Executive summary - Documents & Reports - All · Web viewLand filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been

Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments

& Safeguards E1844v3

Oromiya National Regional state

Bishoftu City Administration

Sanitary landfill construction project

Environmental & Socio-Economic

Impact Assessments & Safeguards

I


& Safeguards

Table of ContentsExecutive summary..................................................................................1

Background to the EIA study.................................................................1Objectives of the EIA study....................................................................1Analyses of Alternatives........................................................................2

Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project..................3Air Pollution Impacts..............................................................................4Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources.............................4Public Health and Safety Impacts..........................................................4Hazardous and Loss of Amenity............................................................4Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard........................................................5Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts.........................................6Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife....................6Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts...................6Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity......................6Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard.......................7

Environmental Management and Monitoring plan....................................8Conclusion and recommendation.............................................................81. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................9

1.1. Introduction....................................................................................92. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework................................11

2.1. Policy Framework.........................................................................112.2. Legal Frameworks...........................................................................15

2.3. Institutional Set up.......................................................................163. Baseline environmental conditions.....................................................16

3.1. Location and Climatic conditions..................................................163.2. Geology and soils.........................................................................173.3. Water Resources of the city.........................................................173.4. Liquid Waste Management...........................................................193.5. Public Health Situation.................................................................193.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices................................203.7. Public health situation..................................................................26

II


& Safeguards

3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste Disposal......................................273.9. Impact on Water Resource...........................................................273.10. Bird Strike Hazard.......................................................................28

4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill Project..........................................284.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project..............................................284.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects...........................29

5. Analyses of Alternatives.....................................................................295.1. Alternative sludge treatment sites...............................................29

6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project............326.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project....................................326.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project..........................................336.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation measures.............................................................................................346.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load.......................................................42

7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan..............................438. Conclusion and recommendation.......................................................441. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment..................................................45

1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan.....................................................452. Sub project land needs.......................................................................45

2.1. Land needs...................................................................................453. Census survey of displaced persons...................................................46

3.1. Methodology.................................................................................463.2. Results..........................................................................................463.4. Affected assets with partially affected households......................463.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods............46

4. Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance......475. Consultation with displaced people....................................................47

5.1. Needs assessment........................................................................475.2 .Priorities.......................................................................................485.3. The capabilities............................................................................48

6. Procedures for grievance redress.......................................................487. Monitoring and evaluation..................................................................488. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for implementation....49

III


& Safeguards

8.1. Budget..........................................................................................498.2. Methodology.................................................................................50

9. Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................53

AcronymADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization EIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEPA Ethiopian Protection Authority

IV


& Safeguards

EPE Environmental policy Ethiopia ESMF Environmental and Social Management FrameworkEWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaF EPA Federal Environmental Protection Authority HIS Improved Hygiene and Sanitation I.C.A.O International Civil Aviation organization MOH Ministry of HealthMOWR Ministry of Water Resources NGO Non Governmental OrganizationOP/BP Operational Policy/ Bank Policy TOR Term of Reference ULGDP Urban Local Government Development Project

V

Bishoftu Solid Waste Management Project Environmental & Socio-Economic Impact Assessments & Safeguards

Executive summary

Background to the EIA study

Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore, planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill) of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity; predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.

Objectives of the EIA study

The EIA study has the objective of ensuring and supplementing the proper achievements of the overall objective of the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA study will have the following specific objective;

Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related environmental problems

Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices

Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation

Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse environmental impacts

1


Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction and operation

To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures.

To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project implementation

Project Description and location

The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shewa Zone, of Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa. In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2 hectare.

Description of the proposed sanitary landfill

Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none hazardous material before receiving for treatment.The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid, Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.

Analyses of Alternatives

The location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill poses an environmental risk.Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing and future development.

2


Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route) Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route) Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route

The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table-1-5. The check list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the project, depending on site specific conditions. Therefore, Site-1: Qajima -1 :( Godguada) site is selected as the best site for Sanitary landfill. It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south – eastern direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains in all directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about 2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site is outside of the airplane runway corridor. The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in the flood plain.

Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project

Impacts on water sources

During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material production sites.During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is installed.The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site

3


selection or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.

Air Pollution Impacts

Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained, can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential while dealing with landfill site operation;

Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources

The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found dispersed in the crop fields

Public Health and Safety Impacts

The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste. Respiratory track infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site. Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in the compound. Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases are toxic substance for human health.

Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:

flammability corrosively potential to cause infection Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive) Toxicity.

Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour, noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed

4


developments and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard. The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust, odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur on-site or offsite.

Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard

Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area. During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open (uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals & birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms as well.The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and 8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well as takeoff climb out area.

Impact Mitigation Measures Mitigation measure Impacts on water sources

Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location. The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill areas.

Mitigation Measure for Air Pollution Impacts

5


Landfill design, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:

Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that: it does not reach explosive concentrations Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized Landfill gas is sustainably utilized Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the

community. Mitigation measure for Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife

The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.

Mitigation measures for Public Health and Safety Impacts

To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures, provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths, provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups, vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical checkups.Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.

Mitigation measures for Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill. Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for direct disposal at municipal waste landfill

Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs to be prevented.

Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be effectively controlled on-site.

Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum and must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.

6


The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and staff to effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.

The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.

Mitigation measures Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises. Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.

This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and its premises etc. The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the compound;

The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be covered by soil material on a daily bases.

Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 20-30cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.

The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program. Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display), propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.

Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey in the area.

Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from nearby areas

In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound.

7


Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the running cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to minimize the risk to aviation activity in the area.

Environmental Management and Monitoring plan The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply with the following environmental goals;

Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate. Assuring quality of design, construction and operation Assuring quality of incoming waste Recording of wastes received Minimizing landfill space used Controlling gas emission Maximization of recycling Preventing unauthorized entry Preventing degradation of local amenity Preventing noise pollution Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity organizing adequate staffing and training Remediating landfill after closureConclusion and recommendation

The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the existing disposal sites. The landfills design, construction and operation has to be done to the satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation, public health and safety.

The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by employing the necessary mitigation measures.

So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1.1. Introduction1.1.1. Background to the EIA study

The guiding principle of sustainable development is to use scarce natural resources more efficiently, and avoid the environmental impacts of waste

8


disposal .The waste management hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore, recognize the following trend;

Avoiding waste Re-using materials Recycling and reprocessing materials Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible)

Although we recognize that waste is best reduced or avoided at the point of production or generation, we also recognize the need of reusing and recycling those wastes that are generated. Inevitably, some waste will need to be disposed of to landfill, which also needs to be carried out in an environmentally effective and efficient manner.

The Bushoftu Municipality is committed to ensuring that this unavoidable waste disposal is conducted in an environmentally responsible way. This includes ensuring that project designers, contractors and operators are aware of the risks that solid waste poses to the quality of air, water, and land and community amenity. It also involves ensuring that these stakeholders take responsibility for managing these risks in the most effective way possible by properly discharging their respective responsibilities.Land filling is a common treatment and disposal method for municipal solid wastes (none hazardous solid wastes).This has been identified as a preferred technology option for treatment and disposal of solid waste generated in Bushoftu City. EIA study for the landfill project implementation is, therefore, planned to guide and ensure Environmental Compliance of the project activities at all stages (design, construction, operation and closure of the landfill) of the project implementation. TOR requires the consultant to conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of the liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures as per the guidelines and procedures set out in the Urban Local Government Development Project (ULGDP) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). That the consultant will prepare the Environmental Management Plan and/or other applicable documents as may be required as per the ESMF.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a basic tool for the sound assessment of development proposals; to determine the potential environmental, social and economic effects of a proposed development. The environmental assessment process supports the goals of liquid waste management, environmental protection and sustainable development and helps to; integrate environmental protection and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an activity; predict environmental, social, economic, and cultural consequences of a proposed activity and plans to mitigate any adverse impacts resulting from the proposed activity. It also provides opportunities for the involvement of stakeholders in the review of the proposed activities.

1.1.2. Objectives of the EIA study

9


The landfill project is an environmental project by itself and has the objective of environmental protection and conservation endeavors. It aims at minimizing the adverse impacts that pollutants derived from solid waste could cause to he natural environment and public health safety. The EIA study has the objective of ensuring and supplementing the proper achievements of the overall objective of the landfill project. Accordingly, the EIA study will have the following specific objective;

Assesses the prevailing solid waste management practices and related environmental problems

Tries to highlight environmental impacts due to existing disposal practices

Assesses potential impacts of the proposed landfill project implementation

Proposes possible mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse environmental impacts

Proposes environmental management plan for the land fill construction and operation

To conduct investigations to assess the environmental impact of the construction of liquid waste treatment plant and recommend mitigation measures.

