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The Origin and Structure of the Universe
● What is the Universe made of ?
● What laws govern its evolution ?
● What was the origin of structure ?
● How have present structures arisen ?-- the dimensionality of space-time
-- the standard model of particle physics-- the periodic table/element abundances-- planets, stars, black holes and galaxies-- large-scale and cosmological structure
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Dark Matter and Dark Energy● dominate the current energy density
of the Universe
● are inferred on the basis of
astronomical data alone
● are most likely explained by physicsat extremely high energies
● are tested by purely astronomical!"# or by mixed !$# experiments
W$%&'
H() %**+
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Simulating Cosmic Evolution..
allows theoretical models of !ark $atter
and !ark "nergy to be compared.uantitatively to astronomical observations
W$%&'
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Measurements of lensing..
can constrain the distribution and hence
the nature of !ark $atter can measure global geometry and soconstrain !ark "nergy
for large statistical samples can measure
and &k#
simulation
linear theory
"!is0(
H() %**+
123$4(-!escartes
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e-3osita
X-ray surveys of clusters..
can identify large samples overmost of the sky and to 56+
can image the structure of nearbyclusters and study their formation
with optical redshifts and (7 datacan measure baryon oscillations
and the growth rate of structure
%'889
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Tye !a Suernovae...
are near-standard candles which showthat cosmic expansion is accelerating
appear to be a one-parameter family
:U)
have .uite diverse spectra
vary with host galaxy properties may vary with redshift
Better understanding is needed to reach firm conclusions
;' s *; s
Hamuy etal *;;;
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stars
black holes
+;
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#amma-ray "ursts..
may be forming stellar mass black
holesare being localised in largenumbers by (W2>)
need better prompt follow-up to
characterise their propertiesneed improved theoreticalunderstanding
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The Element &'undances..
are determined by nuclear physicsoperating in .uiescent and in
exploding starscan act as fossils of the history ofgalaxy formation
are subect to large theoretical and
observational uncertainties0rab @ebula
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(resh minds address fundamental )uestions
&rea & *+#, How many dimensions are there in @ature?
2s the Universe part of a $ultiverse?
&rea C *+# Why is the Universe made of matter ratherthan antimatter?
&rea D *+# What do we learn about the early Universefrom experiments at the AH0?
&rea E *+#/ 0an precise measures of the distribution ofgalaxies and !$ unveil the nature of !$/!"?
&rea ( 0,12MU3 What do observations of galaxies at earlytimes tell us about how galaxies were made?
&rea # *+#4 How are stellar life-cycles and galaxy formation
histories reflected in element abundances?