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SUBMITTED BY:
RAGHAV BHARDWAJ;25/03;
SUKHJEET SINGH; 34/03;
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,
PROJECT MANAGEMENT,
IX SEMESTER,V YEAR,
GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY,
AMRITSAR.
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EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
INTRODUCTION:
Excavating equipments deals with the types of equipments which are used to excavate the earth and the related materials. The equipments includes the following machines:
POWER SHOVELS
BACKHOLES
DRAGLINES
CLAMSHELLS AND CRANES
TRENCHNG MACHINES
WHEEL-MOUNTED BELTS LOADERS
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POWER SHOVELS
•Power shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks or tractor pulled wagons or onto conveyor belts.•They are capable of excavating all classes of earth ;except solid rocks without prior loosening.•They maybe mounted on crawler tracks , in these case they are referred to as crawler-mounted shovels.•The non self propelled units mounted on the rear of trucks , which are referred to as truck mounted , have separate engine to operate them.
G e n e r a l I n t r o d u c t i o n o f p o w e r s h o v e l s :
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Cable operated crawler-mounted power shovel
The basic parts and operation of shovel:The basic part of shovel includes:
•The mounting•Cab•Dipper stick•DipperWith the shovel in the correct position , near the face of the earth to be excavated .
The basic parts and operation of shovel
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•The dipper is lowered to the floor of the pit, with the trucks pointing into the face.
•The crowding force is applied through the shipper shaft and at the same time tension is applied to the hoisting line to pull the dipper up the face of the pit.
THE FOLLOWING JOB CONDITIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN SELECTING THE SIZE OF A
SHOVEL:
High lifts to deposit earth from a basement or trench into truck at natural ground level will require the long range of large shovels.
If blasted rocks is to be excavated , the large size dipper with handle bigger rocks.
If the material is hard and tough, the dipper of large shovel, which exerts higher digging pressure will handle the material more easily.
If the time allotted for the completion of a project requires , a high hourly output , a large shovel must be used.
The size of available hauling units should be considered in selecting size of a shovel.
The weight limitation imposed by most states oh hauling on highways may restrict the size of a shovel if it is to be hauled over state highway. Also the clearance of bridge and underpasses may restrict the size.
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DRAGLINESDraglines are used to excavate earth and load it into the hauling units , such as trucks and tractor pulled wagons or to deposit it in levees , dams and spoil banks near the pits from which it is excavated.
Draglines will have distinct advantages compared with shovels. A dragline usually does not have to go into pit a hole in order to excavate . It may operate on natural ground while excavating material from a pit with its bucket.This will be very advantageous when earth is removed from a canal, ditch or pit containing water.Draglines are excellent with for excavating trenches when the sides are permitted to establish their angle of repose without shoring.One disadvantage in using dragline as compared with a power shovel is the reduce output of the dragline.
TYPES OF DRAGLINES:•Crawler –mounted•Wheel mounted•Truck mounted •CRAWLER
MOUNTED
•WHEEL MOUNTED
•TRUCK MOUNTED
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BASIC PARTS AND OPERATION OF A CABLE CONTROLLED DRAGLINES:
Excavation is started by swinging the empty bucket to the digging position ,at the same time slacking off the drag and the noist cable.Separate drums on the basic unit are available for each of these cables so that they may be co-ordinated into smooth operation.Excavation is accomplished by pulling the bucket towards the machine while regulating the digging depth by means of tension maintained in the hoist cable.When the bucket is filled ,the operator takes it on the hoist line while playing out the drag cable.The bucket is so constructed that it will not dump its contents until it is desired.
BASIC PARTS AND OPERATION OF A CABLE CONTROLLED DRAGLINES
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The Output Put Of The Draglines:
Class of material Depth of cutAngle of swingSize and type of bucketLength of boomJob conditionManagement conditionMethod of disposal ,casting or loading truckSize of hauling unitSkill of operatorPhysical condition of machine
Medium duty dragline Medium duty dragline bucketbucket
Dragline bucket dumping it material Dragline bucket dumping it material
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CLAMSHELLSGeneral Information:Clamshells are used primarily for handling loose material such as sand ,gravel ,crushed stone, coal etc. need for removing materials from cofferdams, piers foundation, sewer manholes, sheet lined trenches, etc.They are especially suited to vertical lifting materials from one location to another.The limits of vertical movement may be relatively large when they are used with long crane booms.
