Existing skill supply documentation

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NEBULA: D3.3.1

Research into the Skills Supply for Cloud Migration

Final Report (v2) – July 2014

RCU Market Research Service

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About the Association of Employment and Learning Providers The Association of Employment and Learning Providers (AELP) is the leading trade association for vocational learning and employment providers in England. The majority of its 670+ members are independent private, not-for-profit and voluntary sector training and employment services organisations, including 40 FE Colleges and 8 Local Authorities. AELP Members deliver approximately 70% of England’s Apprenticeships, and are at the forefront of employability programmes, Traineeship and Study Programme delivery. AELP members deliver training is a huge variety of occupational skills sectors, including ICT and new technologies engaging with over 350,000 employers in both the public sector and private sector, both large international organisations and small and medium size enterprises. AELP research contact for NEBULA:

Tim Chewter Research & Project Manager Association of Employment and Learning Providers Email: [email protected] Tel: 07854 497 435 AELP Project Manager for NEBULA:

Stella Turner Head of Delivery and Qualification Association of Employment and Learning Providers Email: [email protected] Tel: 07920 161685 About NEBULA The NEBULA project is seeking to develop a Sector Skills Alliance and a novel vocational education and training (VET) programme on cloud computing skills, bridging the mismatch on cloud computing skills in the sector of territorial public administrations (local authorities) in order to improve the employability of staff by enhancing their skills and bringing them up to speed with new technologies. The programme will train learners in all aspects of migration of IT infrastructure to cloud computing including technical, organisations, financial and procurement aspects.

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Contents

Section 1: Introduction 4

Section 2: Cloud Computing Skills Supply: Key Issues 5

· Identification of Skills Demand for Cloud Migration 5

· Summary of Cloud Migration Skills Requirements 6

· Deployment of Cloud Computing in Public Administration 7

· Cloud Migration Skills Supply Assessment – Key Issues 8

· Overview of Research Methodology 10

· Cloud Migration Skills Supply Framework 11

Section 3: Academic Courses 13

· Introduction 13

· Overview of Course Provision 13

· Classifying Cloud Technology Focused Academic Courses 18

· Mapping Course Content to Skill Demand 19

· Business and Management Pathway 20

· Software Development Pathway 24

· Networking and Hardware Specialist Pathway 28

Section 4: Commercial Courses 35

· Introduction 35

· Overview of Course Provision 35

· Classifying Commercial Training Courses 39

· Introductory Courses 40

· Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes 47

· Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes 61

· Selecting Cloud Based Commercial Courses 75

Section 5: Conclusions 77 Bibliography 80

ANNEX 1 – Qualifications/Courses Analysed 82

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Section 1: Introduction This report provides an overview of the potential skills supply for cloud migration in public administration. It has been compiled using Internet based desk research looking at online course directories, academic papers, planning documents, policy documents, and technical and commercial materials (such as cloud computing online study guides and brochures). The report highlights the likely scope, completeness and accuracy of these sources. Finally the report provides a series of conclusions. The NEBULA research project brief summarises the skills supply element of the project as follows:

Evaluation of the typical skill supply of employees or those seeking jobs at the public sector will be carried out in order to establish the mismatch with demand. Existing educational/training curricula will be examined to determine the typical/expected skill supply of individuals entering the workforce of territorial public administrations as well as potential on-the-job training seminars. This involves desk research in educational/training activities.

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Section 2: Cloud Computing Skills Supply: Key Issues Identification of Skills Demand for Cloud Migration

The NEBULA skill demand report1

a) An initial assessment about whether to migrate to the cloud or not;

produced by PROMEA outlined a structured framework for migrating to the cloud within public administration. Key stages in this migration, it suggests, include:

b) Selecting the appropriate cloud service or deployment model;

c) Selecting cloud service providers;

d) Setting up and exploiting a cloud pilot; and

e) Implementing the migration and addressing post-migration issues.

Throughout the journey to cloud migration a broad range of different types of skills are likely to be required. Table 1 shows the skills requirements identified by the NEBULA skill demand report. This table provides a framework for assessing the current supply of skills throughout this report. The skills identified in Table 1 will probably need to be present in a team of people rather than a single individual. In many cases, moving from a traditional IT infrastructure to a cloud based solution involves a shift in emphasis from mainly technical skills to more managerial and business related skills. Technical skills are still important (for example in assessing the capability of different cloud suppliers) but these will need to be combined with a broader range of skills. Specific issues that cloud migration may need to address for example include data security and the legal implications of having data on a remote server, financial modelling for assessing how to balance the growing need of the service with rental costs, negotiation skills for implementing effective service level agreements etc. The PROMEA report discusses how the skills requirement is linked to each stage in the migration process. Michael O'Toole, Morgan Stanley's global head of data centres, stated recently2

, that it’s not just technical cloud skills that will matter in the future. According to O’Toole, as the burgeoning hybrid cloud model becomes dominant, there will be a need for graduates for example to understand that:

“They will have to have a degree, say in computer sciences, but also financial and commercial skills, so they move to the top of the ranks in the IT world. This need for a broad set of skills – at least as the basis of an individual’s capabilities – applies across a wide range of technologies and related job roles. Overall, the rapid pace of change in technology means that IT students and professionals will need to be versatile throughout their education and career”.

1 D3.1.1 Skills Demand Documentation (2014) 2 www.v3.co.uk

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Table 1: Skills for migrating to cloud computing in territorial public administrations settings

Type of skills Thematic area of skills

Skills required (Be able to) Staff involved

Technical

System and Data Integration

Assess the suitability of the existing legacy application and data to migrate to the cloud; specify the end-to-end tools for system and data integration; ensure integrity and interoperability of existing and new modules; plan and deliver system & data integration; measure system performance

IT staff / managers

Virtualisation

Determine which applications should be web-service enabled and virtualised; use virtualisation platforms; deal with the intricacies and critical changes caused in management infrastructure and applications

IT staff / managers

Service Delivery Develop strategies and contracts for service delivery; monitor and report on service delivery metrics and overall performance; analyse service delivery provision

IT staff / managers

User Support Respond to users request and issues; identify areas of errors and technical failures; interact with cloud vendors for resolving incidents IT staff / managers

Managerial

Project / Process Management

Plan and direct the migration project by defining relevant activities, responsibilities, resources and budget; set appropriate targets during the project management lifecycle; monitor project progress and meet timeline and milestones

IT staff / managers, Managers, Legal officers, Financial

officers

Business Change Management

Examine and evaluate the anticipated changes in every-day operations; manage and schedule the deployment of change; maintain business and process continuity throughout change by monitoring the impact and taking any required supplementary action


officers

Risk Management

Identify and assess all the risks associated with cloud computing; implement the management of risk across information systems; anticipate and mitigate against potential risks and likely service disruptions


officers

Financial Literacy

Identify sources of financial value for migrating to the cloud; conduct feasibility analysis; evaluate the market competitive landscape and maturity; assess different pricing models and compare pricing pages from providers

IT staff / managers, Managers, Financial

officers

Knowledge of the Law

Determine the legal requirements on information & data security; address a series of legal issues (liability, compliance, data protection, data portability, applicable law and copyright); develop & evaluate Service Level Agreements

IT staff, Legal officers, Managers

Security

Security Strategy Development

Identify weaknesses and possible security threats; develop the organisation’s strategy for information security; ensure that relevant standards, best practices and legal requirements for information security are provisioned by the cloud provider; formulate specific demands for security improvements

IT staff / managers

Information Security

Management

Implement the information security policy; carry out the day-to-day management of system security; monitor and take measures against intrusion, potential fraud and security leaks; assess & review security incidents and potential threats making recommendations for continuous security enhancing

IT staff / managers

Transversal

Negotiation

Develop and negotiate contracts and SLAs with providers; ensure that providers meet quality standards and comply with agreed service levels; ensure providers compliance to legal, safety and security standards; address non-compliance issues and amend contracts or re-negotiate agreements as necessary

IT staff / managers, Managers, Financial

officers

Communication

Interact with the cloud service providers; communicate needs and demands internally in the organisation; present reasoned arguments against or in favour of the migration to the cloud; explain changes in business processes and disseminate the migration benefits to stakeholders


officers

Analytical Apply logical thinking to evaluate the current IT and operational state of their organisation; define specific needs and requirements for cloud services; suggest actions to accommodate such issues


officers

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The European Commission report “Cloud Computing: The impact on e-Skills requirements3

” investigated the skills requirement for ICT practitioners and entrepreneurs in implementing cloud solutions. Whilst the study was primarily concerned with the private sector and small and medium sized enterprises, some of the general conclusions are also relevant for public administrations and align closely with some of the issues discussed above.

The report points out that there is little new about cloud computing. The technology has existed for years and so have most of the skills needed to implement it. What is changing is the amount of data being placed in the cloud as well as how and for which purposes cloud solutions are being adopted. Successful implementation of cloud computing does not require a set of previously unknown skills. Instead it requires a re-prioritisation of existing skills and job functions with some technical updating in cloud related areas. The report makes it clear that the skills related to running IT systems will continue to be at the core of the practitioner’s skill set. However, there will be less emphasis on running local networks, providing user support, analysing or repairing PCs or installing or upgrading local software. Instead running IT systems will be about ensuring a smooth and user-friendly interplay between cloud systems, ensuring stable Internet connections as well as maintaining effective communications and collaboration with cloud vendors of delivery of service and security. ICT practitioners, the report suggests, will also need to become increasingly integrated into the higher levels of the organisation as they take on greater responsibility for developing efficient strategies for security, financial control, maintaining quality of service and business change. In terms of professional skills, high level technical skills will remain crucial, but business related and management skills will be added. In addition security is becoming increasingly important and many organisations are starting to recognise cyber security as a specialist skill4

– this issue is particularly relevant in public administrations where Departments are likely to be collecting and processing sensitive personal data.

Deployment of Cloud Computing in Public Administration

The European Commission Report “Analysis of Cloud Best Practices and pilots for the Public Sector5

The report describes three different models for deployment of the cloud. The first model has a focus on procurement of cloud solutions and the development of a marketplace encouraging local suppliers (and small and medium sized enterprises) to provide cloud services for the public sector. This model is already in operation in the UK with G-Cloud and CloudStore

” analysed the current national initiatives for the deployment of clouds in the public sector in ten Member States. The report found that Member States have taken very different approaches regarding developing the cloud in terms of applications covered, types of infrastructure, and relationships with e-Government. It is likely, therefore, that the importance of each of the skills identified in Table 1, and the way in which the framework is implemented, will vary between EU countries depending on the different cloud deployment models in operation.

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3 Cloud Computing: The impact on e-Skills requirements. Final Report, Danish Technological Institute, Fraunhofer (European Commission, May 2012)

. The underlying strategic concept is to focus on cost savings and improvement of the local economy through a better involvement of local cloud suppliers. The general philosophy is to use the market to achieve

4 Frost & Sullivan, 2011 5 Analysis of cloud best practices and pilots for the public sector, Vincent Bonneau, Bea Mahieu et al. (European Commission Report, DG Communications Networks, 2013) 6 https://www.gov.uk/how-to-use-cloudstore

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more cost savings and innovation. However, the model does not encourage administrations to cooperate or attempt to break existing silos. The second model involves resource pooling across administrations through a common central infrastructure and/or platform. The main idea is to develop a centralised infrastructure which should allow easier cooperation between Ministries and Departments and cost savings in the longer term because of the reduced infrastructure costs and avoidance of duplication (individual administrations which were previously working in silos are likely to share common applications and features which can be simplified if there is a common platform). The drawback of this model is that the overall process is rather slow to set up and implementation (particularly in the short term) can lack local flexibility and innovation. This model is already operational in Spain with numerous applications around the Sara Network and is currently in deployment in France (DILA pilot), Belgium (Fedict) and the Netherlands. The third model involves standalone applications developed by Ministries and Departments on their own. The focus is generally on migrating existing applications within Ministries and Departments to the Cloud. The model is very pragmatic and allows for faster development at least in the short term. The effort in general has been moderate and key problems that migration teams have focused on relate to data security and legal issues. The main problem with this approach is that it does not encourage cooperation between Departments and Ministries and it also lacks widespread visibility (as there is no global approach). This model is operational in Italy and Denmark and to a lesser extent in Germany and Austria.