To prepare Environmental Management Plan for the project implementation

1.1.3. Methodology of EIA Study

The EIA study followed standard procedures as per the EIA guidelines set by EPA, and similar international guidelines. Accordingly, Data collection, analyses of existing solid waste management practices and its consequential impacts, analyses of alternative sites and site selection for landfill construction, identification of possible impacts due to the project and proposals for mitigation of adverse impacts have been made. Data was collected both from primary and secondary sources; including site visit and site investigation, consultation of relevant stakeholders, review of documents and literature.

2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework

The implementation of the project should be realized incompliance with the available norms and standards, policy guidelines, legal and institutional frame works. Projects to be implemented under the ULGDP should adhere to

10


acceptable environmental and social safeguards. The projects should, as far as possible, not result in significant disturbance of sensitive ecological resources. It should not result in involuntary resettlement and land acquisition and where this is necessary, it is minimized by exploring all viable alternatives and where it is unavoidable, compensation activities are prepared and implemented2.1. Policy Framework2.1.1. Environmental policy of Ethiopia The environmental policy Ethiopia (EPE) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPA/MEDAC 1997). It is based on the CSE which was developed through a consultative process over the period 1989-1995. The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and deficiencies which, in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation. It is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national policies. The EPE’s overall policy goal may be summarized in terms of the improvement and enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and the promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles. Specific policy objectives and key guiding principles are set out clearly in the EPE, and expand on various aspects of the overall goal. The policy contains sectoral and cross-sectoral policies and also has provisions required for the appropriate implementation of the policy itself.

2.1.2. Sectoral Policies

Several detailed sectoral environmental policies are currently in various stages of preparation, or are completed and endorsed. Some of the sectoral environmental policies cover: Soil husbandry and sustainable agriculture Forest woodland and tree resources Genetic species and ecosystem bio-diversity Water, energy and mineral resources Human settlement, urban environment and environmental health Pollution from industrial waste and hazardous materials Atmospheric pollution and climatic change Cultural and natural heritage

2.1.3. Water resource and sanitation policies and legislatives

Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (EWRMP),1997 deals with the general water resources management policy and different sub sectoral issues; Water supply and sanitation , irrigation development, & hydropower. The policy, under section - 2.2.2 discusses the issue of

11


environment, water shade management and water resources protection and conservation issues.

The policy discusses the sanitation policy under the water supply and sanitation sub sector. The policy among other issues emphasizes the adoption and promotion of affordable and culturally acceptable low cost sanitation technology options, setting of frameworks, coordination of efforts and encouraging involvement of stakeholders both government and non government institutions, the integration of water supply and sanitation, need for setting frame works affirming the inseparable nature of water supply and sanitation activities and need for decentralized approaches for sanitation projects implementation and management are some of the guiding principles indicated in the policy.

2.1.4. The Health Policy of Ethiopia

The health policy under its articles; Article 3.4 reads developing safe disposal of human, house hold, agricultural, and industrial wastes, and encouragement of recycling. Article 5.3 reads prevention of environmental pollution with hazardous chemical wastes

Public health proclamation No 200/2000 was promulgated by the Federal Republic of Ethiopia on 9th march 2000. The proclamation is meant to promote the participation of the society in the health sector and enforce the objectives of the health policy of Ethiopia. The proclamation under its part –II discuses public health issues including; Food quality control, water quality control, waste handling and disposal, Availability of toilet facilities, control of bathing places and pools etc. The article which deals with waste handling and disposal further elaborates that;

Any person shall collect waste in a specially designated place and in a manner which does not affect the health of the society.No person shall dispose solid, liquid or another waste in a manner which contaminates the environment or affects the health of the society.Any solid, liquid and other wastes generated from hospitals should be handled with special care and their disposal procedures should meet the standards set by the public health authorities.

2.1.5. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy for Ethiopia

The strategy is set as a road map which leads to 100% adoption of improved sanitation and hygiene in Ethiopia. The 100% adoption of improved sanitation and hygiene is defined from Ethiopia’s perspective as the process where people demand, develop and sustain a hygienic and healthy environment for themselves by erecting barriers to prevent the transmission of diseases, primarily from faecal contamination. The strategy paper further

12


elaborates that improved sanitation and hygiene is about erecting physical and behavioral barriers to stop contamination, and emphasizes that the primary barriers have the biggest preventive impacts and concentrate on the safe management of faeces to prevent contact with fields, fluids, fingers, feet, flies and food.

2.1.5.1. National Hygiene and On-site Sanitation Protocol

The protocol is designed to follow the national strategy for universal access (100% hygienic and sanitized households) of hygiene and sanitation. It is primarily concerned with the safe ‘On – site’ containment and management of human excreta in the domestic, institutional and public context.

The objective of the protocol is described as to improve implementation of the National Strategy for Hygiene and ‘on – site’ Sanitation improvement at Local Authority level. The protocol gives a clear set of guidelines for all stakeholders promoting Improved Hygiene and Sanitation (HIS), leading to better co-ordination and clearer lines for responsibility at the national, regional, zonal and woreda(district) levels.

Strengthen the integration of all programmes with an HIS components within woreda development plans and the health extension services program.

Provide the basis for a comprehensive budgeting and investment frame work

Improve sector co-ordination with all HIS stakeholders working from one set of guidelines

Define minimum standards and a frame work for information management and monitoring to ensure adequate sub sector performance evaluation.

The protocol will be applied in all aspects of Hygiene and sanitation promotion. It will ensure that all development partners and NGOs adhere to the protocol when promoting improved hygiene and ‘on-site’ sanitation in each locality.

The protocol is a simple eight step guide to the improved Hygiene and on -site sanitation program cycle. These steps are to be followed by all those engaged in promoting Hygiene and on –site sanitation improvements in Ethiopia. The eight steps are briefly outlined as Step; 1) Participatory situation analyses, 2) Advocacy, 3) Inter-sectoral broad based planning(reflecting mandates), 4) Human resource development, supervision, reporting, 5) Financing Improved Hygiene and Sanitation, 6)HIS promotion, empowerment and enforcement, 7) Access to hardware for latrines and 8) Monitoring and evaluation linked Information management system

13


2.1.6. International Conventions, safeguard policies & Guidelines

There are several international conventions and guidelines regarding environmental protection, water and sanitation issues. Some of those include;

2.1.7. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

The charter was adopted in June 27, 1981 and affirmed that equality of all human beings to be respected and practically recognized.

The Human Rights Council also made an important legal statement: “Emphasizing that international human rights law instruments, including the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Right of the Child, entail obligations in relation to access to safe drinking water and sanitation." This statement clearly indicates that all governments are bound by human rights obligations to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all. The charter reiterates that Recognition of the right to water and sanitation is a useful resource for governments and civil society. It is therefore, absolutely necessary to support words with actions, and to mobilize the expertise and independence of United Nations human rights bodies in support of implementation.

2.1.8. World Bank Safe guard Policies

There are 10 safeguard policy frameworks set for projects financed by the World Bank fund, and are required to be met as regards to environmental and social safeguards. These include; OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats, OP/BP 4.36 Forests, OP 4.09 Pest Management, OP/BP 4.11, Physical Cultural Resources, OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples, OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams, OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters, OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

2.2. Legal Frameworks2.2.1. Federal level proclamations

Environmental impact assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 is promulgated in December 2002

Environmental Protection Organs Establishment proclamation No. 295/ 2002 was provided in October 2002.

Environmental pollution control proclamations NO. 300/2002 sets rules on control of pollution, management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes, outlines

14


sectors that require environmental standard, environmental inspectors, incentives, rights to appeal, Offences and penalty.

2.2.2. Land tenure and rural land administrationThe Constitution of the FDRE states that the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the state and in the people of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the constitution indicates that land is a common property of the nations, nationalities and the people of Ethiopia and shall not be subjected to sale or to other means of transfer.

The right of private property is guaranteed by the constitution; under Article-40 the right of property, it is stated that every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of private property. However, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property

Rural land use and Administration Proclamation NO.456/2005 describes; the right to hold and use rural land, acquisition and use of rural land, transfer and duration of rural land use right, obligation of rural land users. Restrictions on rural land use (land use planning and proper use of sloppy, galley and wetlands.

Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided provisions for compensations. Proclamation NO455/2005 discusses on expropriation of land holding, determination of compensation, base and amount of compensation, displacement compensations valuation of property.

Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007, Regulation on payment of Compensation for property situated on land holding expropriated for public purposes. This regulation discusses the assessment of compensation for properties, provision of replacement land and payment of displacement compensation.

15


2.3. Institutional Set up

At federal level the Ministry of Water Resources(MOWR), Ministry of Health,(MOH), Federal Environmental Protection Authority ( EPA) hold the overall responsibilities of water recourses management and environmental sanitation issues; and for policy preparation and guidance. It is also expected that federal level ministries and bureaus to provide technical support to regional water bureaus and health institutions. At regional level there are respective bureaus with delegated responsibilities and authorities to plan and implement projects. For urban centers like Bishoftu city administration, development of social service facilities is the responsibility of the city administration and municipalities.

Accordingly, the sanitation service in Bishoftu city administration is shared among different departments and agencies;

Bishoftu Water Supply & Sewerage Authority Bishoftu Sanitation, Beautification & Parks Development Work process Bishoftu Health Bureau Regulatory and law enforcement department

The sanitation, beautification and parks development agency undertakes both service delivery and development works in the waste management, greening, solid waste collection & disposal, liquid waste collection & disposal, tree plantation.

Health bureau is responsible for health regulations, while malpractices and illegal deeds as regards to environmental sanitation are controlled by the regulatory and law enforcement department.

3. Baseline environmental conditions3.1. Location and Climatic conditions

The Sanitary land fill Project is found in Bishoftu City, Easter shawa Zone, of Oromya National regional state. The project areas are situated at the City of Bishoftu, which is the nearest city of the capital city of the country, Addis-Ababa. In addition, the project area is located between latitude of 08°44’ N and longitudes of 38°59' E. The land area of the city is estimated at 11, 000 hectare. It has moderate climatic condition with temperature ranges between 16oC to 24 o C; and average rainfall of 860mm. The major rainy season lasts from July to September. The total area of the sanitary landfill of Bishoftu city is 10 hectares including damping bed, leachate pond, Guard house, runoff collecting pond and others. However, the actual size of the damping bed that will accommodate the solid waste is 6 hectares and the leachate pond is 0.2 hectare.

16


3.2. Geology and soilsThe Bushoftu area is mainly covered by volcanic rocks (about the 70% of the studied area) and the sedimentary rocks consist of alluvial cover and lacustrine sequences 3.3. Water Resources of the city3.3.1. Surface Water resourceMajor surface water source is the Wadeecha River and its tributaries coming from the steep flanks of Mt. Sokoru and Mt. Yerer. Other major surface water source is the crater lakes and seasonal ponds surrounding the city. These include; Bushoftu Lake, Babo Gay Lake, Arsedi Lake and Hidha Lake. Seasonal ponds like Cheleleka, Chafe Anan and small surface water storages are also considered as water source potential of the area.

Most of these surface sources fall within the city catchments and receive runoff from the surrounding hills and from the urban centers as well. Hence, they are prone for pollution impacts generating from the urban areas. Lakes Bushoftu, Arsedi, Babo Gaya and Chaleleka pond are found in the settled urban areas while Hodha Lake is at about 7km from the center city.

These lakes have social, economic and cultural significance both at national level and for the surrounding community in particular. They serve as recreational and tourist attraction sites, as fishing ground. Moreove, Lake Arsedi has cultural significance and is a place where Iretcha celebration takes place. Lots of visitors and worshipers come to Bushoftu during the Iretcha celebration for prayer and as visitors.

3.3.2. Ground Water According to a geological survey report of the Bushoftu draft master plan study, rock units of the area are classified as aquifers of moderate to high water permeability and productivity in general. In particular, the highly weathered and fractured basalts and those quaternary volcanic sediments are usually described as best aquifer materials; and hence, they are defined as materials of high permeability and productivity. Therefore, it could be concluded that there is high groundwater potential around Bishoftuu town.

Areas with good ground water potential have been identified at; slightly inclined flat surface located on the north and northwest of the town known as Dambi and Qurqura, and along the flat surface of Chalalaka area; Shumbura Meda and Garbi where the existing wells are located.

These potential water sources have to be protected from possible pollution effects; and hence landfills should not be located in their premises and recharge zones. Site selection for the landfill project has to take this factor into account

17


3.3.3. Water Supply SourcesBushoftu city gets its water supply mainly from ground water sources. The major existing boreholes are located in Shumbura Meda and in the Dambi plain, while there are also numbers of privately owned boreholes dispersed at different locations in the city. Table below shows the location, depth and yield of the existing Bishoftu water supply sources.

Table 0-1: Water Supply Sources of BishoftuLocation Dept

hDriled Year G.C

Altitude

Yield

(l/s)Local Name

Easting

Nothing

Shumbura Meda

500506

974375 76.5 1988 1922 5

Shumbra Meda

500893

973736 72.65 1988 1908 5

Shumbura Meda

501008

974271 70.67 1988 1910 15

Shumbura Meda

500426

943847 76.6 1988 1890 15

Shumbura Meda

501416

973736 76.15 1988 1908 15

Shumbura Meda

500788

973332 74.1 1988 1906 5

Dambi 492821

969251 116.3 2005 1905 5.3

Source: Bishooftuu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban planning institute, April, 2009

Water quality assessment was made and reported in August 2009 by water quality control laboratory of the Oromia Water Resources Bureau, for water supplied in Bushoftu town. According to this report the quality of water sample collected from a newly developed borehole at Kurkura No.1 site was found to be unfit (contaminated) for potability from bacteriological quality points of view, while the physico-chemical characteristic was within the accepted limit. Due this fact water supplied in the city is disinfected by chlorination. Chlorination is also helpful to prevent accidental pollution risks caused in the pipe system; and hence residual chlorine has been a major yard stick to check the safety of the water supplied as well. After chlorination all samples collected from different locations in the system were found to be safe and fit for domestic consumption.

The possible cause of pollution for the raw water source of the boreholes can be the unsanitary situations in the city which is related to poor waste management.

18


3.4. Liquid Waste ManagementThe liquid waste in the town generates both from domestic, industries and institutional establishments. Dry pit latrines are the dominant type of toilet, while flush toilets are also available mainly in institutions and hotels.

There are 6 public toilets of which only 3 are functional. Though the municipality has provided six public toilets, it is not yet adequate. The existing public toilets do not meet the existing demand. Some of the existing public toilets are not giving adequate service as they are out of service for long time. As a result open defecation is also observed. The liquid waste generated in the town is disludged and transported to disposal site by vacuum truck.

3.5. Public Health SituationThe health problem and disease causes among the city population are mainly communicable diseases water and/or air born diseases. Major factor contributing to these diseases is the poor waste management and pollution impacts of both the air and water resources of the area.Health facilities in the city include 2-Hospitals, 1- health center, 12 – Private clinics, 5-facory owned clinics, 16-farmacies.

Table 0-2: most prevalent diseases in Bishoftu CitySr. No.

Disease type Number of cases

Percentage of all

cases1 Intestinal Disease 5221 10.52 Lower respiratory

tract infection4856 9.7

3 Disease of UTI 4801 9.64 Arthritis and

spondilities402.3 8.1

5 Upper Respiratory tract infection

3990 8

6 Disease of GIT 3605 7.27 skin diseases 3415 6.88 Homicide, injuries

purposely inflicted by others

3067 6.1

9 Disease of gum and teeth

2876 5.7

10 Gastrities and doudonitis

2410 4.8

Others 11500 23.1Total cases 49,764 100

19


Source: Bishoftu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban planning institute, April, 2009

3.6. Existing Solid Waste Management Practices 3.6.1. Solid Waste Generation The current city population is estimated at about 150,000 people in 2009. The housing units in the city are over 33,000. According to information obtained from the Bushoftu health bureau, the per-capita solid waste generation rate is estimated at 0.186kg/c/d. The total daily solid waste generated from domestic source is, therefore, estimated at 27,900kg/day.

20


Table-1.3: Residential solid waste generation rate, Feb. 2005

Source: Bushoftu Health bureau

The measurement made on samples collected from representative house holds in the city demonstrate the solid waste compositions as described in table - 4.1 above. According to this data ashes and dust constitute 46.78%, food staff and peelings 20.97%, leaves and grasses 10.21 %, metal and glasses 8.6%, while the remaining components account for the balance.

In terms of bio-degradability and combustibility, the solid waste composition is classified as 55.37% combustible, and 44.63 as none – Combustible waste; while 66.13 is bio-degradable & 33.87% is none-biodegradable.

On the other hand, the recently produced master plan study report of August 2009 makes the following estimates and projections.

