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2015 AP Biology Unit #4 Test Cell Communication, Cancer, Heredity and The Cell Cycle Week of 30 November

Multiple Choice 1 point eachIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. For a cell, a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene is most like?a. A bad mechanic. c. A stuck acceleratorb. I don’t know. What’s an analogy? d. Broken brakes.

____ 2. How do cancer cells travel through the human body?a. The lymphatic system collects fluids

from capillaries and with it cancer cells, which are then delivered by the circulatory system

c. They are moved around on neurons throughout the body

b. Cancer travels through the body by way of sexual intercourse between a healthy person and one affected by the disease

d. The circulatory system only is responsible for relocating cancer cells

____ 3. During interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, anda. divides the nucleus.b. divides the cytoplasm.c. copies DNA.d. produces a new cell.

____ 4. Which statement is true about the rates of cell division in eukaryotes?a. They increase with the age of the organism.b. They are faster than that of prokaryotes.c. They vary greatly within an organism.d. They remain the same for the life of the organism.

____ 5. Imagine two heterozygous parents. Each has a dominant allele X for brown eyes and a recessive allele x for blue eyes. The phenotypic ratio for brown:blue eyes in their children isa. 1:2:1.b. 1:3:1.c. 3:1.d. 9:3:3:1.

____ 6. What does a cell make during the synthesis stage of the cell cycle?a. daughter cellsb. more organellesc. a copy of DNAd. greater surface area

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____ 7. A malignant tumor is more dangerous than a benign tumor because...a. its cells can acquire the capacity to

invade other tissues.d. its cells engulf neighboring normal

tissue cells.b. its cells are dividing faster e. it causes neighboring cells to mutate.

c. it travels through the digestive tract

____ 8. Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis?a. takes place in plant cells onlyb. completes the cell cyclec. occurs during prophased. organizes DNA

____ 9. Cortisol is a steroid signaling molecule that communicates its signal by...a. binding to a membrane receptor pretein. d. binding to an intracellular receptor

protein.b. binding to DNA. e. binding to mRNAc. binding to tRNA

____ 10. Which of the following phrases best describes cytokinesis?a. division of surface areab. division of the cytoplasmc. division of DNAd. division of the nucleus

____ 11. Which law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring?a. law of segregationb. law of genetic linkagec. law of inheritanced. law of independent assortment

____ 12. In humans, meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes?a. 22b. 46c. 44d. 23

____ 13. A consequence of a signaling cascade is that it ...a. accelerates mRNA activity c. supplies energy to the cellb. amplifies the signaling response. d. is less susceptible to the impact of

mutations.

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____ 14. Which of the following events is an important factor in increasing variety among sexually reproducing organisms?a. mitosisb. testcrossc. crossing overd. gene linkage

____ 15. Suppose that in sheep, a dominant allele (B) produces black hair and a recessive allele (b) produces white hair. If you saw a black sheep, you would be able to identify ____________.a. its genotype for hair color. c. only its phenotype for hair color.b. the phenotypes for both of its parents. d. the genotype for only one of its parents.

____ 16. When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?a. receptor c. endocrine moleculeb. signal molecule d. transducer

____ 17. What would you expect cells to be like if they did not have properly functioning p53?a. The absence of p53 could cause cells to

skip mitosis (M phase) and stay in S phase of the cell cycle.

c. The absence of p53 would have no effect on the cells.

b. The absence of p53 could cause cells to replicate with damaged DNA that could ultimately lead to cancer

d. The absence of p53 inside cells would cause them to divide more rapidly.

____ 18. During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?a. metaphaseb. prophasec. telophased. anaphase

____ 19. The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place at the start ofa. metaphase.b. mitosis.c. cytokinesisd. interphase.

____ 20. During the gap 1 stage of the cell cycle, a cella. duplicates its DNA.b. divides its cytoplasm.c. carries out its normal functions.d. splits into two new cells.

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____ 21. Proteins from outside a cell that stimulate it to divide are calleda. growth factors.b. tumor supressor genes.c. stem cells.d. oncogenes.

____ 22. What is the term for the programmed death of cells?a. carcinogenb. cyclinc. apoptosisd. kinase

____ 23. Which statement best describes the relationship between the words cancer and tumor?a. Cancer is a disease that eventually

disrupts body functions whereas a tumor is a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body.

c. The two terms can be used interchangeably as they are synonymous

b. Cancer is a disease of the digestive tract whereas a tumor may develop anywhere in the body

d. Cancer is a disease which affects men whereas a tumor may affect both men and women

____ 24. A distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited is a(n)a. gene.b. cross.c. trait.d. allele.

____ 25. Receptor protein activation occurs when...a. ATP is converted into cAMP. c. there is a conformation change in the

receptor protein.b. ADP is phosphorylated into ATP d. ADP is dehydrated into ATP

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____ 26. The following questions are based on the figure below:

Which of the following types of signaling is represented in the figure?a. synaptic c. autocrineb. paracrine d. hormonal

____ 27. In the figure above, the dots in the space between the two structures represent which of the following?a. signal transducers c. receptor moleculesb. neurotransmitters d. pheromones

____ 28. The termination phase of cell signaling requires which of the following?a. converting ATP to cAMP c. dissociation of the signaling molecule

from the receptorb. activation of a different set of relay

moleculesd. removal of the receptor

____ 29. The processes of mitosis and cytokinesis produce two identicala. strandsb. chromosomes.c. daughter cells.d. chromatids.

____ 30. Before a cell can proceed to mitosis from the gap 2 stage of the cell cycle, it musta. complete a full cell cycle.b. double in size.c. pass a critical checkpoint.d. undergo cytokinesis.