The skills requirement for Cloud Computing is therefore likely to vary across Member States depending on which model of Cloud deployment is in operation. Where the emphasis is on developing a central infrastructure, technical skills may be centralised rather than delegated to individual departments or ministries. Technical skills required by central departments in this model are likely to focus on network/infrastructure issues. Conversely, deployment models that encourage Ministries or Departments to develop their own cloud applications will require both technical and broader skills located within Departments themselves. In these models there is likely to be a focus on software development and business/management skills. The Annex to the European Commission Report “Analysis of Cloud Best Practices and Pilots for the Public Sector7

7 Analysis of cloud best practices and pilots for the public sector, Annex to the Final Report: Country Profiles (European Commission Report, DG Communications Networks, 2013)

” provides detailed country profiles with a list of barriers for successful cloud migration in each of the ten EU countries.

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Cloud Migration Skills Supply Assessment – Key Issues

In attempting to classify and assess the skills supply for cloud migration, the research team faced three key issues that influenced the research approach adopted. These are discussed below:

1. Variation of skill requirement across the European Union

Previous research has suggested that the skills required for successful cloud migration will depend upon the cloud deployment model adopted in a particular country or Department. Assessing the appropriateness of the skill supply therefore depends on local context, which would be extremely complex and time consuming to measure – every department would need to be assessed on an individual basis. This is clearly not practical within the constraints of this project, so a more generalised assessment is the only realistic approach that can be adopted. This means, however, that any conclusions cannot be taken to necessarily apply to each and every country, Department or Ministry. Different deployment models adopted throughout the European Union, however, suggest that the balance of skills between technical and business/management is a useful distinction, whilst recognising that there is likely to be an increasing emphasis on business and management skills for all personnel involved in cloud migration.

2. Lack of reliable data sources on Cloud Computing courses

Well established academic disciplines normally have a core body of content, agreed titles and defined coding structures that makes database searching and statistical analysis of these areas relatively straightforward. This is not the case in new or evolving areas like cloud computing. For example a search of the UK Learning Aims Record Service (LARS), which records all approved further education vocational qualifications, found no qualifications with the word “cloud” in the title. A search of www.findamasters.com, a database of research and taught Masters courses across Europe found 63 entries when carrying out a text search on the word “cloud”. However, the results of the search were variable with a number of the results being irrelevant in this particular context (e.g. Peruvian Cloud Forest). The lack of agreed academic course definitions and robust searchable databases means that skill supply analysis cannot (at this point in time) provide detailed and accurate quantitative outputs such as total number of courses, volume of learners, etc. The research team therefore adopted the only realistic approach possible, of manually searching for relevant courses (supported by other desk research).

3. Lack of data on skills training from public administration bodies themselves

Extensive Internet searches failed to find specific information on the types of courses that were being undertaken in public administration bodies (or were planned) that would address cloud migration skill needs. Any information we did find tended to be very general and at a high level and was more related to the demand for skills than the supply of skills. There are two possible reasons for this. First of all training information is typically held by Human Resource Departments and detailed information looking at specific skills are unlikely to be in the public domain (possibly because of concerns over security with personal records). Secondly, as previously stated, cloud deployment is a new and evolving area and there may actually be very little training activity in this area at the current time. For example, an online search of workforce development plans for UK Local Authorities (where they exist) found no mention of “the cloud” as a priority for staff training. However, as previously stated, these documents are very general and the lack of information in these

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sources does not mean that cloud related training is not taking place. In addition, any information that was available is likely to become out of date very rapidly. A more useful approach for assessing the level of cloud related training and skills in public administrations would be to carry out primary research e.g. online surveys or telephone interviews. However, a large scale and robust survey is outside the scope of the current project.

Overview of Research Methodology

The research team reviewed a large sample of academic and commercial cloud technology courses and assessed the extent to which these courses would meet the needs of public administration. The search was carried out using the Internet. The Internet search was supported by other desk research including reviewing academic papers, planning documents, online course directories, policy documents and technical and commercial materials (such as cloud computing online study guides and brochures). In addition a number of informal telephone discussions took place with course providers, sector representative organisations and awarding bodies.

The skills supply depends upon both the availability of qualified new recruits and the current skills of existing staff. In our view both aspects are important.

The first stage of the research involved reviewing the availability and content of academic courses and assessing whether they have the potential to equip new recruits with the relevant skills to support cloud migration, as identified in the skills requirement matrix (Table 1). Part time academic courses also provide a potential option for in-service training. Section 3 of the report looks in detail at academic courses.

The second stage of the research focused on commercial training. It is likely that the majority of existing staff will already have IT qualifications/skills and therefore short commercial training courses rather than academic qualifications will probably be the most beneficial option to ensure that these staff have the necessary skills to support cloud migration. Section 4 of this report looks in detail at commercial courses and seeks to identify the extent to which they provide the skills identified in the skills requirement matrix (Table 1).

Commercial training courses are generally not constrained by complex validation requirements, and therefore new and highly relevant courses can be introduced quickly. Commercial courses can also be tailored to the specific needs of an individual Department. However, robust centralised databases of commercial courses do not exist so accurate quantitative data (measuring, for example, the number of individuals in public administration participating in cloud related commercial training courses) are impossible to produce. Nevertheless Internet searches provide a good snapshot of the range of courses currently available and provide details of content and accreditation schemes that they may be following. This gives an indication of whether commercial training providers are offering courses that meet the identified skills needs in public administrations.

Cloud Migration Skills Supply Framework – Cloud Specific Courses

Figures 1 and 2 show the initial data collection approach used for both academic and commercial cloud computing courses. Where appropriate additional data on each course was collected as the research progressed.

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Figure 1: Collection Framework for Academic Courses

Field Field Entry Course title Text entry Qualification MSc./BSc./other vocational Institution Text entry Country EU country Mode of study Full time/part time/both Cloud computing main focus? Yes/No Scope of course Technical/broad based Target audience Technical specialist/other Content: Technical Yes/No Business/Management Yes/No Security Yes/No Financial/Legal Yes/No

Example:

Field Field Entry Course title Cloud Technology with Business Management Qualification MSc. Institution Global College Malta Country Malta Mode of study Full Time Cloud computing main focus? Yes Scope of course Broad based Target audience Technical specialist Content: Technical Yes Business/Management Yes Security Yes Financial/Legal Yes

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Figure 2: Collection Framework for Commercial Courses Field Field Entry Course title Text entry Accredited or non-accredited Accredited/non-accredited Accreditation details Text entry Commercial provider Text entry Country EU country Mode of study Classroom/online Duration 1 day/2 day/ 3 day/ 1 week/ >1 week Vendor specific? Vendor specific/vendor neutral Cost/day EUR/day Scope of course Technical/broad based (details) Target audience Technical specialist/basic technical/other Content Details: Text entry

Example:

Field Field Entry Course title Introduction to Cloud Computing Accredited or non-accredited Non-accredited Accreditation details Not Applicable Commercial provider QA Country UK/Ireland Mode of study Classroom Duration 1 day Vendor specific? No Cost/day £525 + VAT Scope of course Broad based Target audience Basic technical (engineering, technical management) Content Details: Definition/benefits of the cloud

Cloud technologies and services (Iaas, PaaS, SaaS) Cloud deployment models Security in the cloud Economics of the cloud Cloud strategy – when to use the cloud and when not

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Section 3: Academic Courses Introduction

Academic courses provide an extended period of study leading to the development of a core knowledge base and skill set that sets the foundation for working life. The academic route typically involves undergraduate studies (Bachelor’s Degrees) and post graduate qualifications (particularly Masters Degrees). Academic courses are normally validated through Universities or other registered awarding organisations. This section reviews the content, scope and availability of cloud technology related academic programmes in Europe. Although vocational qualifications (e.g. Apprenticeships) do not naturally come under ‘academic courses’, these qualifications/courses were looked into under this section, as they are typically government funded. This analysis is intended to provide an overview of the likely skill set of new graduates who have taken these courses. It also highlights possible in-service training options for existing employees who may wish to take a part time academic course.

The research team reviewed a total of 83 academic courses that either had cloud computing in their title or referred specifically to cloud computing within their course content description. Courses were identified via Internet searches. Whilst we cannot be certain that the identified courses are a representative sample of all cloud computing academic provision, we feel that it is reasonable to assume that most courses within this type of technical discipline would have a well-established Internet presence. In a fast evolving area like cloud computing it can take time for the curriculum to catch up with the needs of employers, including public administration departments so the overall volume of cloud specific academic courses is still quite small.

Overview of Course Provision

More than half of the courses that were reviewed (52%) came from institutions based in the United Kingdom. This high percentage may be due to language and translation issues and the difficulties of interpreting technical content in languages other than English (the researchers were all English speakers). However, the sample does include courses from 21 different nations, 17 of which are members of the European Union (the others being Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Macedonia).

Figure 3 shows that the vast majority of academic cloud computing courses were at postgraduate level (77%). These included Masters Degrees, Postgraduate Diplomas and Postgraduate Certificates. In many cases a single programme offered all three qualifications and the actual qualification awarded depended on the number of modules taken.

The number of undergraduate programmes in cloud computing was relatively small (19% of the sample). We suspect, however, that many more undergraduate programmes will include cloud computing within other modules, but this was not specifically referred to in the online literature. The research only found two examples of sub-degree vocational qualifications specifically related to cloud computing. These were a full time HND and a part time HNC in Cloud Computing from the University of Wales Trinity St. David. There were no examples of Apprenticeships, for example, although once again aspects of cloud computing may be covered within other subject areas.

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The profile of courses by Level (with most courses at postgraduate level) suggests that cloud computing is largely seen as a specialism that requires underpinning technical expertise gained prior to entry to the course. Many of the technical Masters programmes for example, had entry requirements that specified a first degree in a computing related subject or equivalent experience. This would ensure that all candidates would have initial core skills in generic computing areas such as programming, networks, systems analysis etc.

Undergraduate and vocational courses typically included cloud computing as an element within a broad computing programme of study. Cloud computing provided a mechanism for bringing together some of the broad computing skills. It may also act as a differentiator, for some institutions, helping them to attract new students.

Figure 3: Qualification Type

Over three quarters of the academic courses were full time with less than a quarter available to part time students (Figure 4). Masters programmes were much more likely, to be offered part time and 19 institutions offered both full time and part time Masters programmes covering similar subject content. In service training (via an academic route) is likely to be at postgraduate level due to the supply of courses available. Part time Masters programmes, however, take up to 4 years and can be expensive. They also demand considerable commitment from the candidate, which may deflect focus from their full time job. Commercial courses may be a more practical option.

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Figure 4: Mode of Study Just over a quarter of the courses in the sample had cloud computing as their main focus (Figure 5), and the remainder included it alongside other skills such as networking, IT security, web development, software engineering, business and management etc. All of these skills are relevant to cloud computing and would be valuable for public administration departments, particularly where a wide range of technical skills are required. In 15% of courses, however, cloud computing was an option which could mean that students could pass the course without any specific knowledge of this area. The most fundamental distinction between courses, that we identified, was whether they were technical or with a business and management focus. Figure 6 shows that the vast majority of courses were predominately technical, with only 11% having a business and management focus. Many technical courses still included business aspects of cloud computing but the target audience and main area of study (and prior knowledge to start the course) was predominately technical (computing, software engineering, networking etc.).

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Figure 5: Cloud Computing Focus

Figure 6: Technical or Broad Based

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Figure 7 provides more detail on the content of cloud computing academic courses. Cloud computing is a relatively new and evolving area and the curriculum of courses in this area is quite varied. All of the courses included cloud technology (what it is, how it is implemented etc.) and 70% included security considerations of migrating to the cloud. More than half covered business/management issues such as the business benefits of adopting cloud solutions. Only 22% included content that addressed detailed financial and legal considerations such as pricing structures and cost modelling (although at a superficial level some of these aspects were covered within the business and management content).

Figure 7: Course Content

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Classifying Cloud Technology Focused Academic Courses

Cloud computing courses can be broadly categorised as falling within one of three distinct pathways - Business & Management, Software Development or Networking & Hardware. These pathways relate to the underlying academic focus and core content and provide a useful mechanism for classifying the range of cloud related academic courses that are currently available. Figure 8 provides examples of courses that fall within these pathways.

The pathways shown are not mutually exclusive and in practice many students might progress to a specialist Masters programme without having taken a cloud related course first (and instead will have taken a general Computing Degree or have equivalent experience). At the current time access to graduates with these skills is likely to be quite limited in certain parts of Europe, although this will probably diminish to some extent in the future as these types of course become more popular.

Figure 8: Examples of Academic Course Pathways

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Mapping Course Content to Skill Demand

The broad categories of Business/Management, Software/Development and Networking/Hardware provide a framework for analysing how the content of cloud computing courses map against the skills matrix for cloud migration identified by PROMEA (Table 1). The seven example courses in Figure 8 (representing all pathways and levels) provide useful case studies for illustrating this mapping process.

