Exodus From A Slave Nation to a People of the Covenant Theme of Redemption Primary event of redemption in the Old Testament God delivered His people from slavery in Egypt Made a covenant at Sinai Brought them to Land of Promise Kinsman-Redeemer Primary event of redemption in the Old Testament God delivered His people from slavery in Egypt Made a covenant at Sinai Brought them to Land of Promise Kinsman-Redeemer EXODUS - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Josephs Family to Goshen Josephs Families Journey to Goshen Due to the Famine Fertile Nile Delta Egypt Canaan EBibleTeacher.com Josephs Position Joseph given control as vizir Vizir a historically attested position The Duties of the Vizir Rekhmire, vizir for Thutmose III Joseph given control as vizir Vizir a historically attested position The Duties of the Vizir Rekhmire, vizir for Thutmose III From the tomb of Rekhmire Political Immergence of Egypt Hyksos Kingdom B.C. [Time of Joseph] `Pharaoh Ahmose expels Hyksos from Egypt. Egypt The New Kingdom B.C. (Late Bronze Age) and the period in which the Israelites were in bondage. `Included the 18 th 20 th Dynasties ( B.C.) Hyksos Kingdom B.C. [Time of Joseph] `Pharaoh Ahmose expels Hyksos from Egypt. Egypt The New Kingdom B.C. (Late Bronze Age) and the period in which the Israelites were in bondage. `Included the 18 th 20 th Dynasties ( B.C.) Egyptian Kings: 18 th Dynasty KingsDates (B.C.)Key Events Ahmose Expelled Hyksos from Delta Amenhotep I1546 1526 Thutmose I1525 1512Extended influence to Euphr R. Thutmose II1512 1504 Hatshepsut1503 1482 (co-regency) Thutmose III1504 1450 (co-regency)Made 16 campaigns into Pales. Amenhotep II Possibly Pharaoh of Exodus? Thutmose IV Amenhoptep III1417 1379Great builder Amenhotep IV1379 1362Amarna Tablets Smenkhare1364 1361 Tutankahamun (King Tut)1361 1352 Ay1352 1348 Horemhab Amarna Period (ca B.C.) Amenhotep IV and the Sun God Aten Proclaimed only one God Aten and Akhenaten Amenhotep IV and the Sun God Aten Proclaimed only one God Aten and Akhenaten Amarna Letters (Late Bronze Age, 14th century BCE) after the Amarna Revolution Amarna Letters discovered in 1887 part of official court archives [Letters to Pharaoh Amenophis III and IV] Egypt: Place of Harmony Egyptian Word Maat Means the correct order of all things; Harmony Egyptian Word Maat Means the correct order of all things; Harmony The Gift of the Nile Aswan Dam/Nile River Built in 1970 Satellite Picture of Aswan Dam Hebrews? Apiru or Habiru (appear shortly after 1900 B.C.) A social class encompassing the Hebrews, not an ethnic identity. Lower class Nomadic/foreigners in another land Hunters/gatherers Seti I brought back captive Habiru from Palestine and put them to work on state projects. Apiru or Habiru (appear shortly after 1900 B.C.) A social class encompassing the Hebrews, not an ethnic identity. Lower class Nomadic/foreigners in another land Hunters/gatherers Seti I brought back captive Habiru from Palestine and put them to work on state projects. The Pharaohs of the Exodus Ramses I Moves capital from Thebes to Memphis Son was Seti I Seti I Probably the Pharaoh who did not know of Joseph Son was Ramses II Ramses II Most likely the Pharaoh of the Exodus Ramses I Moves capital from Thebes to Memphis Son was Seti I Seti I Probably the Pharaoh who did not know of Joseph Son was Ramses II Ramses II Most likely the Pharaoh of the Exodus Ramses II Egyptian Kings: 19 th Dynasty KingsDates (B.C.)Key Events Rameses I1320 1318Moves capital from Thebes to Memphis Seti I1318 1304Probably the Pharaoh who did not know Joseph Rameses II1304 1237Most likely the Pharaoh of the Exodus Merneptah1236 1223His victory stele mentions Israel Amenmesses1222 1217 Seti II1216 1210 Merneptah Stele Discovered in 1896 in Merneptah's mortuary temple in Thebes by Flinders Petrie. Merneptah Stele where word Israel first mentioned Earliest mention of Israel outside the Bible Discovered in 1896 in Merneptah's mortuary temple in Thebes by Flinders