Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright

8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/examining-biblical-exegesis-as-ethical-hindrances-to-human-flourishing-in-post-industrial 1/72

Nxjmohohl Kokògj` Nxnlnsos js Ntcogj` Coherjhgns tb Cumjh D`buroscohl oh

Vbst-Oheustroj` Wbgonty

K. Urjvos \rolct

^hovnrsoty bd Enhvnr ^hovnrsoty Gb``nln

Gjpstbhn Vrbingt

dbr

Mjstnr bd Vrbdnssobhj` Wtueons oh Brljhozjtobhj` jhe Vrbdnssobhj`

Gbmmuhogjtobh

J`tnrhjtovn Eosputn [nsbùtobh

Hbvnmknr :?, ;6:6

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRWtnvn [noqujm, Vc.E.

Gjpstbhn Jevosbr

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRJmy An`sj``, Vc.E.

Jgjenmog Eorngtbr

^pbh tcn [ngbmmnhejtobh bd tcn Enpjrtmnht

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRIjmns [. Ejvos, Vc.E., Enjh



\rolct-oo

JKWU[JGU

Ucn Kok`n os gbmmbh`y rnvnrne js jh nheurohl jutcbroty bh ntcogs jhe

mbrjòty. Hbhntcn`nss, tcn Kok`n os j pjstogcn bd drjlmnhts gbhstrugtne bvnr

lnhnrjtobhs jhe ohtnrprntne mo``nhhoj `jtnr ky govoòzjtobhs djgohl

uhprngnenhtne l`bkj` grosns jhe rjeogj``y eoddnrnht sbgoj` jhe ntcogj`

stjhejres. Ucos stuey erjws upbh hnjr`y bhn engjen bd rnsnjrgc, humnrbus

sgcb`jr`y iburhj`s, jhe ohtnrvonws wotc nxpnrts oh dovn donès9 ntcogs,

tcnb`bly, pco`bsbpcy, nvbùtobhjry kob`bly, jhe psygcb`bly. ^hebuktne`y,

ntcogj` jhe gu`turj` znotlnosts cjvn scodtne sohgn tcn wrotohl bd tcn Kok`n.

Hbtjk`y, vnrsns tcjt nxtb` snrvohl tcn uhenrprovo`nlne jrn sto`` rndnrnhgne

tbejy, ynt eosturkohl vnrsns gbhebhohl enp`brjk`n jgts jrn sn`ngtovn`y

eosrnljrene. Ucos pjpnr wo`` mjan rngbmmnhejtobhs jkbut cbw knst tb

nxp`brn Kokògj` nxnlnsos bd tcn uhodone tnxt gblnht`y oh pbst-oheustroj`

sbgonty.



\rolct-ooo

UJK@N BD GBHUNHUW

Jkstrjgt ............................................................................................. oo

Jkbut tcn Ohtnrvonwnns ........................................................................ v

Ohtrbeugtobh ....................................................................................... :

Ucnsos Wgbpn, @omotjtobhs, jhe Eosg`jomnr ......................................... ;

@otnrjturn [nvonw ................................................................................ 7

Vrbingt Kjgalrbuhe jhe Lbj` ........................................................... 7

Gbhdormjtobh Kojs jhe Cumjh Unhenhgons ......................................... 5

Lrbup Oenhtotons jhe Urokjòsm ......................................................... >

Ucn Kok`n js jh Jhgonht Vjtgcwbra Vrbmbtohl Wjponhtoj` Nsgcjtb`bly .... 4

Ntcogj` Ohtnrprntjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n jhe tcn Jsa-Dorst Vrohgop`n .............. 3

V`jtb‟s Nutcypyrb Eo`nmmj jhe Eovohn Gbmmjhe Ucnbry .................. :6

Ucn Hjturn bd Knònd ..................................................................... :5

Nvbùtobh bd Knònds jhe Ynotlnosts .................................................. :>

Mbrj` Ohtuotobhs tb Jutcnhtogjtn Kokògj` \osebm .............................. :?

Vrbingt Mntcbeb`bly .......................................................................... ;6

Jhj`ysos bd [nsu`ts ............................................................................ ;7

Ohtnrvonws wotc Wukingt Mjttnr Nxpnrts ........................................... ;7

Dorst Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Mbrj` Wystnms ................................................ ;5

Wngbhe Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Ntcogs bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns ............................ 7:

Ucore Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns ............................... 7>

Dburtc Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Vbst-Oheustroj` Ossuns jhe Kokòbhbrmjòzjtobh .. 56



\rolct-ov

Wyhtcnsos bd Ohtnrvonws ................................................................ 57

Wpngu`jtobh bd Kokògj` Nxtrnmost Tonws Ubwjre tcos Ucnsos ................. 5>

Gbhgùsobh ....................................................................................... 54

Gbhgùsobh bd @otnrjturn [nvonw ..................................................... 54

Gbhgùsobh bd Ohtnrvonwnns ............................................................ 53

Dohj` Gbhgùsobh jhe Ucbulcts ....................................................... 53

[ndnrnhgns ....................................................................................... >5

Jppnheogns ...................................................................................... >?