In most cases Internet searches provide only the broad aims of a course and the titles of individual modules. Detailed module content is generally not available. This makes it difficult to accurately map courses to the skills requirement matrix developed by PROMEA (Table 1). Also, the wide range of different courses across the EU means that it is difficult to draw general conclusions about course provision from a limited sample of case studies.

Despite these research constraints, we have attempted, where possible, to map the course curriculum of the example courses to the skills demand matrix. A traffic light “Red, Amber, Green” coding has then be used to identify the extent to which the skills identified in the PROMEA report will be developed through taking this particular course (Green = skill is covered, Yellow = skill is probably covered but insufficient evidence to be certain, Red = skill is not covered).

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Business and Management Pathway

Due to the technical aspects of the cloud undergraduate students on this pathway are most likely to be following a combined Business Information Technology course. The BA (Hons.) Business Information Systems (Cloud Computing) at Dublin Business School is a good example of a course that combines business skills with IT skills (Figure 9) and has a major unifying theme of cloud computing. The course includes a broad range of modules that would enable a successful student to understand and plan the main aspects of cloud migration. Technical skills in areas such as web programming (i.e. for creating new cloud services) and networking (for implementing a cloud based infrastructure) would be less developed in this pathway.

Figure 9: BA (Hons.) Business Information Systems with Cloud Computing

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Core Modules (all Streams) BA (Hons) in Business Information Systems

BA (Hons) in Business Information Systems

Marketing Essentials Economic Perspectives IT Essentials Maths & Statistics for Business Business, Context & Organisations Learning to Learn Communication for Personal Success

Core Modules Employability Skills Innovation & Entrepreneurship Management Information Systems & Databases Web Design & Media

Core Modules Employability in Action Lifelong Learning Strategic Management Data Management & Analytics Web Application Development

Options (Choose 2) E-Business Principles of Programming Cloud Computing for Business Cloud Design & Development

Options (Choose 2) Data & Network Communication Mobile Software Development Applications of Cloud Technologies Cloud & Networking Security

Cloud Computing Stream Students will study core modules as outlined above in addition to: Cloud Computing for Business Cloud Design & Development

Cloud Computing Stream Students will study core modules as outlined above in addition to: Application of Cloud Technologies Cloud Networking & Security

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Table 2: Skills Map - BA (Hons.) Business Information Systems with Cloud Computing

The MSc. In Management (Cloud Computing and Commerce) at Dublin City University is a good example of a part time specialist Business and Management Masters programme combining both business and technical knowledge. The content of this course has a good fit with the skills requirements in public administration. Unfortunately, we found relatively few examples of these types of programmes across the European Union.

Type of skills

Thematic area of skills Skill

Present Comments

Technical


It is assumed that system and data integration will be taught in either the Cloud Design & Development Module or Application of Cloud Technologies, however there are not a lot of details on each of the modules.

Virtualisation

Virtualisation improves cloud efficiency and is one of the fundamental technologies used by cloud providers. Therefore it is assumed it will be included in one of the cloud modules but there is not enough evidence to say that it is in for certain.

Service Delivery

As above, Service Delivery is likely to be in a cloud module, like Cloud Design & Development Module.

User Support

Managerial

Project/Process Management

The course is primarily focused on business and management which suggests that it will go into a great depth in this area.


As above this skill area should be covered in great depth in modules such as Strategic Management.

Risk Management

There is not enough evidence in the course description to say that Risk Management will be included for sure, but it is likely to be included in the Strategic Management module.

Financial Literacy

There is not a lot of information but it is highly likely this will be included in the Cloud Computing for Business


It does not explicitly mention knowledge of the law but because it is a business focussed course it is likely to be included.

Security


A module focused on security is included; Cloud & Networking Security.

Information Security Management

A module focused on security is included; Cloud & Networking Security. Security modules often cover security management such as the ISO 27001 Standard.

Transversal

Negotiation

It is assumed negotiation will be covered by the business modules, but there is not a lot of evidence to confirm this.

Communication

A module called Communication for Personal Success is included in the course.

Analytical

This should be covered in a business or cloud module but there is no evidence to confirm this.

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Figure 10: MSc. In Management (Cloud Computing and Commerce)

Cloud Computing is a significant part of the overall market for information technology and services and is now one of the fastest growing segments of the market with worldwide revenues expected to be as high as US$148bn by 2014 (Gartner). Cloud Computing and Commerce require a new type of graduate comfortable with the specific nuances of cloud computing. Year-long Modules

· Next Generation Management · Cloud Architecture and Service Lifecycle

Semester 1

· Web Design and Development (1) · Accounting for Business Decision Making (2) · Economics (2) · Business Process Innovation · Digital Marketing and eBusiness Management

Semester 2

· Strategic Thinking in the Information Age · Data Analytics and Visualisation · Risk, Regulation and Ethics in eCommerce · Technology Management

Summer Period Group Practicum or Dissertation

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Table 3: Skills Map - MSc. In Management (Cloud Computing and Commerce)

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Content of course description includes keywords such as; scalability, interoperability, portability and migration, which suggests the course goes into a lot of depth.

Virtualisation

Wording such as “hosting of development platform environments” states the inclusion of virtualisation and that it has an important role in the course.

Service Delivery

Wording such as “concepts of cloud computing services” and “Cloud based application and services” states the inclusion of service delivery, but does not hint to the level of detail it is taken to.

User Support

Managerial


This course is primarily a management focused course and includes modules for Next Generation Magement, Digital Marketing and eBusiness Management and Technology Management.


The Accounting for Business Decision Making module includes business change to an unknown degree.

Risk Management

Risk management is included in the Risk, Regulation and Ethics in eCommerce module in depth.

Financial Literacy

Financial literacy will be included in the Accounting for Business Decision Making module in depth.


Knowledge of the law is not mentioned but is likely to arise in one or more of the business or accounting type modules.

Security



Transversal

Negotiation

Negotiation will likely be covered by the business modules included in the course, but it is not mentioned directly.

Communication

Mentioned to be directly included in the Next Generation Management module.

Analytical

This is not mentioned but is likely to be included in the Data Analytics and Visualisation module.

24

Software Development Pathway

The software development pathway is particularly appropriate for individuals who will specialise in developing cloud applications. The BSc. (Hons.) course below from Athlone Institute of Technology is a predominately software design course that also develops broader skills in areas such as management, law and networking. Students following this type of course would have the skills required for creating bespoke cloud applications (e.g. using Google Cloud Platform), as well as exploiting off the shelf cloud services (e.g. Google Mail etc.). Courses such as this also cover integration of cloud services across different platforms including mobile devices.

Figure 11: BSc. (Hons) in Software Design (Cloud Computing)

BSc (Hons) in Software Design (Cloud Computing) (Full-Time - Athlone Institute of Technology): Year 1 Software Development, Web Development, Software Testing, Databases, Mathematics for Software Design, Software Development for Cloud, Group Project, Mobile Applications Development. Year 2 Software Development for Cloud , Operating Systems and Concurrency, Software Development, Software Quality and Process Improvement, Server-side Development and Web Development. Year 3 Mobile Web Applications, Project, Computer Graphics, Management and Organisational Behaviour, Databases and Networks, Service orientated Architecture, Security, Law, Ethics, Computers and Society and Distributed Systems.

25

Table 4: Skills Map - BSc. (Hons) in Software Design (Cloud Computing)

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Virtualisation

Service Delivery

This course is primarily service development for the cloud. Modules such as Software Development for Cloud will cover these skills in depth.

User Support

Knowledge of development allows software to be altered to user feedback and error mitigation.

Managerial


Project management is likely included in Management and Organisational Behaviour but there is no evidence to say that it is.


Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Law and Ethics are includes as part of the curriculum but it does not specify whether or not it directly links to cloud computing.

Security


A module on security is included in the course but it does not mention in depth what types of security skills are involved.


Security modules often cover security management such as the ISO 27001 Standard but it is unclear as to whether this is involved or not.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

26

The MSc. in Advanced Software Development from the University of Kent is an example of a specialist software development course that has a significant cloud computing element. Figure 12 lists the modules available within the Masters programme. Modules include cloud computing, mobile and ubiquitous computing, computer security and computing law - all of these skills would be useful within public administration departments looking to migrate to the cloud, particularly if they were seeking to develop their own cloud based applications. The course is offered part time as well as full time, making it suitable for existing employees.

Figure 12: MSc. In Advanced Software Development

CO831 - Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing CO846 - Cloud Computing CO871 - Advanced Java for Programmers CO880 - Project and Dissertation CO885 - Project Research CO890 - Concurrency and Parallelism CO894 - Development Frameworks CO889 - C++ Programming CO874 - Networks and Network Security CO876 - Computer Security CO534 - IT Consultancy Methods CO836 - Cognitive Neural Networks CO837 - Natural Computation CO841 - Computing Law, Contracts and Professional Responsibility CO641 - Computer Graphics and Animation CO645 - IT Consultancy Practice 2 CO847 - Green Computing CO899 - System Security CO528 - Introduction to Intelligent Systems CO912 - Industrial Placement (12 months)

27

Table 5: Skills Map - MSc. In Advanced Software Development

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Content of course description includes keywords such as; scalability and integration, which shows that these types of skills are covered and acknowledged in the course.

Virtualisation

The module Cloud Computing includes virtualisation technologies such as the use of scalability and mentions the type of resources that can be used.

Service Delivery

Wording such as “delivery model for IT services based on the Internet” and “overview of web services” states the inclusion of service delivery and that it is an essential skill taught in this course.

User Support

Course material for “web-based tools or applications for users” are included in the Cloud Computing module, meaning that the skills taught have the cloud user in mind.

Managerial


Wording such as “time management and organisational skills” states the inclusion of project/process management.


Risk Management

Risk is specified, but it is not mentioned that it is managed in any way.

Financial Literacy


There is a module on law called Computing Law, Contracts and Professional Responsibility, which relates directly to laws that affects cloud computing.

Security


There is a module on security called System Security that covers all types of vulnerabilities and risks.


Security modules often cover security management such as the ISO 27001 Standard. However it is not mentioned directly.

Transversal

Negotiation

This is likely to be included in the module Computing Law, Contracts and Professional Responsibility but is not directly mentioned.

Communication

This could be included in the module Computing Law, Contracts and Professional Responsibility but is not directly mentioned.

Analytical

This is likely to be contained in one of the software modules as a transferable skill but there is no clear evidence to say that it is.

28

Networking and Hardware Specialist Pathway

Networking and hardware specialists are primarily concerned with the underlying infrastructure needed to implement cloud solutions. Many of the core networking skills will already be available in IT Services Teams within public administration departments and new academic cloud computing courses extend these skills to address cloud specific issues. The HND programme is a more practical route than a Degree course and the example below, from the University of Wales, can be studied part time. This course would be particularly suitable for a new network technician.

Figure 13: HND/C in Cloud Computing

Overview The overall aim of this programme is to develop students with the skills and knowledge to design, build and extend the internet infrastructure and to design a variety of distributed applications. The Internet has now become part of our day-to-day life and is growing rapidly even in the recession. This HND scheme is designed to produce suitably equipped graduates to work in the computing, information technology management and cloud computing industries within the UK. Summary of Course Content Year 1 modules:

Academic & Employability Skills

Computer Architecture

Introduction to Computer Programming

Network Principles

Information Engineering

IP Internetworking

Year 2 modules:

Project

Web Development

Network Operating Systems & Security

Database Management Systems

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Local Area Networks

29

Table 6: Skills Map - HND/C in Cloud Computing

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


It is assumed that this will be taught in Computer Architecture, Information Engineering or Introduction to Cloud Computing, but there is no clear mention of it.

Virtualisation

As above it should be included as part of one of the cloud related modules but there is no clear course description of what will be taught in each module.

Service Delivery

As above it should be included as part of one of the cloud related modules but there is no clear course description of what will be taught in each module.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


There is a module on security called Network Operating Systems & Security; the depth of the course is unclear.


As it is not clear as to the depth of the course it is possible the ISO 27001 Standard could be taught as part of it.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

30

The BSc. Honours Degree in Cloud Computing at the University of Staffordshire, England (Figure 14) is a hardware and networking focused course delivered by the Faculty of Computing and Engineering. The course content is predominately engineering based and would be more appropriate for implementing a cloud infrastructure rather than designing cloud applications or managing a migration process (although knowledge of these areas would be useful).