There are also number of industries and establishments that contribute to the solid waste production of the city including; Floor mills, leather factory (tanneries), plastic factory, soap factory, dairy farms, abattoir. On the other hand big institutions like the Ethiopian Air Force base, Defense Engineering College, veterinary science college, Ethiopian management Institute, hospital and other health institutions, big hotels and recreational sites etc contribute significant volume of solid waste to be collected from the city. The quantity and composition of solid waste from industrial sources vary according to their raw material and byproducts obtained from the processing. The wastes from industries and hospitals can contain hazardous material and require site specific and factory specific investigation and decision, for the waste management and treatment requirements. Some of the industries

Type /composition of solid waste

Rate of generation/cap/d

Percentage by weight

Ashes 0.043 23.12Leaves & wooden branches(Chat)

0.009 4.84

Chewed and left over of sugar cane

0.008 4.30

Food staff & peelings 0.039 20.97Dust,(soil material) 0.044 23.66Textiles 0.008 4.3Paper 0.005 2.69Plastics 0.004 2.15Metal & glass material

0.016 8.6

Grasses and leaves 0.010 5.37 Total

0.186 100

21


generate wastes that can be directly accepted at landfills along with domestic refuses; while some that are suspected of containing hazardous wastes may require special treatment separately. The Bushoftu Hospital and some of the industries have such arrangements and facilities for sorting and disposing hazardous substances. A typical example is the incinerator plant used in Bushofu hospital compound where substances considered as hazardous are collected and incinerated separately. Even in such institutions having separate facilities for hazardous waste handling, it is seen that plastic materials including gloves are burnt open air contributing to air pollution effects. This may be due to awareness and knowledge gap in identifying and characterizing waste types and can be rectified with medium range training and orientation.

The master plan study identifies the abattoir in the city as generating significant solid waste and liquid waste that threatens the environment and public health safety. These institutions are disposing the waste haphazardly in the open air environment. There are more than five slaughterhouses in the town, which have different levels of slaughtering capacity. These include a municipal slaughterhouse and four private commercial abattoirs

Some of the assessed abattoirs have characteristic waste disposal arrangements as described in table below.

Generally all abattoirs produce large amount of solid wastes, use large quantity of water and discharge effluent with high content of blood, fat, waste and cleaning detergents. Emission of odour from liquid and solid wastes is significant problem particularly where abattoirs are in the vicinity of residential areas. The overview of the existing abattoirs is discussed briefly as in table below.

The waste disposal of all the abattoirs is done haphazardly and is causing significant adverse impacts on the public health and social well fare. All of the abattoirs are located in densely settled areas and/or expansion sites.

22


Table 0-4: Abattoir waste management in Bushofu cityName of intitution

capacity Waste generation

Disposal site Complaints

Municipal Abatoir

30 cattle per day and 1 sheep / goat per week are slaughtered

Solid & & Liquid waste

Solid wastes like offalis either disposed in pitsor on open field, burned, soled to individual users,

o Aesthetic problemOdour problem sources and soil Pollution of water sources and soilCreate ground for vectors and

ELFORAAbattoir

10 cattle, 300 sheep and 400 goats are slaughtered per da


Incineration, burying, and selling to individuals. occasionally open field disposal

Odour problem sources and soil Pollution of water sources and soilCreate ground for vectors and

Hashim Abattoir

400 sheep/goats are slaughtered daily


Open dump Odour problem sources and soil Pollution of water sources and soilCreate ground for vectors and

Alema Farm(Poultry and Pig Slaughters)

1500 chicken and 5pigs are slaughtered


Septic tanks and pits for solid waste.

Odour problem sources and soil Pollution of water sources and soilCreate ground for vectors andcause health problem

Source: Summerized From Bishoftu structural plan preparation project, Oromia urban planning institute, April, 2009

3.6.2.Solid Waste Collection and StorageThe responsibility of solid waste collection and disposal is entrusted to the city sanitation, beautification and parks agency. The agency is responsible for

23


the overall solid waste management in the city, while there are also private entrepreneurs involved in the collection service provision. There are 4- micro-enterprises already engaged in the solid waste collection service provision. The sanitation, beautification and parks agency estimates that about 20% of the collection is done by the private entrepreneurs at present.

The collection operation seems to be on a better condition as compared to previous years since the municipality has acquired additional track and Skip transporter. However, open field disposal is still significant.

Open dumping has reduced on major streets and at densely populated areas. This is due to the availability of additional communal solid waste collection containers on the one hand, while the house to house collection is facilitated by private waste collectors (youth associations) on the other hand. There are 4-micro-enterprises in the 9-kebeles of Bishoftu city.

The micro-entrepreneurs collect the solid waste against payments made by each house hold. The private operators charge 10 -15 Birr/ month for collection and transportation of house hold refuse; and 40 – 50 birr/month for institutions. They collect the waste from the houses and transport it to the communal containers located in the premises of community settlement areas at each kebele. At house hold level some of the dwellers use different dust bins and plastic bugs, while the rest still store or dispose at road sides, street corners and at back yards. There are 50 newly purchased communal type containers of which 30 have already been placed at transfer stations for temporary storage of waste collected from each household. These containers have storage capacity of 7 m3 each.

24


Fig-4.1: Solid waste containers/skips for communal use

Fig-4.2: newly purchased skip transporter

Data collected in 2005 indicates that over 50% of the filled containers stay more than 6-days before lifted and transported to disposal site. However, one additional skip transporter has been acquired since then, and the rate of emptying the containers is expected to have been improved. Master plan study Report (Bishoftu structural Plan, Environmental Study Report of Bishoftu Town, august 2009) also emphasizes that open field disposal is still significant.

Currently the city has 1- skip transporter, 3-dump trucks and one trailer type tractor for transportation of the solid waste to a disposal site. It is estimated that about 170m3 solid waste is daily transported using those trucks and machines.

Relatively the collection operation has shown improvements as compared to other urban centers of Ethiopia, and to the previous situation in the Bushoftu itself. The sanitation, beautification and park development agency has plans to further improve the waste collection by re-enforcing the current trend of involving private operators and by providing additional facilities. Awareness creation programs are arranged for institutions and service providers like hotel owners on proper waste management and sanitation promotion

25


activities. It is planned to raise the collection rate to 250m3/day during the coming fiscal year.

3.6.3. Solid Waste DisposalIn spite of the significant improvement being observed as regards to the solid waste collection operation; the disposal method and disposal facilities remain unchanged and is still posing risks to both the natural and socio-economic environment.

The waste collected is disposed on open field at a place called Golba in Kebele-05, some 1.5km away from the center town. The disposal site is surrounded by mountain ridges at distant location, but there are settlement areas, a church and agricultural fields (crops, animal grazing, children play ground) just adjacent to the disposed waste. The major problems associated with the disposal site are: the site being crop field and grazing ground where children and farmers frequently stay, has no fence, no soil cover, it is surrounded by housing areas and religious sites, is planned future expansion area, nuisance and health hazard for people living nearby, it is very close airport (takeoff and landing route), it falls in a seasonal flood plain land etc.

Fig-4.3: Existing Golba disposal site is surrounded by; crop field, houses, church, and animal grazing ground.

3.7. Public health situationAccording Health center sources 80% of medical cases treated in the health center are related to communicable diseases. Major Public health problems

26


recorded in the hospitals of the city include; diarrhea, amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery, Giardia, Ascariasis, etc. which are directly related to personal hygiene and poor sanitation. It is also recorded that about 200 people were affected by epidemics due to water contamination in Quraqure area in November 2001 EC. The most common diseases of the city population are those of water born and water related communicable diseases. These diseases are related to personal hygiene and unsanitary conditions of the living environment, the major being the liquid waste mismanagement and lack of sanitation facilities.

3.8. Impacts of Current Solid Waste DisposalImpacts due to the current solid waste management practices are those related to:

Public health impacts Bird strike risks Water source pollution Air pollution Soil pollution and Aesthetics

3.8.1. Public health Impacts The surrounding community complains of the odor, health and safety risks to animals, children and aesthetically debilitating situation created at such a close proximity to the center town. The plastics spreading all over the grazing ground is posing risks to the animal grazing. The odor poses significant health risks to the surrounding dwellers and to the worshipers of the church. During the site visit it could be observed that scavengers were busily sorting reusable material.

The odor emanating from the waste is affecting the health of the surrounding community; leachate from the waste deposited forms stagnant water ponds at downstream and is creating favorable ground for mosquito breeding. Moreover, the leachate gradually percolates into the ground water sources and can have potential for polluting the sources. Aesthetically the damping area is filthy and odorous, to the extent that passerby people cannot bear breathing in the area.