CLAMSHELL BUCKETSClamshells buckets are available in various sizes , and in heavy duty types for digging , medium weight types for general purpose uses, and light weight types for rehandling light weight material.The capacity of bucket is in cubic yards. WIDE REHANDLING CLAMSHELL BUCKET
HEAVY DUTY CLAMSHELL BUCKET
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HOES•The term hoes applied to the excavating machine of power shovel group.•It is referred to by several names such as hoe, back hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.•A power shovel is converted to a hoe by installing dipper stick and a dipper at the end of the shovel boom.•A hoe frequently is equipped with a grove neck boom to increase the digging depth of the machine.•Hoes are used primarily to excavate below the natural ground level on which the machine rests.•They are adapted to excavating ,which require the precise control of the depth.•Because of there rigidity they are much more superior to the draglines•Because of there direct pull they on the dipper , hoes may exerts greater tooth pressure than power shovels.
Types Of HOES:•Crawler mounted hydraulically operated hoe.•Wheel mounted hydraulically operated hoe.
Crawler mounted hydraulically operated hoe
Wheel mounted hydraulically operated hoe
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The Basic Part Of A Cable Operated Hoe:
The machine is placed in operation by setting the boom at the desired angle and pulling it on the hoist cable while releasing the drag cable to move the dipper out to the desire position.
The free end of the boom is lowered by releasing the tension in the hoist cable until the dipper teeth engaged the material to dug.
As the cable is pulled in the dipper is filled.
The dipper is lifted by raising the boom , and then swinging to the dumping position.
The Basic Part Of A Cable Operated Hoe
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Output Of Hoes:•When a hoe is used to dug at moderate depth the output approach the output of a shovel of comparable size digging in the same class of material .•As the depth increases the output decreases.•The greater output will be obtained if digging is done near the machine , because of the reduced cycle time.
Crawler mounted hydraulically operated hoeLoading truck
Hoe is used to dig the trench
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TRENCHING MACHINESGeneral Information:The term trenching machine , applies to wheel-ladder-type machine shown below:
Wheel-type trenching machine
A wheel type trenching machine casting the excavated earth Onto a spoil pile.
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Wheel-type trenching machineThese machines are available with maximum cutting depth exceeding 8’,with trenching depth 12”-60”Many of them are available with 25 or more digging speeds to permit the selection of the most suitable speed for any job condition.The excavating part of the machine consists of a power driven wheel on which are mounted a number of removable buckets , equipped with cutter teeth.Buckets are available in varying widths, to which there may be attached side cutters when it is necessary to increase the width of the trench.The machine is operated by lowering the rotation wheel to the desire depth, while the unit moves forward slowly.The earth is picked up by buckets and deposited onto an either side of the trench.Wheel-type machine are especially suited to excavating trenches for water, gas . Oil pipelines, buried telephone cables. They also may be used to excavate trenches for sewer pipes up to the maximum digging depth.
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LADDER-TYPE TRENCHING MACHINE•Below figure illustrate ladder-type trenching machine. By installing extension to the ladders or booms and by adding more buckets and chain links •It is possible to dig trenches in excess of 30’ deep with large machines.•Trenches with the width in excess of 12’ may be dug.•The excavating part if the machine consists of two endless chains . Which travel along the boom•To which there are attached cutter buckets equipped with teeth.•In addition ,shaft mounted side cutter may be installed on each side of the boom to increase the width of the trench.•As the bucket travel up the underside of the boom ,they bring out earth and deposite on the belt conveyor, which discharge it along either side of the trench.
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EARTH-AND-ROCK SAWThe machine consists of a vertical wheel with a horizontal shaft which is supported on an adjustable boom mounted on the rear of a track-type or wheel-type power unit such as tractor.
The machine is used to cut narrow trenches, up to about 6” in width and 30” or more in depth, in frozen earth ,caliche, coral, other rocks and concrete.
The sawing is performed by round carbide-tipped rotating cutters attached to the wheel, with the type selected depending on the properties of the material to be sawed.
Their teeth are replaceable, rotate freely in there mounting pockets to maintain even tooth wear.
Wheel Excavators:A wheel excavators that has been used to produce up to 1,750 cu.yds. Bank per hour.
The milling action of the wheel permits the excavators to cut most of the material .
The depth of the cut ,up too 13’ or more ,assure a blending of the materials for the full depth excavated, and pulverizing action facilitates the placement and compaction of the material on th efill.
As illustrated in the figure ,the wheel deposits the excavated material onto a variable speed conveyor belt, which discharge it into either of the hauling units.
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CRAWLER MOUNTED CUTTING WHEEL