Figure 14: BSc. (Hons) in Cloud Computing

Overview This award is designed to allow you to build the confidence and knowledge within the field of Cloud computing. You will learn about the general area of computing and then this will be expanded upon from the perspective of Cloud computing. This is a fast moving area of computing with new development’s happening all of the time. The term cloud computing encompasses a large number of technologies and does require supporting infrastructure. Year 1 · Fundamentals of Computer Networks · Hardware and Computer Systems · Data Storage and Software Development · Maths for Computing · Introduction to Virtualisation Year 2 · Network Security · Routing and Switching · Virtual Computing · Professional Skills for Networking Year 3 · Converged Networks · Future Communications Technologies · Converged IP Based Networks · Final Year Project

31

Table 7: Skills Map - BSc. (Hons) in Cloud Computing

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


System and data integration is likely to be taught in Data Storage and Software Development yet there is no clear evidence to support that.

Virtualisation

The course description specifies that virtualisation is included and that VMware virtualised machines will be used throughout the course.

Service Delivery

It is assumed that this will be taught in Virtual Computing or Data Storage and Software Development but there is no mention of it directly.

User Support

It is assumed that this will be taught in Data Storage and Software Development but there is no clear mention of user support in the course programme.

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


The programme specification download specifies that data protection law is taught on the course which relates to cloud providers.

Security


The course includes a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) security certification where the required skills are covered on the course.


Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

32

The MSc. in Network Oriented Systems at the University of Piraeus, Greece (Figure 15) is an advanced networking course incorporating cloud computing. This type of course would be most suitable for networking specialists involved in setting up a new cloud infrastructure rather than technicians or senior staff managing the migration to third party cloud services (such as Google, Amazon etc.).

Figure 15: MSc. In Network Oriented Systems Semester 1

· Service Orientated Architectures · Advanced Information Systems · Digital Services and Web Applications · Network Programming · Data Management

Semester 2

· Business Process Management · Mobile Device Programming · Management of Computer Networks · Cloud Computing · Network-Orientated Systems Governance

Semester 3

· Master Thesis

33

Table 8: Skills Map - MSc. In Network Oriented Systems

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The course description includes keywords such as; interoperability, integrated and integration. There is an in depth course contents which discusses integration problems and how to overcome them.

Virtualisation

The cloud computing module includes virtualisation within its content. It thoroughly goes through advanced terminology, with in depth knowledge on hypervisors and performance and monitoring of physical and virtual resources.

Service Delivery

The course description includes information in the cloud computing module on the types of internet services that can be utilised with knowledge from the course.

User Support

The course description includes keywords such as; user management and user requirements that link to the development of the internet services.

Managerial


Within the Business Process Management module, the module description specifies that project /process management is included in the form of the process management life cycle.


The course description uses phrases like “business processes” and “business strategies” within the course description for the Business Process Management module implying it goes into a lot of detail.

Risk Management

Risk management is within the Network-Oriented Systems Governance module. Risk management includes: risk identification, analysis and planning and monitoring.

Financial Literacy

Content of course description includes keywords such as; financial feasibility, costing factors and cost estimation methods. This is also within the Network-Oriented Systems Governance module.


34

Type of skills


Present Comments

Security


Security is contained within multiple modules and goes into numerous different levels of depth, from identifying vulnerabilities to developing security plans.


Security management goes into detail about creating security policies and the different layers of security management which are possible.

Transversal

Negotiation

The course description specifies that SLA negotiation is included. In the Cloud Computing module.

Communication

Analytical

The course description specifies that analysis of system requirements will take place through studying real life case studies.

35

15

14

8

11

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Classroom

Online or Classroom

Online

Online (Classroom Exam)

Number of Courses

Section 4: Commercial Courses

Introduction

Commercial courses in this report are defined as non-Government funded courses that are outside the First Degree, Post Graduate pathway accredited by Universities and Colleges. They are generally shorter and more focused on specific vocational skills than academic courses and are often the preferred route for in service training for existing employees. Commercial courses may or may not involve accreditation (i.e. the award of a certificate) and the content may or may not relate to the products or services of a particular supplier (e.g. VMWare or Amazon).

The research team reviewed 48 different commercial training courses related to cloud computing. Courses were either classroom based or were available online or by distance learning. Classroom based courses were normally available in different venues (and sometimes in different countries) and delivered at different times throughout the year. The courses reviewed provide a good sample of specific cloud computing training options available to employers, including those working in public administration.

Overview of Course Provision

Figure 16 shows that online study was available for more than two-thirds of the courses in the sample. This means that whatever their geographical location, Public Administration Departments would have access to some elements of cloud computing training.

Figure 16: Mode of Study

36

3

3

9

4

6

1

20

0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Day

2 Days

3 Days

4 Days

5 Days

20 Days

Open

Number of Courses

Figure 17: Duration of Course

Classroom based courses varied in length from 1 day to 20 days, with most courses being 1 week or less. Sometimes commercial training providers offered a range of related short course modules allowing students to progress easily from one module to another. Online courses were more flexible and the duration was generally open. The cost of commercial courses was typically £500 to £5,000 with an average daily rate of between £250 and £500 (Figure 18). Several online courses were free and in many cases online courses were cheaper than equivalent classroom based courses. In other cases, however, online courses and classroom based courses were the same price.

37

2

6

9

18

1

7

2

0 5 10 15 20

Free

Less than £500

£500 - £1,000

£1,000 - £5,000

£5,000 +

Available on request

Not Available

Number of Courses

Figure 18: Course Cost

Approximately 54% of the cloud computing courses we reviewed related specifically to the products of a single manufacturer (such as Google, VMWare, Red Hat, Amazon etc.) whilst the remainder were vendor-neutral (Figure 19). Vendor-specific courses are particularly appropriate where the organisation has already taken the decision to purchase a particular manufacturer’s services/products and wishes to receive training in how to utilise this technology most effectively. Vendor-neutral courses are normally more useful at the early stages of cloud migration projects, as these give a more balanced view on which services to purchase. Almost 80% of courses involved some form of accreditation (Figure 20). This varied from in-house certificates, produced by the training provider’s themselves, to recognised external accreditation schemes from industry-led bodies or manufacturers. Accreditation schemes give employers reassurance about the relevance and quality of course content and allows them to compare different providers in terms of value for money. In addition accreditation schemes can help to motivate employees by providing a universal way of recognising skills that will have widespread currency and can enhance long term career prospects.

38

38

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Yes

No

Number of Courses

26

22

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Yes

No

Number of Courses

Figure 19: Vendor Specific Courses

Figure 20: Courses with Accreditation

39

Classifying Commercial Training Courses

Commercial training in cloud computing can be categorised in a number of different ways. First of all it is useful to identify whether the training leads to accreditation and if so whether or not this is specific to a particular vendor. The possible options are:

· No accreditation (often a short introductory course) · Vendor-neutral accreditation · Vendor-specific accreditation.

Within these options (particularly the second two) there may be different levels of study such as introductory, intermediate and advanced. Finally, courses may focus on different specialisms within the field of cloud computing – in particular the three pathways (discussed in the section on academic courses) Business/Management, Software Development, and Networking & Hardware. For vendor specific accreditation these specialism will often be defined by the nature of the vendor (e.g. Google courses are likely to focus on the software development of Google apps). The sections below provide an overview of commercial courses by accreditation category. Where possible the skills developed in the course /accreditation scheme are mapped to the PROMEA skills matrix and ‘Red, Yellow and Green’ colour coding is used to identify whether a skill area is covered (Green = skill is covered, Yellow = skill is probably covered but insufficient evidence to be certain, Red = skill is not covered) It should be noted however, that for commercial courses this is complicated by the lack of agreed definitions on the level of study – courses may cover content in a superficial way or in a significant level of detail.

40

Introductory Courses

There are numerous examples of introductory courses, many of which are available online and some are free. The more extensive courses provide a stepping stone to future accreditation. Three examples are given in Figure 21:

Figure 21: Introductory Non-Accredited Courses - Cloud Computing Technology Introduction

Provider Training Details

Learning Tree International Cloud Computing Technology Introduction

A 3 day introductory course, offered in a classroom setting or available through distance learning. The course can help learners prepare for CompTIA Cloud Essentials examination (which would need to be purchase separately). The content includes:

- Introduction to cloud computing

- Adopting the cloud

- Exploiting Software as a Service

- Delivering Platform as a Service

- Deploying Infrastructure as a Service

- Building a Business Case

41

Table 9: Skills Map - Introductory Non-Accredited Courses

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The course description states the process of migrating to the cloud is included. This process involves:

· Re-architecting applications for the cloud

· Integrating the cloud with existing applications

· Selecting a vendor and avoiding vendor lock-in

Virtualisation

The course description specifies that platform virtualisation is included in the topic of deploying infrastructure as a service as well as scalable virtualised clusters.

Service Delivery

The course description uses phrases like “Exploiting Software as a Service” and “Delivering Platform as a Service” as looks to provide valuable information on this skill.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy

There is a topic called Calculating the financial implications within the Building a Business Case chapter, which looks at the advantages and disadvantages of moving to the cloud.


Security


The course description specifies that cloud specific security is included in the Evaluating barriers to cloud computing topic within the Adopting the Cloud chapter. There are no specifics as to what is taught.


The course description specifies that disaster recovery strategies are included as part of the Preserving business continuity topic within the Building a Business Case chapter.

42

Type of skills


Present Comments

Transversal

Negotiation

This is likely to be included in the Calculating the financial implications within the Building a Business Case chapter. However there is no clear evidence to show this to be true.

Communication

As above this is likely to be included in the Calculating the financial implications within the Building a Business Case chapter, but there is also not enough evidence that proves this.

Analytical

The course description hints that service assessment is included but there is not enough course content included.

43

Figure 22: Introductory Non-Accredited Courses - Introduction to Cloud Computing


Alison.com Introduction to Cloud Computing

A free online course explaining what cloud computing is, how it works, and both the pros and cons of this system.

Table 10: Skills Map - Introduction to Cloud Computing

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Virtualisation

The tutorial shows the virtualised system but does not explain the technology behind the system.

Service Delivery

The tutorial explains the services that can be used with Amazon Web Services and the Elastic Block Store.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


The course briefly describes security at a very basic level but does not go into anywhere near enough detail.


44

Type of skills


Present Comments

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

45

Figure 23: Introductory Non-Accredited Courses - Fundamentals of Cloud Computing

Table 11: Skills Map - Fundamentals of Cloud Computing


GlobalKnowledge.com This 1-day, instructor-led course is designed to teach students the basic concepts and terminology of cloud computing.

After establishing the definition of cloud computing, this course describes the various service delivery models of a cloud computing architecture, and the ways in which clouds can be deployed as public, private, hybrid, and community clouds. Students also learn about the security challenges that cloud deployments experience, and how these are addressed.

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Virtualisation

Service Delivery

The content includes a chapter called Cloud service delivery models that identifies service delivery models.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


The content includes a chapter called Security in cloud computing which identifies the top cloud security threats.


46

Type of skills


Present Comments

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

47

Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes Figure 22 summarises the major industry recognised vendor-neutral cloud related accreditation schemes that are available. Certification may be gained independently (i.e. by just taking the examination) or could be linked to a specific commercial training programme.

Figure 24: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes - CompTIA Cloud+

Accreditation Details

CompTIA Cloud+ CompTIA is a leading provider of vendor-neutral IT certifications in the world and widely available in Europe. CompTIA accreditation is used by many commercial training providers.

CompTIA Cloud+, is a certification exam for IT professionals working in environments that increasingly use cloud computing and virtualization technologies. The exam is targeted at individuals with at least two to three years of work experience in IT networking, network storage or data center administration—specialties that have seen rapid change due to cloud’s wide adoption as a competitive IT solution. The CompTIA Cloud+ certification shows that an IT professional:

· Understands cloud terminology and methodologies

· Can implement, maintain, and deliver cloud infrastructures when applicable

· Can understand aspects of IT security and use industry best practices related to the cloud and virtualization

The 100-question, 90-minute CompTIA Cloud+ certification exam is priced at $222 for CompTIA members and $261 for non-members. CompTIA Approved Quality Content (CAQC) courseware is available including the CompTIA Cloud+ Study Guide from McGraw-Hill. The examination covers the following areas:

Cloud Concepts and Models 12% Virtualisation 19% Infrastructure 21% Resource Management 13% Security 16% Systems Management 11% Business Continuity in the Cloud 8%

48

Table 12: Skills Map - CompTIA Cloud+

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The certification’s exam objectives cover the ability to be able to migrate data from the physical systems that your organisation already owns to virtual ones in the cloud.