Petrie. Merneptah Stele where word Israel first mentioned Earliest mention of Israel outside the Bible EXODUS - CONTENT General Background Author: Moses means draw out Date of Composition: Close to that of Genesis or 1220 B.C. Content: Israels deliverance from Egypt, establishment of the covenant at Sinai, tabernacle Historical coverage: From the death of Joseph (ca B.C.) to the encampment of the Israelites at Mt. Sinai Leviticus ends with people still at Mt. Sinai Author: Moses means draw out Date of Composition: Close to that of Genesis or 1220 B.C. Content: Israels deliverance from Egypt, establishment of the covenant at Sinai, tabernacle Historical coverage: From the death of Joseph (ca B.C.) to the encampment of the Israelites at Mt. Sinai Leviticus ends with people still at Mt. Sinai Outline of Exodus Birth and Call of Moses (1-4) Israelite oppression under Egypt (5-6) The Plagues (7-13) The Exodus (13) Grumblings in the Desert (14- 17) Mt. Sinai (19) Decalogue (20:1-17) Covenant Code (20:22-23:33) Tabernacle Design (25-27) Birth and Call of Moses (1-4) Israelite oppression under Egypt (5-6) The Plagues (7-13) The Exodus (13) Grumblings in the Desert (14- 17) Mt. Sinai (19) Decalogue (20:1-17) Covenant Code (20:22-23:33) Tabernacle Design (25-27) Sabbath (31:12-17) Second recording of the covenant (34) Sabbath once again (35:1-3) Offerings (36-37) Ark and tabernacle furniture (36-38) Priestly garments (39) Tabernacle setup (40) Emphases in Exodus 1.Gods miraculous deliverance of his people from Egypt through Moses 2.The reception of the covenant at Mt. Sinai, including the 10 commandments (20) and the Book of the Covenant (19:1-24:18) 3.The establishment of proper worship, inc. the priesthood and a central sanctuary (tabernacle) 4.The earthly tendency of the people to rebel against the covenant (blessings/curses) 1.Gods miraculous deliverance of his people from Egypt through Moses 2.The reception of the covenant at Mt. Sinai, including the 10 commandments (20) and the Book of the Covenant (19:1-24:18) 3.The establishment of proper worship, inc. the priesthood and a central sanctuary (tabernacle) 4.The earthly tendency of the people to rebel against the covenant (blessings/curses) Chapter 1: God vs. Man Starts with names of the sons of Israel (1:1) Genesis theme God is for life (1:7, 12, 20) Pharaohs Opposition to Israel (1:8) Opposition to Pharaoh (1:17) Starts with names of the sons of Israel (1:1) Genesis theme God is for life (1:7, 12, 20) Pharaohs Opposition to Israel (1:8) Opposition to Pharaoh (1:17) Pharaoh Seti I Chapter 2: Moses Tribe: Levi Clan: Kohath Family Group: Amram by Jochebed Grew up in Egyptian Court A deliverer at heart (2:11-12; 18-19) Tribe: Levi Clan: Kohath Family Group: Amram by Jochebed Grew up in Egyptian Court A deliverer at heart (2:11-12; 18-19) Moses & Aarons Family Tree Levi Kohath, Gershon, Merari Kohath (second son of Levi) Amram, Izhar, Hebron, Uzziel Amram [Mother: Jochebed] Aaron, Moses Aaron Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar Eleazar Phinehas. Levi Kohath, Gershon, Merari Kohath (second son of Levi) Amram, Izhar, Hebron, Uzziel Amram [Mother: Jochebed] Aaron, Moses Aaron Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar Eleazar Phinehas. Chapter 3: Moses and the Burning Bush Moses is changed (3:1) God is attentive to human plight (3:7) God addresses him Moses! Moses! (3:4) I AM who I AM (3:14) - YHWH God commissions Moses (3:10) Moses is changed (3:1) God is attentive to human plight (3:7) God addresses him Moses! Moses! (3:4) I AM who I AM (3:14) - YHWH God commissions Moses (3:10) Chapter 4: Jethro Priest of Midian Midian child of Abraham Moses married Zipporah and had 2 sons Father figure teaches Moses Priest of Midian Midian child of Abraham Moses married Zipporah and had 2 sons Father figure teaches Moses Chapter 4: Tough Verses - 4:24 Lordwas about to Kill him Zipporah intervenes by circumcising their son Gershom Bridegroom of Blood reference to circumcision. Enigmatic