Lots of scavengers including wildlife gather in the open damp areas, creating risks to the surrounding dwellers and property

27


3.9. Impact on Water ResourceThe leachate from the heaps of solid waste has created water ponding at downstream side (fig- above). The leachate is highly polluted with the various pollutants extracted from the waste and can contain hazardous materials and pathogens. The leachate gradually infiltrates to the ground water sources and also spills into surface water sources at downstream side3.10. Bird Strike HazardSolid waste disposal sites can attract bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. The current solid waste disposal site is located at about 1.5 kms distance from the Debrezeit Air Force base where numbers of airplanes for training and/ or for mission flight are deployed. The disposal site falls within the minimum distances considered to be protection zones from landfill or waste treatment plant operations; 13-kms radius for international Civil Aviation Organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and 8-kms for Canada.

The existing solid waste disposal site is only 1.5km away from the runoff route of the air planes. There are number of birds coming to the site to feed on the rubbish disposed. Several bird strikes have been experienced by the air force in the premises, and the administration has been complaining of the site being used as disposal for waste.Waste disposal sites facilitate the survival of worms, insects, fish, frogs, crabs, etc. which in turn attracts the various species of birds. On the other hand trees in the surroundings serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds.

4. The Proposed Solid Waste Landfill ProjectA properly designed landfill is required to receive and treat the solid waste generated in the Bushoftu city; so as to avert the current environmental pollution and public health risks associated to the existing problem of solid waste disposal.

The project work will involve construction of a standard landfill for solid waste treatment and disposal; construction of access road to the landfill site and access roads within the plant compound. In the process of implementation of this project, both positive environmental impacts and negative impacts are anticipated.

4.1. Brief Description of Landfill Project

28


Solid waste treatment in landfill involves both physico-chemical and biological processes. The solid waste has to be sorted out into hazardous and none hazardous material before receiving for treatment.

The solid waste dumped is compacted in layers, followed by soil cover for every cycle. The covered waste pile is then left to decompose and stabilize. The land filled waste undergoes five distinct phases of decomposition as either aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. In the process of decomposition several gaseous products are generated as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen and hydrogen that escape into the atmosphere. Also some carboxylic acids like acetic acid, Butric acid are generated and get out along with the leachate generated.

4.2. Environmental requirement of Landfill projects

There are five principal environmental management techniques which have to be considered during implementation of a landfill project in order to achieve the best environmental outcome: Site selection - an appropriate location will have natural barriers and

buffer distances to help reduce environmental risk Design and construction - including all aspects of the design and

construction of the landfill and associated infrastructure monitoring - including all performance and quality monitoring and

reporting of air, water, noise and waste Site operations management - including all operational measures required

to manage a landfill in an environmentally acceptable manner Remediation and post-closure management - including the measures

needed to minimize the impact of closed landfills and ensure the beneficial use of landfill sites after closure.

It is important to realize that environment protection is achieved through a combination of good planning and an integrated and thorough approach to design, operation and management. There is no substitute for selecting an environmentally sound site and adopting ongoing management measures to protect the environmental integrity of the site. Appropriate site selection for landfill operation is, therefore, very essential for safe and sound environmental protection endeavors.

5. Analyses of Alternatives5.1. Alternative sludge treatment sitesThe location of a landfill is a primary determinant of the extent to which a landfill poses an environmental risk.

29


Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental management tool. The aim is to avoid the need for impact mitigation and ongoing management by selecting a site where natural barriers protect environmental quality and where there will not be adverse impact on existing and future development.

Golba site(existing site)(1.5km from flight route) Qajima-1 (Godguada plain) (2.8km from flight route) Qajima-2 (hillside) (2.9km )from flight route

The analyses for the alternative potential landfill sites are based on comparative evaluation of expected significant impacts as illustrated in table- below. The check list is rated as Positive (+) impacts or negative (-) impacts expected of the project, depending on site specific conditions. The assigned ratings of impacts are as follows;0 = No impact, 1= low impact, 2= Moderate impact, 3= High impact, 4 = Unknown impactTable 0-5: Comparative analyses of potential landfill sitesAssessment criteria Golba

siteQajima site-1

Qajima site-2

Accessibility & travel distance -2 -3 The land use is not compatible with the intended project use, and is also close to the industrial zone of the town, thus, rejected by the study team

Proximity to houses, cultural & historical sites

-3 -2

Proximity to air port -3 -2Natural barrier 2 3Existing & planned Land use -3 -2Ground water source & recharge areas -1 -1

Surface water discharges -2 -1Flood plains, wetlands and flood routes -2 -2

Vegetations/forest cover -2 -1Direction of prevailing wind towards sensitive areas

-3 -2

Aesthetics and noise pollution -3 -2Proximity to existing or planned quarry where blasting is undertaken

-1 -1

Proximity to overhead electric line or buried cable etc

-1 -2

Proximity to Utility service lines, 2 1

30


Total -22 -17 Note: The grading of each assessment criteria is based on personal observations and judgments.

Site-1: Golba siteThis site is found in Kebele - 05, it is surrounded by Libne Dingle Mt. to the South West, Hora mountain to North –Eastern side (Fig- above). There are number of settlements and condominium buildings under construction in the premises and along the hill sides. It is a seasonal flood plain, fertile crop field and livestock grazing ground. It is surrounded by forest covered hills. There is also a church on the nearby mountain where Orthodox Christian worshipers frequently visit for prayers.

Moreover, this site falls within the corridor of the air plane flight route (takeoff and landing run way). It is only about 1.5km away from the run way and only 1km from the city center.

The recent master plan study also does not consider this site as waste disposal site and recommends shifting of the solid as well as the liquid disposal to other sites.

Site-1: Qajima -1 :(Godguada) site It is found in a peasant association next to Kebele 03 in the south – eastern direction. It is a depressed plain land surrounded by hills and mountains in all directions. The site is bounded by hills and mountain ranges like; Godguada Mountain to north –west and Gara Beru hill in the south and eastern sides. Just on the other side of the Gara Beru ridge is the Ethiopian Air Force Base at about 2.8km distance. However, the Air force administration has confirmed that the site is outside of the airplane runway corridor.

The plain land is an intensively cultivated crop field and partly used as livestock grazing ground. There is no significant forest or tree cover; only acacia trees are found dispersed here and there in the crop fields. The runoff water from the surrounding hills does not have drainage outlet and seasonally stays ponding in the flood plain.

31


Fig-6.2: Farmers’ houses at the age of the crop fields

Fig-6.3: Consultation with a would be PAP

6. Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Landfill Project

The implementation of the landfill project can have both positive and negative impacts on the environment; both natural and socio-economic environment.The environmental issues of primary concern in relation to land filling and landfill operations are:

Water pollution - i.e. discharges of pollutants to ground and surface waters.

Air pollution - i.e. emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere Land management and conservation Hazards and loss of amenity Bird strike Risks Public health risks

These impacts and concerns are observed mainly during the operation and site closure of landfills. However, impacts during construction of the land fill and access road can also be caused to other environmental components and properties in the Right – Of – Way of the project

6.1. Beneficial /Positive impacts of the project

32


The beneficial impacts associated with project implementation are largely related to improvements in health conditions for the city residents and to the quality and safety of environmental resources (water sources, soil and air) by improving the waste collection and treatment. The positive environmental impacts attained from the liquid waste project include:

Improved public health; minimizing health risks by improving sewage collection and treatment;

Alleviation of odor and visual nuisances in the served areas; Prevention of surface water and groundwater contamination by

stopping the discharge of untreated sewage into nearby streams/open grounds;

Creation of new employment opportunities during the construction and operation phase of the sewerage system.

Creation of opportunity for resource conservation and reuse.

The current liquid waste management practice has significantly degraded the water resources within the city catchments and outside. Surface water courses are heavily polluted with the waste discharges and have prohibited the water to be used even during the rainy seasons when surface flow is in excess. Beside the aquatic life expected to inhabit those river systems are damaged and are none existent.6.2. Positive impacts of the landfill project

The solid waste collection and storage within the city and at house hold level is gradually improving in Bushoftu town. However, the disposal of the solid waste is posing significant adverse impacts on the environment and as well on the public health. The solid waste collected is haphazardly dumped at open field just about 1-km from the center town and is posing problems as described under section-4 above. The implementation of the landfill project will alleviate all those problems and create conducive living environment in the city.

The city has high tourism potential and is gifted with numbers of tourist attraction sites. Recent development of resorts and lake side recreational sites is attracting more tourists in the area and more is expected in the future. The need for standard sanitary infrastructure is, therefore, a prerequisite for the tourism trade to grow. The implementation of the landfill can have significant contribution in this respect.