Virtualisation

The certification’s exam objectives cover familiarity with hypervisors, this is a virtualisation technology that can be used to make the cloud more scalable.

Service Delivery

The different types of cloud deliver models are distinguished and examples of each are given.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy

The certification’s exam objectives cover financial terminology (pay-as-you-grow, chargeback) related to the cloud under Cloud Concepts and Models.


The certification’s exam objectives cover laws and regulations related to the cloud under Cloud Concepts and Models.

Security


The certification’s exam objectives include a Security chapter explaining security concepts, tools and best practices.


The certification’s exam objectives include a Security chapter that involves identifying access control methods.

Transversal

Negotiation

The certification’s exam objectives cover financial terminology (pay-as-you-grow, chargeback) related to the cloud under Cloud Concepts and Models and it may contain content on negotiation but there is not enough evidence to show that.

Communication

Analytical

49

Figure 25: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes - Cloud School (Arcitura)


Cloud School (Arcitura) The Cloud Certified Professional (CCP™) programme is a suite of vendor-neutral accreditations in cloud computing technology, architecture, security, governance and capacity. Courses are delivered throughout the world including Europe, although the majority of courses are delivered in North and South America and Asia. Self-study materials are available and examinations can be taken at examination centres throughout Europe.

The curriculum enables IT professionals to develop real-world cloud computing proficiency and because of the vendor-neutral focus of the course materials, the skills acquired by attaining CloudSchool.com certifications are applicable to any vendor or cloud platform. Course content follows recommendations of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The certification available includes:

· Certified Cloud Professional

· Certified Cloud Technology Professional

· Certified Cloud Governance Specialist

· Certified Cloud Architect

· Certified Cloud Storage

· Certified Cloud Security Specialist

· Certified Cloud Virtualisation Specialist

· Certified Cloud Capacity Specialist

50

Table 13: Skills Map - The Cloud Certified Professional

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


It is assumed that system and data integration is included from the spider diagram in which integration, scalability and portability is included but there is not a lot of information provided as you have to pay for the material.

Virtualisation

The spider diagram includes virtualisation in its terminology and concepts chapter but there is no description of the content included as you have to pay for the material.

Service Delivery

The spider diagram includes delivery models and deployment models chapters but no explanation as to what is included.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy

The spider diagram includes a chapter on business cost metrics but does not say whether it is related to the cloud.


The spider diagram includes a section on legal issues but no explanation as to what is included.

Security


The spider diagram includes a section on security vulnerabilities, which should relate directly to cloud vulnerabilities but there is no way to be sure unless the study material is purchased.


Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

51

Figure 26: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes - CCSK


CCSK – Certificate of Cloud Security Knowledge

CCSK accreditation has been developed by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) - a not-for-profit organization with a mission to promote the use of best practices for providing security assurance within Cloud Computing, and to provide education on the uses of Cloud Computing to help secure all other forms of computing. The Cloud Security Alliance is led by a broad coalition of industry practitioners, corporations and associations and is one of the most prestigious certification schemes available.

The CCSK is an online multiple choice examination testing a broad foundation of knowledge about cloud security, with topics ranging from architecture, governance, compliance, operations, encryption, virtualization and much more.

CSA has developed two training courses linked to CCSK: CCSK Foundation Class and CCSK Plus Class. These are available worldwide, including centres in Europe.

52

Table 14: Skills Map - Certificate of Cloud Security Knowledge

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


There is a topic called Detection Data Migration to the Cloud that will cover the skills needed but there are no further details explaining the content.

Virtualisation

There is a chapter on virtualisation explaining the benefits of using hypervisors and why cloud providers are using them.

Service Delivery

The course syllabus specifies that service delivery is covered and delivery models are included in the Architecture chapter.

User Support

It is assumed that user support is included and from the course description it is shown that user error mitigation is apparent.

Managerial


Project management is not explicitly stated but there are a lot of management topics where it may be included but not stated.


The course syllabus specifies that business continuity management is within the course but there is no explanation as to what is included.

Risk Management

There is a whole chapter on risk management that covers topics like: security requirements and information risk management.

Financial Literacy

There is a topic called Use of Cost Savings for Cloud, which related to finances when using the cloud.


There is a chapter on legal issues relating to cloud contracts and how not to get vendor locked in.

Security


There are multiple chapters and topics on security presenting the types of vulnerabilities that are associated with the cloud.


Security management is covered in the risk management chapter in the security requirements topic. The content does not specify what is included though.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

The course syllabus specifies that analysis of requirements is taught but does not go into specifics.

53

Figure 27: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes – EXIN Cloud


EXIN Cloud The EXIN Cloud Computing Foundation certification provides the basics of cloud computing and is vendor-neutral. EXIN Cloud Computing Foundation emphasizes the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and general management aspects of the cloud. It is ideal for individuals from both a business/management background as well as a more technical background. The target group includes:

· Management positions (commercial, IT, finance, procurement etc.)

· IT professional (administrators, service managers)

· Staff of service providers

The EXIN Cloud Computing Foundation course can be completed by taking an online examination, consisting of 40 questions. Commercial training courses throughout Europe prepare individuals for the EXIN Cloud Computing Foundation Certificate.

54

Table 15: Skills Map - EXIN Cloud

Type of skills Thematic area of skills

Skill Present

Comments

Technical


Virtualisation

Included in topic 1.2.2 Role of Virtualization in Cloud Computing but there is no information as to what is included.

Service Delivery

The course syllabus specifies that service delivery is included in multiple topics, they cover the 3 delivery models but it is not clear what else is covered.

User Support

This is included in the topic 3.1 How users can access the Cloud but there is no information as to what is included.

Managerial


This is likely to be included in the topic 5.2.1 Evaluation of performance factors, management requirements and satisfaction factors but there is no clear evidence to support that.


This is likely to be included in one of the business related topics but there is very little information.

Risk Management

Included in topic 4.1.2 Mitigating security risks but there is no information as to what is included.

Financial Literacy

Included in topic 5.1.1 Costs and possible savings of Cloud Computing but no further information is provided.


Security Security Strategy Development

There is a section on security and compliance which talks about mitigating security risks.


Security management will be included as part of topic 4.1.2 Mitigating security risks.

Transversal

Negotiation

This is likely to be included in the topic 5.1.1 Costs and possible savings of Cloud Computing but there is no evidence that it is.

Communication

This is likely to be included in the topic 5.1.1 Costs and possible savings of Cloud Computing but there is no evidence that it is.

Analytical

55

Figure 28: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes - CCC Certification


CCC Certification The Cloud Credential Council (CCC) is the international industry representation body mandated to develop and drive alignment of standards training and certification for individuals in the cloud computing domain. The CCC is independent and vendor-neutral, and has an expanding list of members consisting of public sector and academic institutions, cloud providers, cloud consumers, cloud brokers, professional associations and international certification bodies from across the world. Certification Levels include:

New to the Profession - CompTIA recommended

Associate Level (up to 3 years’ experience) - Cloud Technology Associate

- Cloud Business Associate

Professional Level (3-8 years’ experience)

- Professional Cloud Administrator

- Professional Cloud Developer

- Professional Cloud Security Manager

- Professional Cloud Service Manager

- Professional Cloud Solutions Architect

56

Table 16: Skills Map - The Cloud Credential Council

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The certification description specifies that it covers integration cloud computing into an existing organisation and also identifies the issues and risks associated with integrating with virtualised platforms.

Virtualisation

The certification description fully covers virtualisation technologies such as hypervisors and explains the benefits of scalability.

Service Delivery

Service delivery models are covered as well as understanding cloud services from a business perspective.

User Support

Managerial


Process management is outlined in the topic Impact on Service Management Processes (Cloud Technology Associate) but there is no information as to what is included in this topic.


The certification description specifies that business management is covered in multiple topics such as cloud computing and service management and the Governing the Cloud (Cloud Technology Associate) chapter.

Risk Management

Risk management is covered in the Governing the Cloud (Cloud Technology Associate) chapter but no information as to what is covered is included.

Financial Literacy

Financial management is included in the Governing Virtualization (Cloud Technology Associate) chapter but the course content in the topic can’t be confirmed.


Security


There is a specialised certification that handles security development and management; Professional Cloud Security Manager it includes virtualisation security, vulnerabilities and risk mitigation.


There is a specialised certification that handles security development and management; Professional Cloud Security Manager.

57

Type of skills


Present Comments

Transversal

Negotiation

This may be in the virtualisation chapter under direct costs and cost allocations but this can’t be confirmed.

Communication

This may be in the virtualisation chapter under direct costs and cost allocations but this can’t be confirmed.

Analytical

58

Figure 29: Vendor-Neutral Cloud Accreditation Schemes - Rackspace Cloud University


Rackspace Cloud University Rackspace Cloud University, known as CloudU, is a vendor-neutral, cloud education program designed by Rackspace. It is recognised as one of the best certification programmes for Cloud Fundamentals. CloudU is a curriculum designed for business leaders and IT professionals who want to bolster their knowledge of the fundamentals of Cloud Computing. Anyone is able to download CloudU content at any time, but professionals can earn the CloudU certificate, a formal recognition of their knowledge about Cloud Computing. The lessons included are:

- Revolution Not Evolution - The Economics of Cloud Computing - The Cloud Computing Stack SaaS, PaaS, IaaS - Say Goodbye to DIY Data Centers - Elephant in the Room - Planning a Move to the Cloud - Running a Business on the Cloud - Creative Configurations - Does Data Want to be Free - You Want to Put My Database Where

59

Table 17: Skills Map - Rackspace Cloud University

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Included in the Planning a Move to the Cloud lesson it includes information on the issues and risks or migrating to the cloud.

Virtualisation

Included in the Revolution Not Evolution lesson and others, it details the advantages of hypervisors for cloud providers and why scalability is useful.

Service Delivery

Included in the Understanding - The Cloud Computing Stack SaaS, PaaS, IaaS lesson, it outlines the delivery models used in cloud computing.

User Support

Managerial


Included in the Understanding - The Cloud Computing Stack SaaS, PaaS, IaaS lesson, the services used in the cloud can include tools for project planning.


Risk Management

Included in the Planning a Move to the Cloud lesson, the content takes into account potential risk of being locked into one vendor and how to deal with that.

Financial Literacy

Included in the Cloudonomics - The Economics of Cloud Computing lesson. The course content covers financial terminology such as opportunity cost and total cost of ownership.


Security


Included in the, The Elephant in the Room lesson, it details what the cloud providers should do security wise to protect the customer whilst also explaining what the customer should do to protect themselves.


Included in the, The Elephant in the Room lesson, the content explains how to manage the security of your cloud and what risks there could be.

60

Type of skills


Present Comments

Transversal

Negotiation

Included in the Planning a Move to the Cloud lesson, the content covers what to do when handing the external business considerations such as negotiations.

Communication

Included in the Planning a Move to the Cloud lesson, the content covers what to do when handing the external business considerations such as communication.

Analytical

Included in the Planning a Move to the Cloud lesson, the content outlines what requirements should be analysed when moving to the cloud.

61

Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes

Figure 23 gives details of some of the most popular accreditation schemes related to the products or services of a particular manufacturer. Most of these can be achieved through online study and examination but classroom based courses are also available.

Figure 30: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – Google Apps


Google

Google Apps Certified Deployment Specialist is Google’s first cloud specialist certification. It covers the fundamentals of Google Apps for Business.

The Google Apps Certified Deployment Specialist exam certifies IT professionals who demonstrate the fundamental skills and knowledge required to deploy, configure, and migrate to Google Apps for Business and Education.

Candidates who pass the exam receive the Google Apps Certified Deployment Specialist certificate and badge.

62

Table 18: Skills Map - Google Apps Certified Deployment Specialist

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The study guide for the certification has information on:

· Migration for Microsoft® Exchange

· Migration for Lotus Notes

· Migration for Microsoft® Outlook These seem to the types of data sources for Google Apps.

Virtualisation

Service Delivery

The study guide’s main focus is service deployment. However the course information seems more vendor specific than covering what service delivery models are.

User Support

It is assumed that user support will be included as Google Apps is at a higher level of cloud infrastructure. User support should be required by the software that is being developed for Google Apps.

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


A very small amount of security is included about setting up SSL for Google Apps.


Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

It is assumed that there will be certain requirements needed for Google Apps but it doesn’t give enough information about this.

63

Figure 31: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – IBM Certification


IBM

IBM Certification covers cloud computing basics and IBM specific offerings such as IBM virtualization, Websphere, CloudBurst, TSAM and ISDM. There are two certification schemes:

- IBM Certified Solution Architect - Cloud Computing Infrastructure V1. This person can demonstrate the design, plan, architecture and management principles of an IBM cloud computing infrastructure.