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____ 31. Which of the following would be most likely to cause a cell to become malignant (cancer)?a. Activation of a proto-oncogene and

activation of a tumor suppressor genec. Activation of a proto-oncogene and

inactivation of a tumor suppressor geneb. Inactivation of a proto-oncogene and

activation of a tumor suppressord. Inactivation of a proto-oncogene and

inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene

____ 32. Recessive alleles may not be expressed because they area. the most common allele in a population.b. the least common allele in a population.c. masked by a dominant allele.d. less likely to have crossing over.

____ 33. Which statement describes the chromosome shown in Figure 5.2?

a. It is made up of two centromeres.b. It is made up of two telomeres.c. It is made up of two chromatids.d. It is made up of two histones.

____ 34. Insulin is a signaling molecule that...a. enters the nucleus and acts as a

transcription factor.c. is a second messenger that activates

cAMP. b. is a ligand for a membrane receptor

protein.d. is a ligand for an intracellular receptor

protein.

____ 35. Can surgery successfully cure a cancer that has metastasized?a. Yes, it could remove all cells with

defective cell-cycle regulationc. No, all body cells are dividing

uncontrollablyb. Yes, if the tumor is benign d. No, cancer cells are no longer localized

in one spot

____ 36. Kinases and cyclins are internal factors thata. cause apoptosis.b. control the cell cycle.c. cause cancer cells to break away.d. prevent mitosis.

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____ 37. Which of the following phrases describes the Punnett square in Figure 6.1?

a. 1/4 probability of heterozygous offspringb. 3/4 probability of homozygous offspringc. dihybrid heterozygous-heterozygous crossd. monohybrid heterozygous-heterozygous cross

____ 38. The inheritance of skin color in humans is an example of which of the following? a. codominance c. X-linked inheritanceb. polygenic inheritance d. tumor suppressor genes

____ 39. In humans, which of the following cell types is diploid?a. gameteb. ovumc. somatic celld. sex cell

____ 40. Which of the following statements is true of homozygous alleles?a. They are always inherited together.b. They are different forms of the same trait.c. They are identical forms of two different genes.d. They are identical forms of the same gene.

____ 41. Normal CA-125 levels are indicated by values of 35 U/ml or less. CA-125 levels above this level would normally indicate a patient has cancer. Abby’s CA-125 levels taken at two different times are indicated below. Is Abby likely to have a cyst or cancer?

a. Cyst b. Cancer

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____ 42. The gap 1, gap 2, and synthesis stages of the cell cycle make upa. cytokinesis.b. interphase.c. telophase.d. mitosis.

____ 43. Which is true of all cancers?a. They are inherited. d. They are caused by viruses.b. They are caused by chemical carcinogens e. They are caused by changes in DNA.c. They all respond in the same way to

treatment

____ 44. Why does cancer primarily affect older people rather than young people?a. None of the above c. Because older people have been exposed

to more carcinogens.b. Because the immune system of older

people is not as effective in distinguishing normal cells from cancer cells.

d. Because cancer develops after multiple mutations have occurred which takes years to happen.

____ 45. In which stage of the cell cycle do the nucleus and its contents divide?a. gap 2b. gap 1c. mitosisd. synthesis

____ 46. Which of the following is an example of an internal factor that controls the cell cycle?a. kinaseb. erythropoietinc. cell-cell contactd. growth factor

____ 47. Mendel's second law of genetics, the law of independent assortment, is one explanation of thea. final stages of gametogenesis.b. greater strength of dominant alleles.c. random fertilization of gametes.d. genetic variation within species.

____ 48. In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman suggested that a tumor cannot grow beyond 1–2 mm without new blood vessels that provide nutrients to the tumor. In the 1990s, it was discovered that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. And now we know that many cancer cells secrete high levels of VEGF. From this information, one might predict:a. Small tumors secrete more VEGF than

large tumorsc. Preventing VEGF production or action

can stop tumors from growingb. Dr. Folkman won the Nobel Prize in

Physiology and Medicined. Normal cells do not secrete VEGF

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FRQs: Free Response Questions9 points each. Asnswer at least SIX of the following short answer questions. Answer all for a possibility of 9 bonus points. Be sure to read questions carefully. Answer all questions as completely as possible. Use complete sentences (NOT outline form) for all your answers. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without proper discussion is inadequate. FRQs should require no more than 6 minutes to answer.

49. Color blindness is inherited as an x-linked recessive allele. In two or three sentences, explain why males have a greater chance of expressing the color-blindness trait. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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50.

The cell cycle is strictly regulated by various processes. In two or three sentences, describe what goes wrong when a cell is overtaken by cancer. (Refer to kinases, cyclins, proteases and protein P-53). _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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51.

Study the diagram above. Many of the activities that occur during mitosis and meiosis are similar. In two or three sentences, describe one stage of meiosis that is distinctively different from mitosis._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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52. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.

Which diagram in Figure 6.3 shows the process of meiosis? How do you know?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the process shown in diagram 1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe one way the process in diagram 1 is different from the process in diagram 2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

53. In 1990, the Human Genome Project began identifying all the genes that make up human DNA. In two or three sentences, identify a moral or social implication of this project._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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54. The protein P-53 plays a critical role in preventing cancer. In two or three sentences explain whether the gene that produces the protein P-53 is an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

55. Insulin signal transduction is an example of an receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). What is the role of insulin in the human body? Summarize the concept of a "Signal Transduction Pathway" and how this type of pathway relates to the role of insulin.

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