However, land filling of waste can also pose adverse impacts to the environmental resources and to socio-economic welfare of the community, if not properly planned, designed, constructed and operated to meet the

33


intended objectives. Major adverse impacts of solid waste landfill are discussed under the following section.

6.3. Adverse impacts of the landfill project and proposed mitigation measures

The adverse impacts of implementing the landfill project can be caused both during construction and operation phases. Construction phase impacts are related to site clearance, excavation, material site development and spoil soils disposal. Major impacts will be felt at the landfill site, along the access road to the site and at material production sites. Operation phase impacts on the other hand, are mainly observed in the premises of the landfill site and along the waste haulage road route. These adverse impacts are manifested in the form of loss of vegetation cover, soil erosion, loss of properties and crops, water source pollution, air pollution, risks to public health and safety, Bird strike risks of air plane, landscape & aesthetics problem. Hence, landfill design, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the respective migration management plan to minimize the anticipated adverse impacts and o comply with the desired environmental goals:

6.3.1. Impacts on water sources

During construction excavated soil may get into water sources and cause water quality deterioration and siltation problem. Spoil soils generate from ground excavation for landfill, paving and grading for access roads and at material production sites.

During operation phase of the landfill; ground and surface waters can be contaminated by untreated leachate from landfill sites. Leachate percolates through landfills as a result of infiltration and/or decomposition of the wastes. It may cause serious water pollution if it is not properly managed.

The hydro geological characteristics of a site will have a critical bearing on the need for and nature of measures to control leachate. If a landfill is located in an area with permeable substrata, any leachate generated will rapidly pollute the groundwater (and even surface water) unless an adequate barrier system is installed.

The potential damage by leachate can also be more critical if the landfill is located in a drinking water catchment, in a floodway subject to washout, or in a high rainfall area. Surface water run-off from a landfill site can cause

34


unacceptable sediment loads in receiving waters, while uncontrolled surface water run-on can lead to excessive generation of leachate. Hence site selection or locating a landfill plays important role for properly functioning plant.

Proposed Mitigation measures

Avoid entry of spoil soil in to water body by timely carting and stockpiling at designated disposal site. Site selection should avoid catchments where water sources are located as far as possible.

Leachate must be controlled within the landfill site, ensuring that neither groundwater nor surface water is polluted. The design has to consider leachate treatment facilities within the land fill design project and at the same location. The treatment of the leachate should enable to prevent pollutants’ migration into the water sources; either by percolation into ground water source or by runoff into surface water body. A leachate treatment pond can stabilize the pollutants by natural processes, while infiltration is avoided by use of proper sealant material for the pond bottom. In addition, adequate side drainage facility should be provided to avoid run on and runoff water from the landfill areas.

Detecting water pollutionEffective mechanisms must be developed for early detection of groundwater and surface water pollution. Any detected groundwater or surface water pollution needs to be speedily remediated.

6.3.2. Air Pollution Impacts

Landfills primarily produce methane and carbon dioxide which, if not contained, can contribute to the ‘greenhouse effect’. Unmanaged gas emissions also represent a lost energy/fuel source. Landfill gas can also contain a variety of corrosive, toxic or odorous components. Methane represents an explosion risk which may occur on-site or off-site. So precautionary measures are essential while dealing with landfill site operation; landfill design, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:

Landfill gas must be controlled in such a way that: it does not reach explosive concentrations

35


Greenhouse gas emissions are minimized Landfill gas is sustainably utilized Odorous emissions meet relevant environmental legislation Airborne impurities, pathogens and toxins do not pose health risk to the

community.

6.3.3. Impact on Vegetation cover and Wildlife Resources

The plot of land selected for the landfill has no significant vegetation cover, and has already been cleared for crop production. Only few acacia trees are found dispersed in the crop fields

Proposed enhancement measures

The few trees removed due to the project should be compensated for the owners in monitory terms, but also replacement trees have to be planted at sites to be reserved as buffer zone around the landfill. Trees can reduce impacts due to odor and smell in the premises of the landfill.

6.3.4. Impact on Land resource and Soil Erosion

Plots of land selected as a landfill will be removed from the stock of land available in the area during the life of the landfill. This plot of land would have otherwise been put for other productive uses as crop production, animal grazing, afforestation etc.

The excavation operations both for the landfill, the access roads and other facilities erection can expose the land surface to erosion effects.

Proposed mitigation measures All land is valuable, and the impact of its use as landfill needs to be

sustainable. Proper care of a landfill as a valuable asset should result in efficient remediation, enabling land to be used for other purposes following closure. Land management and conservation goals include diverting waste materials that can be re-used or recycled from landfills to minimize the loss of capacity, and managing the site to ensure that unsuitable wastes are not received and that the nature of wastes that are received is known.

Landfill design, construction, management, monitoring, and remediation must comply with the following;

During construction phase; the land area disturbed should be limited to the area of land that is essentially required for the facilities’ (the landfill and access road) construction. Land area exposed to erosion effects should be rehabilitated by grassing and vegetation cover.

36


Proper drainage should be provided to minimize soil erosion by runoff water.

All design, construction and operation activities must be carried out in accordance with a quality system acceptable to the environmental conservation goals and objectives.

The land fill must receive only those wastes that cause no harm to the environment, and due diligence should be exercised in screening hazardous material from incoming wastes.

The nature and quantity of all wastes received must be known and recorded.

Landfill space must be used optimally, and valued as a scarce resource.

Maximize recycling of material to minimize land size required

Operational and post-closure procedures must ensure that the former landfill site can be used by the community for other beneficial purposes as soon as practicable after land filling is completed

6.3.5. Public Health and Safety Impacts

The workers engaged on the landfill operation may be exposed to contamination and water born communicable diseases related to the waste.

Respiratory tract infection can be posed due to odour problem at the site. Significant odour problems could be caused by the operation of the landfill. The major odour is due to the rotten organics, garbage and dead animals brought to the site and are mainly felt during dumping of the waste. The unsanitary conditions at a poorly managed landfill site can pose filth and odour problem in the compound.

Odour can also be due to the release of decomposition products of organic wastes. Gaseous products like methane and carbon Dioxide are produced due to the anaerobic decomposition of the waste (organic material). These gases are toxic substance for human health.

Though there is no major settlement around the proposed landfill site, odour generated from the site could be a major annoyance to few number of people and housing units located some kilometers away from the site. The severity

37


of the odour nuisances could hinder the future development potential of the neighboring land use. Odour will be realized by the nearby residents when prevailing winds are towards their residences. The odour from the works will not travel too far downwind but will definitely affect the surrounding properties.

Contaminated food ingestion may cause for the laborers engaged on the work, if adequate hand washing is not practiced on regular bases.

Skin disease may be a problem among workers exposed to the waste with bare hand and body. To minimize such health hazards, proper safety and precautionary procedures need to be followed. Measures include; training and awareness creation programs for workers on safe waste handling and hazards protection measures, provision of protective cloths and devices like gloves, goggles, protective cloths, provision of adequate water and soaps for bathing, and adequate bathrooms to enable them day to day bathing after work, their periodical health checkups, vaccinations etc. The workers should have free health services and medical checkups.

Condition maintenance in the landfill is essential for proper and effective degradation of the pollutants. Monitoring and control of the landfill operation and process adjustments is required to maintain good operating conditions.

6.3.6. Hazardous and Loss of Amenity

Hazardous wastes pose the most significant management challenge given their higher potential to cause harm as a result of their:

flammability corrosively potential to cause infection Reactivity (violently reactive, oxidizing or explosive) Toxicity.

Landfills can also cause a localized loss of amenity due to litter, dust, odour, noise, and vermin problems. Proximity to existing and proposed developments and the strength and direction of prevailing winds will be key issues in this regard. The potential hazards and amenity impacts from landfills include fire, birds, dust, odour, pests, vermin and litter. Each of these potential impacts may occur on-site or offsite.

Proposed mitigation measures

38


Landfill design, constructions, monitoring, management and remediation must comply with the following Environmental Goals:

The waste type received should be checked before acceptance at the landfill. Hazardous waste should be treated separately and should not be allowed for direct disposal at municipal waste landfill

Unauthorized entry to the landfill site and to the waste tipping face needs to be prevented.

Vehicles leaving a landfill site must not distribute litter and site materials in surrounding streets. Odours, dust, vermin, weeds and litter must be effectively controlled on-site.

Noise emissions from the landfill operation must be kept to the minimum and must comply with noise control requirements of the localities.

The landfill site must have adequate fire-fighting plans, equipment and staff to effectively manage fire outbreaks at any part of the landfill site.