event linked to: Moses failure to circumcise his son. Continuing lack of faith regarding his mission. Zipporah intervenes by circumcising their son Gershom Bridegroom of Blood reference to circumcision. Enigmatic event linked to: Moses failure to circumcise his son. Continuing lack of faith regarding his mission. Chapters 7-11: The Plagues More frequently designated as Signs and Wonders. Themes of the plagues Who will Israel serve and worship? (8:1, 8:20, 9:1, 9:13, 10:3) Who is the true God? Plagues are progressive More frequently designated as Signs and Wonders. Themes of the plagues Who will Israel serve and worship? (8:1, 8:20, 9:1, 9:13, 10:3) Who is the true God? Plagues are progressive The Plagues 1. Turning water into blood (7:14-25) 2. The plague of frogs (8:1-15) 3. The dust becomes gnats (8:16-19) 4. The plague of flies (8:20-32) 5. The death of the livestock (9:1-7) 1. Turning water into blood (7:14-25) 2. The plague of frogs (8:1-15) 3. The dust becomes gnats (8:16-19) 4. The plague of flies (8:20-32) 5. The death of the livestock (9:1-7) 6. The plague of boils (9:8-12) 7. The plague of hail (9:13-35) 8. The plague of locusts (10:1-20) 9. The plague of darkness (10:21-29) 10. The death of the firstborn (12:1-41) The Miracle of the Plagues Due to Natural Phenomena? Turning of waters to blood due to high flooding of the river during the months of July-Aug. 9 plagues fit precisely the natural phenomena of Egypt. Cattle disease (5 th plague) was anthrax The boils on men and cattle was skin anthrax Due to Natural Phenomena? Turning of waters to blood due to high flooding of the river during the months of July-Aug. 9 plagues fit precisely the natural phenomena of Egypt. Cattle disease (5 th plague) was anthrax The boils on men and cattle was skin anthrax Locusts in Egypt The Hardening of Pharaoh's Heart Each plague ends with the hardening of Pharaohs heart 7:22, Pharaoh's heart became hard. 8:15, he hardened his heart. 9:12, the Lord hardened Pharaohs heart 9:34-10:1, both God and Pharaoh hardens his heart and his heart was hard Each plague ends with the hardening of Pharaohs heart 7:22, Pharaoh's heart became hard. 8:15, he hardened his heart. 9:12, the Lord hardened Pharaohs heart 9:34-10:1, both God and Pharaoh hardens his heart and his heart was hard Chapter 12: Passover Blood of a lamb on the sides and tops of the door frames Signifying Consecration to God [Purification] Meat Roasted not boiled Eaten in doors Animals bones must not be broken Blood of a lamb on the sides and tops of the door frames Signifying Consecration to God [Purification] Meat Roasted not boiled Eaten in doors Animals bones must not be broken Commemorate Passover Later generations commemorate event in 3 ways: Celebrate each year the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread (14-20; 13:3-10) Eat a year-old lamb or kid (24-27) Give to God all future firstborn male animals from their livestock (13:11-16) Later generations commemorate event in 3 ways: Celebrate each year the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread (14-20; 13:3-10) Eat a year-old lamb or kid (24-27) Give to God all future firstborn male animals from their livestock (13:11-16) Theological Significance The Last Supper is a Passover Meal (Mt. 26:17; Mk 14:12; Lk 22:7-8) Apostle John mentions Jesus bones were not broken. 1 Cor 5:7 For Christ, our Passover Lamb has been sacrificed Represents supreme judgment and a great deliverance. The Last Supper is a Passover Meal (Mt. 26:17; Mk 14:12; Lk 22:7-8) Apostle John mentions Jesus bones were not broken. 