- IBM Certified Solution Advisor - Cloud Computing Architecture V3. This person can clearly explain the benefits and underlying concepts of cloud computing. They can also demonstrate how the IBM Cloud Computing offering helps customers realize these benefits.

64

Table 19: Skills Map - IBM Certified Solution Architect & IBM Certified Solution Advisor

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


This certification does not specifically have a course associated with it but System and Data integration skills are required in order to obtain the certification and information on this can be found in the study materials.

Virtualisation

As for above the certification requires skills in virtualisation and how to use virtualised resources.

Service Delivery

The certification requires skills service delivery models. This is included in the cloud computing architecture and IBM CloudBurst study material.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


The certification does not explicitly say it requires knowledge of the law but there is possibility that it might be included in the test but there is no evidence to show this.

Security


Security skills are needed to obtain the certification and there is study material on cloud security that can help.


Doesn’t explicitly make reference to security management but there is a chance that this is included but it can’t be confirmed.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

65

Figure 32: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – VMWare


VMWare

VMware Certified Advanced Professional – Cloud Infrastructure Design (VCAP-CID) is the most popular certification for virtualization.

VCAP-CID certification verifies that an individual can define goals for cloud architecture, analyse elements of the framework and make design decisions that ensure the proper physical and virtual components exist in the design.

Achieving VCAP-CID status shows that an individual has the following skills:

• Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Design • Security and Availability Design • Extended Cloud Design • Metering and Compliance • vApp Design

66

Table 20: Skills Map - VMware Certified Advanced Professional

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Does not explicitly contain integration information but is likely to be contained within the study material although there is no clear evidence to show that it is included.

Virtualisation

VMware is a virtualisation specialist, to attain this certification you must have knowledge of virtualisation technologies. There is study material that can be purchased from the VMware website as it is vendor specific.

Service Delivery

Service delivery model knowledge is needed to pass the exam which can be learnt in the study material but this must be bought from the VMware website as it’s vendor specific.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


To pass the certification you must have knowledge of security. This is contained in the study material but this must be bought from the VMware website as it is vendor specific.


Security management is not explicitly mentioned but is likely to be contained in the security study material.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

67

Figure 33: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – Salesforce.com


Salesforce.com

Salesforce.com is a global cloud computing company, best known for its customer relationship management systems and social enterprise systems.

Salesforce.com provide one of the leading cloud application development certifications, specific to the Force.com platform. The following four different accreditation schemes are available:

- Consultant

- Developer

- Administrator

- Sales Cloud Consultant

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Table 21: Skills Map - Salesforce.com

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Contained in the study material for the Technical Architect and the implementation experts on how to integrate customer’s existing data into salesforce.com.

Virtualisation

Service Delivery

Saleforce.com cloud web services are contained in multiple study guides as well as pre-built applications that can be used.

User Support

User support seems to be pre-built into the saleforce.com services and applications.

Managerial



Risk Management

Identifying risks is part of the study material although it doesn’t explicitly mention management.

Financial Literacy


Security


Contained in the study material for the Certified Administrator, it outlines what security and access options are available for an organisation.


Contained in the study material for the Certified Administrator it covers access control from people managing the amount of tools that each user can have access to.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

69

Figure 34: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – Red Hat


Red Hat

A Red Hat® Certified Virtualization Administrator (RHCVA) possesses the skills, knowledge, and abilities required to deploy and manage virtualization infrastructure, hosts, and guests using Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization.

An RHCVA qualified individual is capable of the following tasks:

- Installing Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager.

- Creating datacenters, clusters, pools, and templates in Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager.

- Installing and configuring Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization hypervisors to support Linux® and Windows users and manage them using Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager.

- Performing essential management tasks such as logging and bookmarking.

70

Table 22: Skills Map - Red Hat® Certified Virtualization Administrator

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


There is not a lot of information but the course involves data storage, creating data centres and is likely to involve data integration.

Virtualisation

The certification is specific to virtualisation and contains study material that covers virtualisation hypervisors.

Service Delivery

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security



Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

71

Figure 35: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – Amazon Web Services


Amazon Web Services

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Certifications recognize professionals that possess the skills and technical knowledge necessary for designing, deploying, and managing applications on the AWS platform.

Earning certification is designed to help individuals gain visibility and credibility for their proven experience working with AWS, as well as contributes to their organisation’s proficiency with AWS-based applications.

Two types of accreditation are available to Amazon partner organisations:

- Amazon Business Professionals: This accreditation is geared towards individuals responsible for articulating the business benefits of AWS services

- Amazon Technical Professional: This accreditation is designed for individuals making informed decisions about IT solutions.

72

Table 23: Skills Map - Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


The course description contains wording such as “Transmitting data in/out of the Amazon cloud.” But it does not give that much information in the course description.

Virtualisation

There is a section explicitly for customising virtual machines but it does not give information about what is covered.

Service Delivery

The course covers the 3 main service delivery models and teaches how to deliver applications in the cloud.

User Support

User management is mentioned briefly within the course description but gives no real details.

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security



Security management is contained within the AWS system but does not provide specifics.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

73

Figure 36: Vendor-Specific Cloud Accreditation Schemes – Hewlett Packard (HP)


Hewlett Packard (HP)

HP ASE - Cloud Architect V2

This certification verifies that an individual can specify and implement a spectrum of the latest cloud services based on a converged HP infrastructure. The programme certifies that individuals understand private, public and hybrid cloud environments, and IaaS, PaaS and SaaS platforms. The training provides an understanding of the purpose, function, positioning, and capabilities of HP CloudSystem offerings. Content includes the following:

- HP Converged Cloud

- Cloud Service Automation (CSA) 3.0

- HP Insight Management software 7.1

- HP Matrix Operating Environment 7.1

- CSA for Matrix

- Version 5 of the HP Cloud Reference Architecture

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Table 24: Skills Map - HP ASE - Cloud Architect V2

Type of skills


Present Comments

Technical


Contained in the certification study material under HP ExpertOne. The study material covers solution implementation (install, configure, setup, customise, integrate).

Virtualisation

Virtualisation is covered in module 2 of HP BladeSystem Networking and explains the benefits of virtualisation technologies.

Service Delivery

Contained in the certification study material under HP BladeSystem Networking. The content covers the infrastructure and service delivery models.

User Support

Managerial



Risk Management

Financial Literacy


Security


Module 4 of HP BladeSystem Networking covers security strategies but does not give much information on the course content.


Module 4 of HP BladeSystem Networking covers security strategies and is likely to cover the managerial aspect of security risk as well but it does not provide much information.

Transversal

Negotiation

Communication

Analytical

75

Selecting Cloud Based Commercial Courses

Public Administration Departments looking to develop the cloud related skills of their workforce should carefully assess the needs of their department and map this against the range of commercial courses available. Figure 24 provides an example of how this mapping can be done and includes actual examples of cloud courses or accreditation schemes suitable for particular needs.

Figure 24: Example Map of Cloud Computing Commercial Courses

Listed along the top are different cloud related specialisms. We have selected three of the most important – Business/Management, Software Development and Networking & Hardware specialist that link in with the cloud deployment models used by different EU public administration bodies. The business/management person might be responsible, for example, for evaluating the financial benefits of migration to the cloud or for managing customer experiences during the migration process. The software development staff member is likely to be primarily concerned with creating or implementing cloud based software applications and services. The network/hardware specialist will probably be advising on or implementing cloud infrastructure.

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Listed vertically in Figure 24 are the accreditation categories of commercial courses – broad based introductory courses, vendor neutral accreditation and vendor specific accreditation. For individuals who have little prior knowledge of cloud technology a useful pathway would be to progress from the broad introductory courses, to more detailed vendor-neutral courses and finally to vendor specific courses. If a Department has already purchased a particular cloud manufacturer’s products it may be more sensible for individuals to progress directly from a short introductory course to vendor-specific training.

Most of the courses shown in Figure 24 are widely available throughout Europe, either online/self-study or in a classroom setting. Examinations, in most cases, can also be taken online and there are many approved examination centres throughout Europe (this does depend, however, upon the type of accreditation involved).

77

Section 5: Conclusions In order for public administration departments to successfully migrate their infrastructure and services to the cloud, staff working in these departments will need to have appropriate skills. The range of skills required to implement the migration has been identified in previous NEBULA research reports, although the actual skills required are likely to vary between departments and EU countries because of the different deployment models adopted. This report has looked at a sample of academic and commercial courses in cloud computing, reviewed their content and availability and assessed the extent to which they are meeting the skills demand identified in the NEBULA research report. Overall conclusions which can be drawn from this analysis include:

1. Information about course content that is in the public domain is generally confined to general course aims and module titles. Detailed content within a module is in most cases not available and this makes it difficult to accurately map courses to the skills demand in public administration identified in the NEBULA report. A degree of interpretation or judgement is often required to assess whether a course adequately covers a particular skill area, particularly with the regard to the level of the coverage (i.e. is it covered in-depth or at an introductory level).

2. Academic and commercial courses often approach cloud computing from an initial perspective of either business/management, software development or networking/infrastructure. This distinction provides a useful structure for classifying courses since it relates to current job roles/specialisms and previous qualifications. The academic business/management courses, for example, cover a lot of the skills but it is unlikely that they go into as much technical detail as some of the more technical courses.

3. In general migrating to the cloud is likely to shift the emphasis from technical skills (which are still important) towards a broader range of business related skills.

4. The volume of cloud related academic courses, particularly at undergraduate level, is currently quite low, possibly because it is a new and emerging area. It is unlikely, therefore, that there will be a large supply of new graduates with in-depth cloud technology skills. However, there are some excellent examples of cloud related undergraduate programmes and these could offer a model for future course development elsewhere in Europe. The generic undergraduate Computing and Business Information Technology curriculum covers some aspects of cloud technology, but not in as much depth as would be covered by specialised courses.

5. Our research found few examples of vocational qualifications such as Apprenticeships that relate specifically to cloud computing. These types of qualifications aim to develop work related skills at technician level and could be particularly useful for developing the skill base within public administrations. This is an area that European partners may wish to address in more detail.

6. Masters Degrees in cloud computing are much more widely available than undergraduate programmes and many of these programmes can be studied part time. Specialism in

78

Business/Management, Software Development and Networking/Hardware are available, providing a possible match with the skills needs of EU Public Administration Departments. Part time Master Degrees provide a possible option for the technical updating of existing staff, although this route can be relatively expensive and requires significant commitment from the individual employees themselves.

7. In all cases academic courses left some gaps in the skill need identified by PROMEA. Some areas were not covered at all and others were only addressed in a limited way. This suggests that there is a need for additional training even where an individual has a qualification that relates to cloud computing.

8. Students on Business/Management related pathways were likely to have a wider coverage of the skills identified by PROMEA than students on Software Development and Networking/Hardware pathways. However technical areas are often not covered in depth.

9. Students on predominately Software Development and Networking/Hardware pathways are more likely to have skills gaps in project management, finance, business change management or risk management.

10. The development of Transversal Skills (negotiation, communication and analytical) is harder to identify from course descriptions and appear less likely than other skills to be addressed through academic courses. These skills are probably more work focused and may best be developed in the workplace after academic studies have been completed.

11. Commercial training courses appear to offer a more practical option for technical updating than academic courses. Commercial courses in cloud computing are widely available throughout Europe and cover a wide range of different specialisms. Courses range from free online introductory programmes to relatively expensive instructor-led courses.

12. A large proportion of cloud related courses are available online and via self-study. Whilst these provide great flexibility and ensure widespread access, they do demand considerable commitment from participants.

13. A number of globally recognised vendor-neutral cloud computing accreditation schemes have emerged in recent years, including CompTIA Cloud+, Cloud School, CCSK, EXIN Cloud, CCC and CloudU. These schemes already have a significant presence in the international marketplace and it would be useful if Public Administration Departments used these accreditation schemes and mapped them to their own skills requirements. This would motivate existing staff by providing them with certificates that enhance their long term employability in both the public and private sectors. It would also make it easier for Departments to recruit staff who are currently employed in the private sector.

14. Vendor-neutral commercial courses and qualifications tend to develop a broader range of skills than courses specific to a particular manufacturer although the depth of coverage can vary significantly. Accreditation schemes such as Rackspace Cloud University provide a good coverage of the skills identified in the PROMEA matrix and could be useful for public administration staff with a general IT or business background but little knowledge of cloud migration.

