Exp05

Experiment 5 Polytropic Expansion of Air

Experiment 5Polytropic Expansion of Air

Object

The object of this experiment is to find the relation between pressure and volume for the expansion of air in a pressure vessel – this expansion is a thermodynamic process.

Introduction

The expansion or compression of a gas can be described by the polytropic relation , where p is pressure, v is specific volume, c is a constant and the exponent n depends on the thermodynamic process. In our experiment compressed air in a steel pressure vessel is discharged to the atmosphere while the air remaining inside expands. Temperature and pressure measurements of the air inside the vessel are recorded. These two measurements are used to produce the polytropic exponent n for the expansion process.

Historical background

Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) [1] in his 1824 "Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power," examines a reciprocating, piston-in-cylinder engine. Carnot describes a cycle applied to the machine appearing in Figure 5.1, which contains his original sketch. In this figure air is contained in the chamber formed by the piston cd in the cylinder. Two heat reservoirs A and B, with temperature greater than temperature , are available to make contact with cylinder head ab. The reservoirs A and B maintain their respective temperatures during heat transfer to or from the cylinder head.

Carnot gives the following six steps for his machine:1. The piston is initially at cd when high-temperature reservoir A is brought into contact

with the cylinder head ab. 2. There is isothermal expansion to ef3. Reservoir A is removed and the piston continues to gh and so cools to .4. Reservoir B makes contact causing isothermal compression from gh to cd.5. Reservoir B is removed but continual compression from cd to ik causes the

temperature to rise to .6. Reservoir A makes contact, isothermally expanding the air to cd and thus completing

the cycle.

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A decade later Clapeyron [2] analyzed Carnot's cycle by introducing a pressure-volume, p-v diagram. Clapeyron's diagram is reproduced next to Carnot’s engine in Figure 5.1. Claperon labels his axes y and x, which correspond to pressure and volume, respectively. We will examine two process paths in this diagram: the isothermal compression path F-K and the isothermal expansion path C-E. Since both of these processes are isothermal, pv = RT = constant. This is a special case of the polytropic process , where, for the isothermal process, n = 1, so we have the same result, pv = c.

Figure 5.1 Left sketch: Carnot's engine, after Carnot [1]. Right sketch: Clapeyron's pressure-volume, p-v diagram, after Clapeyron [2]. For the axes in Clapeyron’s diagram x = v and y = p.

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The Experiments

Photographs of the equipment appear in Figures 5.2 and 5.3, and a sketch of the components appears in Figure 5.4.

steel pressure vessel discharge valves thermocouple conduit pressure transducer

Figure 5.2 The polytropic expansion experiment at Cal Poly.

thermocouples thermocouple conduit

Figure 5.3 Two, Type-T thermocouples are located inside the pressure vessel, at the geometric center. Only one thermocouple is used – the other is a spare. In the photo the thermocouple conduit has been removed and held outside of the vessel. The junctions of these thermocouples are constructed of extremely fine wires (0.0254mm diameter) that provide a fast time response.

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Figure 5.4 The polytropic expansion experiment equipment.

Pressure measurements come from the pressure transducer tapped in to the pressure vessel shown in Figure 5.4. The transducer is powered by the unit labeled “CD23”, which is a Validyne [3] carrier demodulator. The fine wire thermocouple is described in the Figure 5.3 caption. Both thermocouple and pressure signals feed into an Omega [4] flatbed recorder.

The three discharge valves on the right side of the vessel have small, medium, and large orifices. These orifices allow the air inside the vessel expand at three different rates. The pressure vessel is first charged with the compressed air supply. This causes the air that enters the vessel to initially rise in temperature. After a few minutes the temperature reaches equilibrium at which time one of the discharge valves is opened. Temperature and pressure are recorded for each expansion process. These data are then used to compute the polytropic exponent n for each process. It is important to note that the temperature and pressure of the air inside the vessel are measured, not the air discharging from the vessel.

Data

Pressure and temperature data, for the three runs, are provided in the EXCEL file “Experiment 5 Data.xls.”