The level and nature of staffing the landfill site must be adequate for environmentally responsible and safe management of the landfill.

6.3.7. Impacts Due to Bird Strike Hazard Solid waste, Sludge and liquid waste treatment and disposal sites can attract bird population in the area and be cause for bird strikes, collision and risk to air plane if located within takeoff and landing routes. Birds are attracted to feed on the food available or generated due to the solid waste deposited. The solid waste furnishes food material and litter for those organisms; pests, vermin and other bigger wildlife, that in turn attract bird population to grow in the area.

During operation, birds, rats, dogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects may also be attracted to (or breed on) removed and disposed fresh waste if left open (uncovered). Insects will flourish if weeds and grasses have been allowed to grow on the inside slopes of ponds. These serve as food for bigger mammals & birds and encourage their habitation and growth in the premises. Bigger mammals like hyenas can be attracted to feed on lower and smaller organisms as well.

39


The proposed landfill site falls within the minimum distances considered to be protection zones from waste treatment and landfill operations; 13-kms radius for international Civil Aviation organization, ( I.C.A.O), 6-kms for The Netherlands and 8-kms for Canada. However, it lies outside of the critical airport approach as well as takeoff climb out area.

Proposed Mitigation measuresThe measures required to limit the number and population of the birds in the premises of proposed landfill site needs knowledge of situations favouring the habitation by the hazardous bird groups and species.

Reasons why the landfill site attracts many more birds than the adjacent areas are because ;A) It creates a convenient foraging site for the birds; the food and nuisance garbage create favorable condition for insects and worms, ,frogs mullascs etc. which in turn attract other preys including birds. Grass and trees in the compound serve as potential feeding, breeding and nesting grounds. B) It serves as a stopover site for migratory birds. C) Complete close up and protection of the site from any other disturbance from the outside. This encourages the birds to come into the site from more disturbed adjacent localities and safely spend some time in such calm and favorable environment.

Principal contributing factors for the bird presence and population growth in an area includes;

Flowers for pollination Earthworms, molluscs, ground and flying insects, ants, butterflies, bees,

flies, termites grasshoppers and crickets, larvae, caterpillars; Food staff & peelings Carrion(dead animals, here including discarded wastes of slaughter

houses); Grain ( teff, wheat, maize, etc); Grass and herb seeds Roosting and perching features(e.g. trees, telegraph wires, buildings,

fence posts) Trees(as perches and feeding features); Nesting sites. Beehives Wetland site Frogs and toads and other aquatic organisms

Therefore, strict monitoring of the landfill operation and site management measures are required for the safety of the aviation activities in the premises.

40


Mitigation measures to be adopted for the project implementation should endeavor to avoid and /or minimize the presence of these favorable conditions for the birds not to be attracted to the site and for limiting their population growth. The primary objective of the mitigation measures for limiting bird attraction to the site should focus on reversing this situation, making the site unfavorable for birds to inhabit it and breaking their food chain.

This entails upkeep of the sanitary conditions in the compound, creating noise and movement disturbances, removal of grass and trees in the compound and its premises etc. The following are proposed measures to minimize bird population in the compound;

The damped solid waste should not be left open for long and has to be covered by soil material on a daily bases.

Clear the grass and any tree covers in the premises and avoid plantation in the future. Grass heights should be kept as low as possible (below 20-30cms), avoid grass growth at dike side walls.

The dispersal of hazardous bird and wildlife species has long been an important component of any comprehensive wildlife control program. Common dispersal techniques include pyrotechnics (brilliant display), propane gas cannons, lasers and acoustic systems.

Arrange regular and frequent patrolling crew along the dikes surrounding the landfill and in the compound in general by clamping hands or using other sound producing devices to disturb the birds, not to settle and prey in the area.

Install clearly visible sign posts and reflectors that are repellent to birds from nearby areas

In cases where the above mentioned measures fail to be effective; plastic roofing would be used to cover the landfill. This can minimize bird species that depend on waste and possible organisms in the compound.

41


Most of the above mentioned measures are cost intensive and increase the running cost of the project. Thus, strict daily cover application is imperative to minimize the risk to aviation activity in the area.

6.3.8. Impacts Due to Accidental Fire

Fire accident can be caused either due to flammable materials brought along with the solid waste or due to gasses (like methane) emitted from the landfill itself as a decomposition product of the waste.

Fire accident should be prevented by taking the proper measures and preparatory works in advance; these measures should include controlling type of waste received at the land fill, preventing gas emissions from the land fill; assuring quality of design, construction and Operation of the landfill, organizing adequate fire-fighting capacity and providing adequate staffing and training for the workers.

The design and construction of landfill should provide properly designed gas release or collector pipe to minimize fire risk due to gas emission from the decomposition of the waste.

All fuels or flammable solvents for operational use should be stored in an appropriately ventilated and secure store. This store should be located on unfilled land, and all flammable liquids should not be stored full tank, but with provisions of open volume so that any release of raw or burning fuel would not cause a fire in the filled waste,

6.3.9. Impacts Due to Traffic load

The traffic load will increase in the rural area where the landfill operates. Numbers of trucks makes several trips to the plant every day. In addition, those trucks share the same road route used by heavy trucks and machineries operating in the area. The dust pollution and noise disturbance can also pose some adverse impacts to the workers and to, passerby road users.

Strict traffic regulations should be put in place and traffic signals posted at critical locations along the route and within the plant compound. Bumpers and speed breakers need to be constructed at the approach of, and within the plant compound.

7. Environmental Management and Monitoring plan

42


The challenge in landfill management is to address environmental concerns by achieving the environmental goals set out in sections above. The goals are geared towards:

preventing water pollution Minimizing public health impacts Minimizing damages to flora and fauna resources preventing air pollution promoting responsible land management and conservation Minimizing property losses Preventing hazards and loss of amenity.

The environmental management for the landfill will be a performance-based site assessment and management to ensure landfill operators select the most appropriate and innovative means of meeting the specified environmental goals. Accordingly, the landfill Environmental Management will have to comply with the following environmental goals;

Preventing or mitigating pollution of water by leachate. Assuring quality of design, construction and operation Assuring quality of incoming waste Recording of wastes received Minimizing landfill space used Controlling gas emission Maximization of recycling Preventing unauthorized entry Preventing degradation of local amenity Preventing noise pollution Arranging adequate fire-fighting capacity organizing adequate staffing and training Remediating landfill after closure

8. Conclusion and recommendation

The solid waste management in the town is poor. Waste disposal at open fields and at lake shores have caused environmental pollution, public health problems and aesthetic impacts in the town. Attempts are being made by the municipality to improve the collection of Solid waste from domestic sources. There are some improvements regarding the collection; communal storage tanks/skips coverage is increasing, houses to house collection is better performed by private/ micro enterprises. The participation of micro enterprises in collection service provision is assisting the municipality regarding house to house collection.

43


The solid waste disposal, however, is posing significant adverse impacts to the public health and safety as well as to the environmental resources. Both household and industrial wastes are seen disposed at lakeshores, in open ditches and open fields. The existing dumping site at Golba in Kebele 05 area is also creating treats to public health and to aviation safety. The site is very close to the flight route of the Debrezeit Air Force camp and falls within the takeoff/ landing routes of the airplanes. The area is also being populated and new developments including condominium houses are under contraction in the premises. The site is, therefore, not suitable as waste disposal place.

The currently selected site avoids most of the problems currently observed on the existing disposal sites.

The landfills design, construction and operation have to be done to the satisfaction of the standard norms for environmental conservation, public health and safety.

The operation and maintenances of the landfill should be strictly monitored and appropriate measures be taken. Bird population has to be controlled by employing the necessary mitigation measures.

So it is recommended that capacitating all the actors in the project implementation is essential for the effectiveness and sustainability of the facility provided. Well established environmental management plan and operational guidelines have to be developed for the workers to follow.

44


1. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment1.1. Abbreviated resettlement plan

1.1.1. Brief description of the project

The projects to design the design of solid waste management in the form of sanitary landfill. To date, MS Consultancy is providing the services of experienced and capable engineering consultants for the preparation of the project designs, specifications and bills of quantities, preparation of the bidding documents, bid evaluation as well as the supervision and management of the construction of the liquid waste treatment plant.

This is in response to the ULDGP the third phase of joint collaboration between the World Bank and Ethiopian Government to support urban development, and create a new fiscal instrument in the form of a specific purpose grant (SPG) to urban local Government.Cognizant of these facts, the socio economic feasibility study of this project examined the construction of the sanitary landfill would result in the resettlement of 89 people from the site. The site is located at Golba area of Bishotu town

Hence, as the RPF process require this is an abbreviated resettlement plan as the affected population is lesser than 100.

