic as the

disparity between fixed Internet access on tribal lands versus the rest of the United States as a

whole, there are still 3% of people living on tribal lands with no mobile LTE coverage compared

to only 0.2% of people in the United States as a whole.

3 Ibid.

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

United States

0.2%

Tribal Lands

3.0%

Percent of Population Living

Without Mobile LTE

Coverage (2017)

4

What are the barriers to broadband deployment on tribal lands?

A large proportion of tribal areas are located on

rough terrain in rural locations. In addition, like

most rural locations, populations are sparser than in

urban areas. These factors drive up the cost for

businesses to serve tribal areas, creating a barrier to

broadband deployment on tribal lands4. Rural

location alone is not an insuperable barrier to

broadband deployment. As seen in the graph to the

right , rural broadband deployment is achievable -

73.3% of rural non-tribal locations are covered by at

least one terrestrial fixed-broadband provider at the

FCC’s benchmark speed of 25/3 Mbps5.

However, a disparity exists with respect to rural

tribal lands. In sharp contrast to rural non-tribal

lands, only 46.6% of rural tribal locations have

coverage. This disparity is evident at every Internet

speed.

The federal government recognizes this disparity and is working to decrease the gap in service

between tribal and non-tribal locations.

How is the federal government addressing the disparity in broadband

deployment?

The federal government recognizes that Internet access is essential for tribes to further

sovereignty, economic development, education, public safety, and cultural preservation. The

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and

the U.S. Department of Commerce are addressing the disparity in broadband deployment

between tribal areas and the U.S. as a whole.

4 GAO 5 FCC

https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/694810.pdfhttps://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-357269A1.pdf

5

Federal Communications Commission

The FCC has established a Native Nations Communications Task Force comprised of 19 tribal

members and eight FCC members to carry out the FCC’s mission of increasing access to

affordable Internet services on tribal lands. Currently, the FCC’s Universal Service Fund

provides support through four programs6:

1) Connect America Fund (formally known as High-Cost Support) – This program

subsidizes the cost of providing service to high-cost areas for qualifying telephone

companies. This allows users in rural areas to pay reasonable rates comparable to those

charged to users in urban areas. To learn more, please click here.

2) Lifeline Program – This program provides lower cost phone service to qualifying low-

income consumers. To learn more, please click here.

3) E-Rate (Schools and Libraries Support) – This program provides funding to schools

and libraries so they may have access to Internet and telecommunications services.

Schools and libraries may obtain discounts ranging from 20 percent to 90 percent of the

costs of eligible services. To learn more, please click here.

4) Rural Health Care Support – This program provides funding to reduce the cost of

Internet and telecommunications services for rural healthcare providers. To learn more,

please click here.

Other programs and resources offered through the FCC include:

Tribal Radio Priority – An FCC rule provides broadcast radio licensing preference for

Tribes or tribally owned or controlled entities in both AM and FM bands. For more

information please contact Tom Nessinger at thomas.nessinger@fcc.gov.

Fixed Broadband Deployment Map – https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/#/

To learn more about support and programs offered through the FCC please click here or call

202-418-2930.

6 FCC

https://www.fcc.gov/general/connect-america-fund-cafhttps://www.fcc.gov/general/lifeline-program-low-income-consumershttps://www.fcc.gov/general/e-rate-schools-libraries-usf-programhttps://www.fcc.gov/general/rural-health-care-programhttps://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/#/https://www.fcc.gov/general/native-nationshttps://www.fcc.gov/general/universal-service

6

United States Department of Agriculture

ReConnect Program – The ReConnect Broadband Grant and Loan Program provides

eligible applicants, including Indian Tribes, funding opportunities for broadband

deployment in rural areas. Program funds may be used for construction, improvement and

acquisition of qualifying facilities, and acquisition of an existing system under certain

circumstances and to cover some pre-application expenses. To learn more and apply,

please click here.

Tribal College Initiative Grants – These grants fund tribal colleges to make capital

improvements to their facilities and purchase equipment. For more information, please

click here.

Rural Broadband Access Loan and Loan Guarantee Program – This program

furnishes loans and loan guarantees to eligible applicants, including Indian tribes or tribal

organizations, to provide funds for the costs of construction, improvement, or acquisition

of facilities and equipment needed to provide service at the broadband lending speed in

eligible rural areas. To learn more, please click here.

Telecommunications Infrastructure Loans & Loan Guarantees – This program

provides financing to eligible applicants, including federally recognized tribes, for the

construction, maintenance, improvement and expansion of telephone service and

broadband in rural areas. For more information, please click here.

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

State and Local Implementation Grant Program – This funding provides eligible

applicants, including tribal governments, with the resources to work with stakeholders

throughout the state or territory to identify needs, gaps, and priorities for public safety

wireless broadband. For more information please click here.

Department of Commerce

911 Grant Program – This program provides federal funding to eligible applicants,

including tribal organizations, to help 911 call centers nationwide upgrade equipment and

operations so that citizens, first-responders, and 911 call-takers can use digital, IP-based,

broadband-enabled technologies to coordinate emergency responses. For more

information please click here or contact Jennifer Duane at 202-482-1763.

The next page includes maps of broadband in Indian Country

https://www.usda.gov/reconnecthttps://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/tribal-college-initiative-grantshttps://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/rural-broadband-access-loan-and-loan-guaranteehttps://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/telecommunications-infrastructure-loans-loan-guaranteeshttps://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/state-and-local-implementation-grant-programhttps://www.911.gov/project_911grantprogram.html

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µ

Number of Fixed Residential Broadband Providers andIndian Lands of Federally Recognized Tribes

0 125 250 375 50062.5Miles

Map produced by the Division of Energy and Mineral Development(DEMD)

This map is not a legal document. The accuracy, correctness or completeness

of the information provided is not guaranteed. DEMD makes no expressed or

implied warranties as to the use of this map and accompanying data. The use of this

map or any data for engineering work or to legally define boundaries is prohibited.

Fixed Residential Broadband Providers provided by FCC. Electric

Transmission Line data provided by RexTag/Hart Energy. Reservation Boundary,

OTSA and Alaska Native Entity data provided by BIA - Branch of Geospatial

Support (BOGS). Base Layer data provided by ESRI and US Census. Basemap Imagery Data provided by United States Geological Survey (USGS),

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Esri Inc.

Assistant Secretary - Indian AffairsOffice of Indian Energy and Economic Development Division of Energy and Mineral DevelopmentElectric Transmission Lines

Indian Reservation Boundaries and Locations

Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas

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µ

Percentage of Households with Broadband Internet Subscriptionsand Indian Lands of Federally Recognized Tribes

Assistant Secretary - Indian AffairsOffice of Indian Energy and Economic Development Division of Energy and Mineral DevelopmentPercentage of Tribal Households with a Broadband Internet Subscription

0 - 20

21 - 40

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81-100

Electric Transmission Lines

Indian Reservation Boundaries and Locations

Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas0 125 250 375 50062.5

Miles

Map produced by the Division of Energy and Mineral Development(DEMD)

This map is not a legal document. The accuracy, correctness or completeness

of the information provided is not guaranteed. DEMD makes no expressed or

implied warranties as to the use of this map and accompanying data. The use of this

map or any data for engineering work or to legally define boundaries is prohibited.

Fixed Residential Broadband Providers provided by FCC. Electric

Transmission Line data provided by RexTag/Hart Energy. Reservation Boundary,

OTSA and Alaska Native Entity data provided by BIA - Branch of Geospatial

Support (BOGS). Base Layer data provided by ESRI and US Census. Basemap Imagery Data provided by United States Geological Survey (USGS),

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Esri Inc.

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