79

15. Vendor specific qualifications often focus on just one or two technical skills areas such as service delivery or virtualisation (depending on the specialism of the vendor). However, vendor-specific training can be good value for money where a particular manufacturer’s products or services have already been purchased by a Department. Courses are widely available (often online) and offered at a variety of different levels. Whilst the courses cover a specific manufacturer’s products they can provide in addition more general theory and practice on cloud migration and cloud computing concepts.

80

Bibliography

Anthes, G. "Security in the cloud." Communications of the ACM 53.11 (2010): 16-18. Bonneau, V., Mahieu, B., et al. (2013a) “Analysis of cloud best practices and pilots for the public sector”, Final Report, European Commission Report, DG Communications Networks Bonneau, V., Mahieu, B., et al. (2013b) “Analysis of cloud best practices and pilots for the public sector”, Annex to the Final Report: Country Profiles, European Commission Report, DG Communications Networks Cabinet Office. (2013) “How to use CloudStore” [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/how-to-use-cloudstore [Accessed April 2014] Cloud Standards Customer Council (2012), “Practical Guide to Cloud Service Level Agreements”, Version 1.0. Craig et al. (2009), “Cloud computing in the public sector: Public manager’s guide to evaluating and adopting cloud computing”, CISCO. ENISA (2012), “Cloud computing: benefits, risks and recommendations for information security”. Frost & Sullivan (2011). Holland, R. (2011), “Ten steps to successful cloud migration”, Eagle Genomic Ltd, White Paper. IBM Centre for the Business of Government (2009), “Moving to the cloud: An introduction to the cloud computing in Government”. Laszewski, T., Nauduri, P. (2012), “Migrating to the cloud”, Elsevier. Laugesen, N.S., Lauritzen, J.R., et al. (2012) “Cloud Computing: The impact on e-Skills requirements”, Final Report, Danish Technological Institute, Fraunhofer, European Commission Miller, Michael. “Cloud computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online.” Que publishing, 2008. Muniswamy-Reddy, K.K, Macko, P, and Seltzer, M. I. "Provenance for the Cloud." FAST. Vol. 10. 2010. NIST (2011), “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing”, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD. Oltsik, J. (2010), “What’s needed for cloud computing?”, Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG). PROMEA. (2014) “D3.1.1 Skills Demand Documentation” Ristenpart, T, et al. "Hey, you, get off of my cloud: exploring information leakage in third-party compute clouds." Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security. ACM, 2009.



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Ross, P. (2011), “How to keep your head above the clouds: changing ICT worker skill sets in a cloud computing environment”, Employment Relations Record, vol. 11, no. 1. SATW (2012), “White Paper: Cloud Computing”, Swiss Academy of Engineering Science, Zurich. Subashini, S., Kavitha, V. "A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 34.1 (2011): 1-11. TELSTRA (2011), “Moving to cloud: key considerations for government”. V3. (2014) “IT news, reviews and analysis for UK IT professionals - V3.co.uk” [Online]. Available: www.v3.co.uk [Accessed April 2014] Winans, T., Brown J.S. (2009), “Cloud computing. A collection of working papers”, Deloitte Centre for the Edge. Wyld, D.C. (2009), “Moving to the cloud: An introduction to cloud computing in government”, IBM Center. Wyld, D.C. (2010), “The cloudy future of government IT: cloud computing and the public sector around the world”, International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology, vol. 1, no. 1.

http://www.v3.co.uk/�

82

ANNEX 1 – Qualifications/Courses Analysed

Academic Courses Reference List:

Course Title Institution Source

MSc Web and Cloud Computing Sheffield Hallam University http://www.shu.ac.uk/prospectus/course/1064/

MSc Big Data Analytics Sheffield Hallam University http://www.shu.ac.uk/prospectus/course/1250/

MSc Mobile Computing Applications Sheffield Hallam University http://www.shu.ac.uk/prospectus/course/1191/

M.Sc. in Management (Cloud Computing and Commerce) Dublin City University https://www.dcu.ie/prospective/deginfo.php?cl

assname=MSCM

Computer Science Glasgow Caledonian University

http://www.gcu.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/courses/computer-science-9544.php

MSc in Cloud Computing Cork Institute of Technology http://cloud.cit.ie/

BSc (Hons) in Cloud Computing Cork Institute of Technology http://cloud.cit.ie/bsc-cloud-computing/

MSc IT Security University of Central Lancashire

http://www.uclan.ac.uk/courses/msc_pgdip_it_security.php

Cloud Computing BSc(Hons) Staffordshire University http://www.staffs.ac.uk/course/09G90800.jsp BSc (Hons) in Software Design (Cloud Computing)

Athlone Institute of Technology

http://www.ait.ie/aboutaitandathlone/courses/bschonsinsoftwaredesigncloudcomputing/

BSc Cloud Computing The University of Wales Trinity Saint David http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/bsc-cloud-computing/

MSc Computer Networks The University of Wales Trinity Saint David

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/postgraduate/msc-computer-networks/

Cloud Computing The University of Wales Trinity Saint David http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/hnd-cloud-computing/

Cloud Computing The University of Wales Trinity Saint David http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/hnc-cloud-computing/

BSc (Hons) Social Computing The University of Lincoln http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/course/cmpsocub/

Cloud Computing and Mobile Web Applications

South East European University

http://www.seeu.edu.mk/en/future-students/academics?id=91

Advanced Software Development University of Kent http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/251/advanced-software-development

Networks and Security University of Kent http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/259/networks-security

Advanced Computer Science University of Kent http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/teaching/pg/courses/msc-advcompsci/

Advanced Computer Science - Computational Intelligence University of Kent

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/249/advanced-computer-science-artificial-intelligence

Cloud Computing MSc Newcastle University http://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/study/postgrad/taught/5056/

Computer Systems and Networks Chalmers University of Technology

http://www.chalmers.se/en/education/programmes/masters-info/Pages/Computer-systems-and-networks.aspx

Programming and Networks University of Oslo http://www.uio.no/english/studies/programmes/inf-pro-master/

Bachelor of Business Administration Lapland University of Applied Sciences

http://www.lapinamk.fi/fi/Hakijalle/Koulutukset/Paivaopinnot/Liiketalous

B.Sc. Computer Science and Engineering Istanbul Sehir University http://www.bachelorsportal.eu/studies/36068/c

omputer-science-and-engineering.html MSc Cloud Technology with Business Management Global College Malta http://www.gcmalta.com/msc-cloud-

technology-with-business-management/

http://www.shu.ac.uk/prospectus/course/1064/�



https://www.dcu.ie/prospective/deginfo.php?classname=MSCM�

https://www.dcu.ie/prospective/deginfo.php?classname=MSCM�

http://www.gcu.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/courses/computer-science-9544.php�

http://www.gcu.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/courses/computer-science-9544.php�

http://cloud.cit.ie/�

http://cloud.cit.ie/bsc-cloud-computing/�

http://www.uclan.ac.uk/courses/msc_pgdip_it_security.php�

http://www.uclan.ac.uk/courses/msc_pgdip_it_security.php�

http://www.staffs.ac.uk/course/09G90800.jsp�

http://www.ait.ie/aboutaitandathlone/courses/bschonsinsoftwaredesigncloudcomputing/�

http://www.ait.ie/aboutaitandathlone/courses/bschonsinsoftwaredesigncloudcomputing/�

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/bsc-cloud-computing/�

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/postgraduate/msc-computer-networks/�

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/postgraduate/msc-computer-networks/�

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/hnd-cloud-computing/�

http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/hnc-cloud-computing/�

http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/course/cmpsocub/�

http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/course/cmpsocub/�

http://www.seeu.edu.mk/en/future-students/academics?id=91�

http://www.seeu.edu.mk/en/future-students/academics?id=91�

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/251/advanced-software-development�

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/251/advanced-software-development�

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/259/networks-security�

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/259/networks-security�

http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/teaching/pg/courses/msc-advcompsci/�

http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/teaching/pg/courses/msc-advcompsci/�

http://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/249/advanced-computer-science-artificial-intelligence�



http://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/study/postgrad/taught/5056/�

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/study/postgrad/taught/5056/�

http://www.chalmers.se/en/education/programmes/masters-info/Pages/Computer-systems-and-networks.aspx�



http://www.uio.no/english/studies/programmes/inf-pro-master/�

http://www.uio.no/english/studies/programmes/inf-pro-master/�

http://www.lapinamk.fi/fi/Hakijalle/Koulutukset/Paivaopinnot/Liiketalous�

http://www.lapinamk.fi/fi/Hakijalle/Koulutukset/Paivaopinnot/Liiketalous�

http://www.bachelorsportal.eu/studies/36068/computer-science-and-engineering.html�

http://www.bachelorsportal.eu/studies/36068/computer-science-and-engineering.html�

http://www.gcmalta.com/msc-cloud-technology-with-business-management/�

http://www.gcmalta.com/msc-cloud-technology-with-business-management/�

83

M.Sc. High Performance & Cloud Computing

Technische Universität Chemnitz

http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/studium/sg/en/ma_pvs.php

M.Sc. ICT Innovation, Distributed Systems and Services (DSS)

Technische Universität Berlin

https://www.eecs.tu-berlin.de/menue/studium_und_lehre/tipps_und_termine/ict_innovation/

MSc in Computer Science and Engineering

Technical University of Denmark

http://www.dtu.dk/english/Education/msc/Programmes/computer_science_and_engineering

BSc Computer Science: Network Security Linnaeus University

http://www.eunicas.co.uk/index.php/eunicas/course/bsc-computer-science-network-security-562.html

BA (Hons) in Business Information Systems with Cloud Computing Dublin Business School

http://www.dbs.ie/course/full-time-undergraduate/full-time-undergraduate-ba-(hons)-business-in-information-systems

BA (Hons) in Marketing with Digital Media and Cloud Computing Dublin Business School http://www.dbs.ie/marketing/ba-hons/full-time-

degree

MSc in Cloud Computing National College of Ireland

http://www.ncirl.ie/Courses/CourseDetails/tabid/258/course/MSc-in-Cloud-Computing-MSCCLOUD1/Default.aspx

BSc Honours in Computing National College of Ireland

http://courses.ncirl.ie/index.cfm/page/course/courseId/1501

Cloud and Data Technologies (PGCert)

Birkbeck, University of London

http://www.findamasters.com/search/masters-degree.aspx?course=32207

Advanced Computing Technologies (MSc, PGDip, PGCert)

Birkbeck, University of London

http://www.findamasters.com/search/masters-degree.aspx?course=16070

MSc Advanced Computer Science (Cloud Computing) University of Leeds

http://www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/computing/postgraduate/masters-advanced-computer-science-cloud-computing/index.shtml

Software Engineering for Technical Computing MSc Cranfield University

http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/courses/masters/software-engineering-for-technical-computing.html

Distributed Computing and e-Science MSc Cranfield University http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/courses/masters/dis

tributed-computing-and-escience.html

Computer Science (MSc) Liverpool Hope University

http://www.hope.ac.uk/postgraduate/postgraduatecourses/computersciencemsc/

Networks & Security (MSc) Liverpool Hope University

http://www.hope.ac.uk/postgraduate/postgraduatecourses/networksandsecuritymsc/

MSc Information Systems University of Surrey http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/information-systems

MSc Internet Computing University of Surrey http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/internet-computing

MSc Security Technologies and Applications University of Surrey http://surreyweblb.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/c

ourses/computing/sta/

MSc Business Analytics University of Surrey http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/business-analytics

MSc Data Analysis for Business Intelligence University of Leicester http://www2.le.ac.uk/study/postgrad/taught-

campus/mathematics/analysis

MSc Management, Information Systems and Digital Innovation

London School of Economics and Political Science

http://www.lse.ac.uk/study/graduate/taughtProgrammes2014/MScManagementInformationSystemsAndDigitalInnovation.aspx

Web Science and Big Data Analytics MSc

University College London

http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/admissions/msc_web_science/

Oil and Gas Computing Aberdeen University http://www.abdn.ac.uk/study/courses/postgraduate/taught/og_computing

Computing & IT Management (MSc) Cardiff University http://coursefinder.cardiff.ac.uk/postgraduate/course/detail/p074.html

MSc Information Systems & Business Management

University of Bedfordshire

http://www.beds.ac.uk/howtoapply/courses/postgraduate/information-systems-and-business-management

MSc Information Technology University of Derby http://www.derby.ac.uk/online/course/information-technology-msc

MSc Big Data and Text Analytics University of Essex http://www.essex.ac.uk/coursefinder/course_details.aspx?course=MSC+G51512