In general, an overview of the identification/review RPF process proposed under this RPF to address specifically land impacts and displacement/resettlement needs at subproject level. These are

1. Environmental baseline assessment needs at subproject level2. Land impact identified (.i.e. 10 -100 individuals affected) 3. Census of affected people and assets4. Development of an abbreviated resettlement plan (ARP)5. Review and approval of the ARP

2. Sub project land needs2.1. Land needs

The construction of sanitary landfill requires about 10ha of land under current implementation. In addition as the facility does not allow settlement of people less than 500 meters, in addition sufficient buffer distance have to be provided.

45


3. Census survey of displaced persons

3.1. MethodologyThe study followed with Abbreviated Resettlement plan (WB) Methodology. These are some procedures followed with establish the Methodology

1. Contact opinion groups /elderly/ from site2. Identified the households to be affected3. Conduct observation of records of Kebeles household sheet4. Verify composition of households5. Undertake estimate of plots6. Undertake estimate of house construction7. Undertake estimate of livelihood8. Undertake estimate of trees/fences9. Analyze quantitative/qualitative data10. Submit findings to stakeholders

3.2. Results

Over all, the census revealed 36 households are affected. These give compensation of house reconstruction, compensation of farming/grazing land, compensation of livelihood, and some degree of assets.

The assessment was conducted for 15 days. The consultants have made use of triangulation of methods to collect baseline data on heads and composition of household.

Further, the FGD of informants (elderly from site) benefited to gain participatory planning and implementation of the resettlement process. These farmers are also in consensus to involve in some jobs as the construction process demands.

3.4. Affected assets with partially affected households

The inventory of households that can be affected by the project is annexed in this report. The actual facility construction site is on farm land owned by these household.

3.5. Socio economic features of affected peoples’ livelihoods

All of these farmers dwell on farming on the plot. Only some of households have more sources of income that is working in the vicinity industrial zone and construction activity. Moreover, some families are female headed households.

46


In addition most of the households contain extended families.

The annual crop is Teff (900Br/ quintal)) and perennials are wheat (600Br quintal) and beans (250). An average household produce five quintals of teff, three quintals of wheat, and a quintal of bean every year.

The average household gets about 1000Birr from sale of Teff.

4. Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance

The compensation type, quantity, the eligible population, time and financial framework of this ARP reveals to include the following items for 36 household living in Gare Baru within three months of time compensation for land acquisition and resettlement of people in the coming two to three years.

1. Compensation of land acquisition2. Resettlement land development3. Disturbance allowance4. Compensation of house reconstruction5. Compensation of livelihood restoration measures

These people are considered in 36households.

5. Consultation with displaced peoplePrior to conduct finalization of assessment of procedures of estimate and determine affected household and assets, the consultation meeting with the affected people unraveled key features of challenges attached to livelihood of the present socio economic activities at Gare Baru. These are needs, priorities, and capabilities of the local people with respect to the abbreviated resettlement plan.

5.1. Needs assessment

The households’ needs assessment uncovered lack of adequate conditions of improved farming practices. But currently the rain is good and they are expecting a very good yield. The people need the government to do everything possible to compensate their farmland, as far the land is required for development activity by the municipality they expressed their willingness to sacrifice their farmland.

5.2 .PrioritiesFindings from assessment of perceived accessibilities to basic services and related problems marked water supply accessible.

47


5.3. The capabilitiesIn order to settle on the capabilities of these farmers with respect to resettlement the World Bank standard Abbreviated Resettlement Plan is administered.

6. Procedures for grievance redress

These procedures required identifying legal arrangements for regulating tenure and transferring titles to resettles at local level. To this end, the ARP has undertaken the gathering of these legally binding documents from the City administration.

7. Monitoring and evaluation

The financial and activities reporting system plays the significant role for the smooth implementation of the abbreviated resettlement plan.

Thus, the City administration, the Kedida Kebele administration, the Gare Baru community police office, and representatives of household heads, affected households will seat together and evaluate the implementation progress every 15 days. It is expected the implementation phase lasts one month including integration to host communities.

The project component that gives rise to compensation of land and resettlement is the construction of sanitary landfill at GareBaru

The Sanitary landfill construction affects about 36 household, prioritization of construction activity is as shown on the implementation plan,

The involvement of local people from the initial planning stage will reduce the anticipated impact on social assets of the relocated households and land to be compensated. These households have pledged to give some services for this construction through providing labor and site security services.

Further, these efforts bring about sense of ownership among the local people; minimize an abrupt social disintegration, and efficient and effective implementation of the project with less socio economic, political and legal impediments.

8. Institutional responsibilities and arrangement for implementation

48


The investigation identified the City administration, the Gare Baru kebele, and administrations are the major institutions to implement the abbreviated resettlement plan.

The City administration Verify the estimate and procedures with the consultants Submit the proposal to funding agency Address the Gare Baru rural kebele on Abbreviated resettlement plan

The Gare Baru Rural Kebele Contact the selected affected households Engage in with these households and determine the affected

household and livelihoods Set out the financial and time frame work of implementation

The Local Administration Conduct the implementation with the household heads of affected

households Submit timely progress report to stakeholders

Time Table (Tentative)Activities/period 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week 5th week1.Set up committee/address the Kebeles2.Exceute compensation3.Claim registration4.Uprooting of holdings and commencement of works

8.1. BudgetAs the land ownership is scattered, there is no need to provide the entire affected households name, but only estimates of farm land for budgeting is presented here, accordingly there is a need to compensate at least 13ha of for early planning. Thus the amount of compensation money to be allocated is 2,340,000.00 Birr. But there is a genuine need to relocate the surrounding residents in the coming years. And accordingly the total budget might reach about 7 million Birr.

The detail break dawn and assumptions in calculating the compensation is shown in the following tables.

49


8.2. Methodology As per the data obtained from Bishoftu Municipality, the compensation package for land compensation is to calculate the productivity of land for 10 years, five years for Teff production and five years for wheat production. In addition we have also considered other hidden costs in the compensation package as shown in the table below. Further, we have considered the 38 households to be relocated in the long run, and cost of house construction for average condominium is considered in the estimation of the compensation costs.

50


Table A: Total Cost & Template itemization of an Abbreviated resettlement Plan budget

No. Item (break down and detail as appropriate)

Ethiopian Birr

USD %

A. COMPENSATIONA1 Compensation for land

acquisition2,340,000

A2 Compensation for destruction and damage to crops

Not expected

A3 Compensation for structures

No structures

A4 Disturbance allowance Not considered

Total compensation 2,340,000.00

B Resettlement: Phase:2 Long Term ResettlementB1 Housing construction 3,800,000

Total Resettlement 3,800,000.00C Additional mitigationsC1 Livelihood restoration

measuresC2 Vulnerable groupsC3 Coordination of additional

mitigationsC4 Grievance management

Total Additional mitigations 50,000.00 EstimatedD Implementation costsD1 Surveying and asset pre-

identification30,000.00

D2 Valuation 10,000.00D3 Coordination and works

supervision16,800.00

D4 Legal advice 20,000.00D5 Monitoring 10,000.00D6 Evaluation 10,000.00

Total implementation 96,800.00E CONTINGENCIES% 100,000.00

GRAND TOTAL 6,737,800.00

51


Table B: Estimation of Total Land Compensation Cost

Compensation ItemArea m2 Price of Teff for 5 year Price of Wheat for 5 year Total

Amount for 10 Yr

Annual Yiel

d(Qntl)

5 Year Production

5 Year Price Annual Yield

5 Year Production

5 Year Price

Total Land Area Intended for Project 240000 480 2400 1,920,000.00 960 4800 2,400,000.00 4,320,000.00

Assumptions*: Annual Teff yield is 0.002quintals/m2 : Annual Wheat yield is 0.004quintals/m2: Price of Teff is 800 Birr/quintal: Price of Wheat is 500 Birr/quintal But the municipality expressed their frustration that they might not have the money to pay for all the area and requested to reduce the area to the current project requirements. Accordingly the consultant rerouted and delineated about 13ha of land, and this will reduce the compensation by about half and is estimated at 2,340,000.00 Birr.

52


9. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Project executing parties: the City Administration, The Financer, the Consultant, and other stakeholders should collectively work to minimize the social impacts. And implement all the recommendations of the study team and standard practices.

The public awareness creation and community participation is a key to successful solid waste management system. Thus; community participation should be considered as a core component by all stakeholders both during valuation and compensation and post construction and monitoring stages.

53