1 Cor 5:7 For Christ, our Passover Lamb has been sacrificed Represents supreme judgment and a great deliverance. Chapter 12: The Exodus Means Departure Dating the Exodus 1445B.C. Early Date 1 Kings 6:1 says 480 years (Exodus to the building of the Temple in 965 B.C.) 1300 B.C B.C. Later Date Means Departure Dating the Exodus 1445B.C. Early Date 1 Kings 6:1 says 480 years (Exodus to the building of the Temple in 965 B.C.) 1300 B.C B.C. Later Date Exodus Major Events Map Egypt Nile Delta Delta Great Sea (Mediterranean) Red Sea SinaiPeninsula Canaan Traditional Route of the Exodus NASA Photo EBibleTeacher.com Quail/Manna Mt. Sinai 12 Spies Jericho Mt. Sinai Indirect Evidence for the Exodus Israelite tradition [Hos 2:15; 11:1; Isa 43:3] Story of Joseph authentically reflects Egyptian life Unique in Ancient Near East literature Papyri Anastasi flight of 2 slaves into Sinai Apiru Semites were used as slaves in building projects Israelite tradition [Hos 2:15; 11:1; Isa 43:3] Story of Joseph authentically reflects Egyptian life Unique in Ancient Near East literature Papyri Anastasi flight of 2 slaves into Sinai Apiru Semites were used as slaves in building projects Chapter 15-17: The Grumblings of the Israelites Waters of Marah bitter to sweet (15:22- 27) Manna What is it? (16:15) Collect 6 days and on Friday collect for 2 days God provides for the next 40 years until they settled in the land of Canaan Meribah means quarrelling, contention, strife. Moses strikes the rock for water. Waters of Marah bitter to sweet (15:22- 27) Manna What is it? (16:15) Collect 6 days and on Friday collect for 2 days God provides for the next 40 years until they settled in the land of Canaan Meribah means quarrelling, contention, strife. Moses strikes the rock for water. THE LAW The Sinai Law (Ch.20-40) Exodus 20-Leviticus 27 Leviticus Mostly Ritual law How to worship and function as a holy people Numbers Transitional book containing history of Israelites travel and the laws Procedural Law what you do in a certain situation Deuteronomy Self-contained law code All 3 kinds of law are there preached 40 years later than Exodus and Leviticus. Emphasize Personal Response to the Law Exodus 20-Leviticus 27 Leviticus Mostly Ritual law How to worship and function as a holy people Numbers Transitional book containing history of Israelites travel and the laws Procedural Law what you do in a certain situation Deuteronomy Self-contained law code All 3 kinds of law are there preached 40 years later than Exodus and Leviticus. Emphasize Personal Response to the Law Exodus (Mt. Sinai) Israels Vocation Defined To act in a priestly role in their ancient society By attracting the world to her form of government and by her embodied holiness. Israels Law Given (10 Commandments) Spelled out the boundaries of the relationship established by grace. Israels Vocation Defined To act in a priestly role in their ancient society By attracting the world to her form of government and by her embodied holiness. Israels Law Given (10 Commandments) Spelled out the boundaries of the relationship established by grace. 2 Types of Laws Apodictic Law (U.S.) Exhaustive Ex) Burglary breaking and entering after sunset with an intent to commit a felony Casuistic Law (Israelite) Case Law Based on a particular situation Ex) If an ox gores a person, then.. Apodictic Law (U.S.) Exhaustive Ex) Burglary breaking and entering after sunset with an intent to commit a felony Casuistic Law (Israelite) Case Law Based on a particular situation Ex) If an ox gores a person, then.. Relevance of O.T. Law Modern Day Context Under 10 commandments renewed in N.T. 2 Great Commandments [Matt 22:40] Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind Love your neighbor as yourself Modern Day Context Under 10 commandments renewed in N.T. 2 Great Commandments [Matt 22:40] Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind Love your neighbor as yourself Breakdown of Israelite Law Civil Law Nullified in Christ no more national identity Laws that describe how people relate with one another Ex) City of refuge Ritual Law Fulfilled in Christ Sacrificial System Ethical Law Still applicable Caring for your neighbor, loving others. Civil Law Nullified in Christ no more national identity Laws that describe how people relate with one another Ex) City of refuge Ritual Law Fulfilled in Christ Sacrificial System Ethical Law Still applicable Caring for your neighbor, loving others. 