MSc Computer Science University of Greenwich http://www2.gre.ac.uk/study/courses/pg/com/c

http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/studium/sg/en/ma_pvs.php�



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http://www.dbs.ie/marketing/ba-hons/full-time-degree�

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http://www.hope.ac.uk/postgraduate/postgraduatecourses/computersciencemsc/�

http://www.hope.ac.uk/postgraduate/postgraduatecourses/computersciencemsc/�

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http://www.hope.ac.uk/postgraduate/postgraduatecourses/networksandsecuritymsc/�

http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/information-systems�

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http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/internet-computing�

http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/internet-computing�

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http://surreyweblb.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/courses/computing/sta/�

http://www.surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/business-analytics�

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http://www.lse.ac.uk/study/graduate/taughtProgrammes2014/MScManagementInformationSystemsAndDigitalInnovation.aspx�



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http://www.beds.ac.uk/howtoapply/courses/postgraduate/information-systems-and-business-management�



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http://www.derby.ac.uk/online/course/information-technology-msc�

http://www.essex.ac.uk/coursefinder/course_details.aspx?course=MSC+G51512�

http://www.essex.ac.uk/coursefinder/course_details.aspx?course=MSC+G51512�

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84

gcs

BSc IT Security Fachhochschule St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences

http://www.technikum-wien.at/en/study_programs/bachelor_s/computer_science/

MSc IT Security Fachhochschule St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences

http://www.technikum-wien.at/en/study_programs/master_s/information_management_and_it_security_/

Performance Evaluation Advanced Learning and Research Institute

http://www.alari.ch/courses/performance-evaluation-0

Postgraduate Diploma in Cloud Computing Griffith University http://www.gcd.ie/PGDip-CloudComputing/

Computer Science VU University Amsterdam

http://www.vu.nl/en/programmes/international-masters/programmes/c-d/computer-science-msc/index.asp

Cloud computing Umeå University http://www.umu.se/english/education/courses-and-programmes/course?code=5DV131

Distributed Systems and Services (DSS / Cloud Computing)

EIT ICT Labs Master School

http://www.masterschool.eitictlabs.eu/programmes/dss/

Computer Science Technische Universität Kaiserslautern

http://www.cs.uni-kl.de/en/studium/studiengaenge/bm-inf/

Master of Engineering in Computer Networks and Systems Faculdade de Ciências http://www.fc.ul.pt/en/cursos/licenciatura/enge

nharia-informatica-sistemica

Network Oriented Systems University of Piraeus http://msc.ds.unipi.gr/en/category/network-oriented-systems/

Digital Communications and Networks University of Piraeus http://msc.ds.unipi.gr/en/category/network-

oriented-systems/ Engineering Ubiquitous Computing and Cloud Computing

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

http://www.etsit.urjc.es/presentationETSIT-2014.pdf

Master Degree (MSc) in Telecommunications and Informatics Engineering

Técnico Lisboa https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/cursos/merc

Web Informatics Universidade da Beira Interior

https://www.ubi.pt/Curso.aspx?CodigoCurso=969

Master of Science Computer Science

Delft University of Technology

http://www.tudelft.nl/en/study/master-of-science/master-programmes/computer-science/

Master of Computer Science: Computernetworks and Distributed Systems

University of Antwerp https://www.uantwerpen.be/nl/onderwijs/opleidingsaanbod/master-computer-science-networks/profile/

Master of Computer Science: Data Science University of Antwerp

https://www.uantwerpen.be/nl/onderwijs/opleidingsaanbod/master-compter-science-data-science/profile/

Master of Computer Science: Software Engineering University of Antwerp

https://www.uantwerpen.be/nl/onderwijs/opleidingsaanbod/master-computer-science-software/profile/

Computer Engineering University of Pisa http://www.unipi.it/index.php/lauree/corso/10654

Engineering in Computer Science Sapienza University of Rome

http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~ccl_ii/site/?q=en/msecs

Computer Engineering Politecnico Di Torino https://didattica.polito.it/pls/portal30/sviluppo.offerta.cdl?p_sdu=37&p_cds=18&p_a_acc=2013&p_lang=EN

Degree in Computer Science University of Verona http://www.di.univr.it/?ent=cs&id=420&tcs=N

Computer Modeling Vilnius University http://www.vu.lt/en/studies/degree-students/degree-programmes/in-foreign-languages/56-studies/studies/3282-computer-modeling-degree-programme

Software Engineering Kaunas University of Technology

http://uais.cr.ktu.lt/plsql/mod_dest/stp_report_ects.card_ml?p_valkod=621E16001&p_year=2014&p_lang=EN

Applied Informatics Vytautas Magnus University

http://www.vdu.lt/en/studies/degree-studies/master-ma/applied-informatics/

Computer Engineering Hacettepe University http://www.cs.hacettepe.edu.tr/eng/undergrad.html

http://www.technikum-wien.at/en/study_programs/bachelor_s/computer_science/�



http://www.technikum-wien.at/en/study_programs/master_s/information_management_and_it_security_/�



http://www.alari.ch/courses/performance-evaluation-0�

http://www.alari.ch/courses/performance-evaluation-0�

http://www.gcd.ie/PGDip-CloudComputing/�

http://www.vu.nl/en/programmes/international-masters/programmes/c-d/computer-science-msc/index.asp�



http://www.umu.se/english/education/courses-and-programmes/course?code=5DV131�

http://www.umu.se/english/education/courses-and-programmes/course?code=5DV131�

http://www.masterschool.eitictlabs.eu/programmes/dss/�

http://www.masterschool.eitictlabs.eu/programmes/dss/�

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http://www.fc.ul.pt/en/cursos/licenciatura/engenharia-informatica-sistemica�

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http://www.cs.hacettepe.edu.tr/eng/undergrad.html�

85

Commercial Courses Reference List:

Course Title Provider Source

Fundamentals of Cloud Computing GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/ibm/cloud_computing/ws009g.html

Cloud Computing Technologies Introduction

Learning Tree International

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1200/cloud-computing-technologies-introduction/

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Learning Tree International

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1205/amazon-web-services-aws/

Cloud Security Essentials Learning Tree International

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1220/cloud-security-essentials/

Introduction to Cloud Computing Alison.com http://alison.com/ Cloud Essentials Robust IT Training http://www.robustittraining.com/ Introduction to Cloud Computing Framework Training http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/ Configuring and Troubleshooting Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Domain Services

Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/

Configuring and Troubleshooting Identity and Access Solutions with Windows Server 2008 Active Directory


Configuring and Troubleshooting a Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure


Planning and Implementing Windows Server 2008 Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/

Monitoring and Operating a Private Cloud with System Center 2012 Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/

EXIN Cloud IT University Online http://ituonline.com/course/exin/ CCSK IT University Online http://ituonline.com/course/ccsk/

CompTIA Cloud Overview IT University Online http://ituonline.com/course/comptia-cloud-overview/

Introduction to Cloud Computing IT University Online www.qa.com/QAICC Red Hat Enterprise Virtualisation (RH318/RH319) Red Hat http://www.redhat.com/training/paths/cloud-

virtualization.html Red Hat OpenStack Administration (CL210/CL211) Red Hat http://www.redhat.com/training/paths/cloud-

virtualization.html Developing Windows Azure and Web Services (20487) Microsoft http://www.newhorizons.com/courses/cloud-

computing.aspx Vmware vCloud Director: Install, Configure, Manage v5.1 Vmware http://www.newhorizons.com/courses/cloud-

computing.aspx CompTIA Cloud Essentials Certification CompTIA http://www.newhorizons.com/courses/cloud-

computing.aspx Vmware vCloud: Design Best Practices v1.5 Vmware http://www.newhorizons.com/courses/cloud-

computing.aspx Cloud U Rackspace http://cloudu.rackspace.com/ Cloud Certified Professional Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ Cloud Certified Technology Professional Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/

Cloud Certified Architect Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ Cloud Certified Security Specialist Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ Cloud Certified Governance Specialist Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/

Media computer science and visual computing

Vienna University of Technology

http://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/teaching/bachelor_programs/computer_sciences/

Medical computer science Vienna University of Technology


Software & Information Engineering Vienna University of Technology


http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1200/cloud-computing-technologies-introduction/�

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1200/cloud-computing-technologies-introduction/�

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1205/amazon-web-services-aws/�

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1205/amazon-web-services-aws/�

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1220/cloud-security-essentials/�

http://www.learningtree.co.uk/courses/1220/cloud-security-essentials/�

http://alison.com/�

http://www.robustittraining.com/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/�

http://www.microsoft.com/�





http://ituonline.com/course/exin/�

http://ituonline.com/course/ccsk/�

http://ituonline.com/course/comptia-cloud-overview/�

http://ituonline.com/course/comptia-cloud-overview/�

http://www.qa.com/QAICC�

http://www.redhat.com/training/paths/cloud-virtualization.html�




http://cloudu.rackspace.com/�

http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/�





http://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/teaching/bachelor_programs/computer_sciences/�






86

Cloud Certified Storage Specialist Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ Cloud Certified Virtualisation Specialist Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ Cloud Certified Capacity Specialist Cloud School http://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/ IBM Certified Solution Architect - Cloud Computing Infrastructure V1 IBM http://www-

03.ibm.com/certify/certs/50001201.shtml IBM Certified Solution Advisor - Cloud Computing Architecture V3 IBM http://www-

03.ibm.com/certify/certs/50001103.shtml Google Certified Deployment Specialist Google http://certification.googleapps.com/Home/over

view

HP ASE - Cloud Architect V2 HP http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/data_card/HP_ASE_Cloud_Architect_V2.html

Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert Robust IT Training http://www.robustittraining.com/mcse_training.html

CompTIA Cloud Essentials Certification Robust IT Training http://www.robustittraining.com/comptiacloud.

html Implementing Power Infrastructure for Cloud GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/ib

m/cloud_computing/1sp0g.html Configuring and Deploying a Private Cloud with System Center 2012 vA GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/mi

crosoft/cloud_computing/m10751.html

CCNP Security Certification GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/cisco-certifications/professional-certifications/ccnp-security-certification/

VMware Certified Professional - Cloud (VCP-Cloud) GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certificatio

ns/vmware-certifications/vcp-cloud/ VMware Certified Advanced Professional – Cloud Infrastructure Design (VCAP-CID)

GlobalKnowledge http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/vmware-certifications/vcap-cloud-infrastructure-design/

Windows Azure Development Training Course Framework Training http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/windows-

azure-development-training-course/ Big Data with Apache Hadoop Training Course Framework Training http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/apache-

hadoop-training-course-uk/ BizTalk Server 2010 & 2013 Developer Training Course Framework Training http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/biztalk-

server-2013-training-course-uk/ Windows Server 2008 MCSE: Private Cloud Certificate Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-

gb/private-cloud-certification.aspx Windows Server 2012 MCSE: Private Cloud Certificate Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-

gb/private-cloud-certification.aspx

Architecting on AWS DataScript http://www.datascript.cz/Oblasti-kurzu/Amazon-Web-Services/Architecting-on-AWS.aspx




http://www-03.ibm.com/certify/certs/50001201.shtml�




http://certification.googleapps.com/Home/overview�

http://certification.googleapps.com/Home/overview�

http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/data_card/HP_ASE_Cloud_Architect_V2.html�

http://h10120.www1.hp.com/expertone/data_card/HP_ASE_Cloud_Architect_V2.html�

http://www.robustittraining.com/mcse_training.html�

http://www.robustittraining.com/mcse_training.html�

http://www.robustittraining.com/comptiacloud.html�

http://www.robustittraining.com/comptiacloud.html�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/ibm/cloud_computing/1sp0g.html�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/ibm/cloud_computing/1sp0g.html�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/microsoft/cloud_computing/m10751.html�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/courses/microsoft/cloud_computing/m10751.html�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/cisco-certifications/professional-certifications/ccnp-security-certification/�



http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/vmware-certifications/vcp-cloud/�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/vmware-certifications/vcp-cloud/�

http://www.globalknowledge.co.uk/certifications/vmware-certifications/vcap-cloud-infrastructure-design/�



http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/windows-azure-development-training-course/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/windows-azure-development-training-course/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/apache-hadoop-training-course-uk/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/apache-hadoop-training-course-uk/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/biztalk-server-2013-training-course-uk/�

http://www.frameworktraining.co.uk/biztalk-server-2013-training-course-uk/�

http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-gb/private-cloud-certification.aspx�




http://www.datascript.cz/Oblasti-kurzu/Amazon-Web-Services/Architecting-on-AWS.aspx�



Documents

Existing skill supply documentation