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Analysis

In many cases the process path for a gas expanding or contracting follows the relationship

(5.1)

The polytropic exponent n can theoretically range from . However, Wark [5] reports that the relation is especially useful when . For the following simple processes the n values are:

isobaric process (constant pressure) n = 0isothermal process (constant temperature) n = 1isentropic process (constant entropy) n = k ( k=1.4 for air)isochoric process (constant volume) n =

In our experiment the steel pressure vessel is initially charged with compressed air of mass . Next, the vessel is discharged and the remaining air mass is . This final mass was

part of the initial mass and occupied part of the volume of the vessel at the initial state. Thus expanded within the vessel with a corresponding change in temperature and pressure. Therefore mass can be considered a closed system with a moving system

boundary and the following form of the first law of thermodynamics applies

(5.2)

If the system undergoes an adiabatic expansion , and if the work at the moving system boundary is reversible . Furthermore, if we consider the air to be an ideal gas with constant specific heat . With these considerations the first law reduces to

(5.3)

Using the ideal gas assumption and differentiating this equation gives

(5.4)

Substituting Equation 5.4 into 5.3 and using the relationships and

gives

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Separating variables and integrating this equation, , yields

(5.5)

which is a special case of the polytropic relationship given by Equation 5.1, with n = k.

It is important to note that in the development of Equation 5.5 the expansion of inside the pressure vessel was assumed to be reversible and adiabatic, i.e. an isentropic expansion. In our experiment the adiabatic assumption is accurate during initial discharge. However, the reversible assumption is clearly not applicable because the air expands irreversibly from high pressure to low pressure. Therefore we anticipate our data to yield .

Two approaches are used to determined the polytropic exponent n from the data:

1. Equation 5.1 can be written as , which is a power law equation. In EXCEL, a plot of p versus v and a power law curve fit using TRENDLINE will disclose n.

2. Equation 5.6 (subsequently developed) may be used with only two states to determine n.

Here is the outline of the development of Equation 5.6. We start with , which also can be expressed as and combine this with the ideal gas law to obtain

(5.6)

The temperatures and pressures in Equation 5.6 are all absolute and the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and final states.

Required

1. Pressure and temperature data are provided for all three runs in “Experiment 5 Data.xls.” Use the ideal gas law, pv = RT, to compute v corresponding to each p. Use SI units: m3/kg for v and Pa for p.

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2. Plot p versus v and find n: For each run, on a separate graph, plot p [on the ordinate (vertical) axis] versus

v [on the abscissa (horizontal) axis]. Use linear scales. Determine the polytropic exponent n for each run using a TRENDLINE power

curve fit. Also find the correlation coefficient for each curve. (Be aware that the TRENDLINE power curve fit will give , where y = p, x = v and a and b are constants.)

Plot all three runs on a single graph and find n for the combined data.

3. Derive Equation 5.6.

4. Find n for each run using Equation 5.6, where states 1 and 2 represent the beginning and ending states, respectively.

5. In a single table show all of the n values.

6. Discuss the meaning of your n values, that is, how does your n value compare with n values for other, known processes?

Nomenclature

c constant, N mcp specific heat constant pressure, kJ/kg Kcv specific heat constant volume, kJ/kg Kk specific heat ratio, dimensionlessn polytropic exponent, dimensionlessp absolute pressure, Pa or psiaQ heat transfer, kJR gas constant, kJ/kg K (Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg·K)

T temperature, °C or KU internal energy, kJ

v specific volume, m3/kg

V volume m3

W work, kJ

Subscripts1,2 thermodynamic states

References

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1. Carnot, S., "Réflexions sur la puissance motive du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance," Paris, 1824. Reprints in Paris: 1878, 1912, 1953. English translation by R. H. Thurston, "Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power," ASME, New York, 1943.

2. Clapeyron, E., "Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat," Journal de l'École Polytechnic, Vol. 14, 1834; translation in E. Mendoza (Ed.) "Reflections on the motive Power of Fire and Other Papers," Dover, New York, 1960.

3. Validyne Engineering Sales Corp., 8626 Wilbur Avenue, Northridge, CA. 91324 http://www.validyne.com/

4. OMEGA Engineering, INC., One Omega Drive, Stamford, Connecticut 06907-0047 http://www.omega.com/

5. Wark, K. Jr. & D.E. Richards, Thermodynamics, 6th Ed, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.

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\ © 2005 by Ronald S. Mullisen \ Physical Experiments in Thermodynamics \ Experiment 5 \

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