20:5-6 Punishing the children for the sin of the fathers Reality that sins of one generation affects the ensuing generation God will keep punishing each generation that commits the same sin again and again Israels history demonstrates this fact Reality that sins of one generation affects the ensuing generation God will keep punishing each generation that commits the same sin again and again Israels history demonstrates this fact THE TABERNACLE The Tabernacle Portable shrine Represented the presence of God Physical presence Central to the community Tabernacling means dwelling or tenting (John 1:14) Physical Description Holy Place 30 ft long by 15 ft wide by 15 ft high Most Holy Place 15 ft on each side 2 large linen curtains separated the main hall (The Holy Place) while the second covered the Holy of Holies (The Most Holy Place) Portable shrine Represented the presence of God Physical presence Central to the community Tabernacling means dwelling or tenting (John 1:14) Physical Description Holy Place 30 ft long by 15 ft wide by 15 ft high Most Holy Place 15 ft on each side 2 large linen curtains separated the main hall (The Holy Place) while the second covered the Holy of Holies (The Most Holy Place) Tabernacle Schematics 2 Israelite Camp & Tabernacle Tabernacle Judah East South West Issachar Zebulun Rueben Simeon Gad Levites Ephraim Manasseh Benjamin Dan Asher Naphtali North EBibleTeacher.com Tabernacle Tabernacle Schematics 3 MostHolyPlace HolyPlace Laver BronzeAltar Ark of the Covenant Table of ShowbreadMenorah Altar of Incense EBibleTeacher.com Entrance to Outer Court Inside the Outer Court Bronze Altar High Priest/Burnt Offering Bronze Laver No Covering 1 st Covering: Cherubim Embroidered 2 nd Covering: Goats Skin 3 rd Covering: Rams Skin 4 th Covering: Badger/Seal/Porpoise Skin Type of Covering Holy of Holies Golden Showbread Table Golden Lampstand Golden Incense Altar Holy of Holies Exodus 32 The Golden Calf Aaron orders to take off their gold rings [Rings signify allegiance to God] Aaron is creating a physical representation of Yahweh Ancient Near East, gods were shown riding animals a dragon, a griffin, mystical animals. Aaron is creating the animal part of this statue. He is not actually saying this calf is God. Jeroboam makes a physical representation of God [sets up 2 calves at Dan and Bethel [1 Kgs 12:25-33] Tablets broken Covenant broken Levites obey Moses set apart as priests [32:26] Aaron orders to take off their gold rings [Rings signify allegiance to God] Aaron is creating a physical representation of Yahweh Ancient Near East, gods were shown riding animals a dragon, a griffin, mystical animals. Aaron is creating the animal part of this statue. He is not actually saying this calf is God. Jeroboam makes a physical representation of God [sets up 2 calves at Dan and Bethel [1 Kgs 12:25-33] Tablets broken Covenant broken Levites obey Moses set apart as priests [32:26] Exodus 34 New Covenant Moses role as mediator is dominant. Words of covenant are delivered to him alone, not to Israel. Israel was openly addressed in Exodus 20, but is now unable to confront Yahweh. Moses would put veil over his face to address the people when delivering the covenant word. Never again in the O.T. will Exodus occur, when all Israel stood before the divine presence and heard the divine word individually. Revelation will now come to Israel through mediators, prophets, priests, kings, judges and wise men. Moses role as mediator is dominant. Words of covenant are delivered to him alone, not to Israel. Israel was openly addressed in Exodus 20, but is now unable to confront Yahweh. Moses would put veil over his face to address the people when delivering the covenant word. Never again in the O.T. will Exodus occur, when all Israel stood before the divine presence and heard the divine word individually. Revelation will now come to Israel through mediators, prophets, priests, kings, judges and wise men.