Jppnheox J9 Endohotobh bd Unrms .......................................................... 46

Jppnheox K9 [ngopns js @odn Ohstrugtobh ................................................ 4:

Jppnheox G9 Gbhtrjeogtobhs oh tcn Kok`n ................................................ 45



\rolct-v

JKBÛ UCN OHUN[TON\NNW

Ejvoe Kjsohlnr9 Ejvoe Kjsohlnr os j pco`bsbpcy prbdnssbr jt [bknrts

\ns`nyjh Gb``nln oh Hnw _bra. Cn bktjohne kbtc cos M.J. oh pco`bsbpcy jhe

Vc.E. oh pco`bsbpcy drbm tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Hnkrjsaj-@ohgb`h. Cn os tcn jutcbr

bd tcrnn pco`bsbpcy kbbas, ohgùeohl [njsbh jhe [nòlobus Knònd9 Jh

Ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn Vco`bsbpcy bd [nòlobh.

Ljry [. Krbwnr9 Ljry Krbwnr os gurrnht`y tcn gcjp`joh jt tcn ^hovnrsoty bd

Enhvnr. Cn bktjohne cos Vc.E. drbm Euan ^hovnrsoty oh :??4. Cn cjs knnh

pukòscne oh snvnrj` kbbas jhe sgcb`jr`y jrtog`ns. Oh :??<, cn wjs cbhbrne

ky tcn Nposgbpj` Gcurgc bd tcn ^hotne Wtjtns wotc tcn Eostohluoscne

@njenrscop Jwjre dbr tcn Bddogn dbr _buhl Jeu`t jhe Colcnr Neugjtobh

Mohostrons.

Molun` J. En @j Ubrrn9 Molun` En @j Ubrrn os gurrnht`y j prbdnssbr bd sbgoj`

ntcogs jt tcn Oòdd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly oh Enhvnr, Gb`brjeb. Cn bktjohne cos

M.Eov. drbm Wbutcnrh Kjptost Ucnb`blogj` Wnmohjry jhe rngnovne cos Vc.E.

drbm Unmp`n ^hovnrsoty. Cn cjs jutcbrne gbuht`nss kbbas, ohgùeohl [njeohl

tcn Kok`n drbm tcn Mjrlohs. Cn wjs j`sb jppbohtne tb tcn Kbjre bd Eorngtbrs

bd tcn Jmnrogjh Jgjenmy bd [nòlobh jhe os tcn Gcjor bd tcn Jmnrogjh

Jgjenmy bd [nòlobh [jgoj` jhe Ntchog Mohbrotons oh tcn Vrbdnssobh.

Ijgbk Aohhjre9 Ijgbk Aohhjre rngnovne kbtc cos M.J. jhe Vc.E. drbm tcn

^hovnrsoty bd Gcogjlb jhe os gurrnht`y tcn jssbgojtn prbdnssbr bd gbmpjrjtovn



\rolct-vo

rnòlobus tcbulct jt tcn Oòdd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly oh Enhvnr, Gb`brjeb. Cn cjs

knnh pukòscne nxtnhsovn`y oh kbbas jhe jrtog`ns js wn``.

J. I. Ijgbks9 J. I. Ijgbks os tcn neotbr-jt-`jrln dbr Nsquorn mjljzohn oh Hnw

_bra Goty. Cn rngnovne cos K.J. oh pco`bsbpcy drbm Krbwh ^hovnrsoty. Cn os

j`sb jh jggbmpòscne jutcbr wcb spngojòzns oh ommnrsobh prbingts. Cos mbst

rngnht kbba, Ucn _njr bd @ovohl Kokògj``y , spnht tcrnn mbhtcs bh tcn Hnw

_bra Uomns knstsn``nr òst. Ijgbks cjs j`sb wrottnh dbr Ucn Hnw _bra Uomns,

jhe cjs jppnjrne bh Bprjc, Ucn Ubejy Wcbw , Lbbe Mbrhohl Jmnrogj, jhe os

j pnrobeog gbmmnhtjtbr bh HV[‟s \nnanhe Neotobh Wjturejy .

Inddrny C. Mjcjh9 Inddrny Mjcjh os tcn prbdnssbr bd mohostry, mneoj, jhe

gu`turn jt tcn Oòdd Wgcbb` bd tcnb`bly. Er. Mjcjh rngnovne cos M.Eov. drbm

Ljrrntt-Nvjhlnògj` Ucnb`blogj` Wnmohjry jhe cos Vc.E. drbm Hbrtcwnstnrh

^hovnrsoty. Cn os bh tcn stnnrohl gbmmottnn dbr tcn Jmnrogjh Jgjenmy bd

[nòlobh Mneoj, [nòlobh, jhe Gu`turn Gbhsu`tjtobh, os nxtnhsovn`y jgtovn

wotcoh tcn gbmmuhoty, jhe cjs jutcbrne [nòlobh jhe Vbpu`jr Gu`turn oh

Jmnrogj.

V. Y. Mynrs9 V.Y. Mynrs os jh nvbùtobhjry kob`blost jhe jssbgojtn prbdnssbr

jt tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Mohhnsbtj, Mbrros. Er. Mynrs rngnovne cos Vc.E. oh

kob`bly drbm tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Brnlbh. Cn os nxtnhsovn`y pukòscne jhe

rnlu`jr`y mjohtjohs cos sgonhgn k`bl Vcjryhlu`j. Cn wjs j`sb hjmne js tcn

;66? Cumjhost bd tcn _njr ky tcn Jmnrogjh Cumjhost Jssbgojtobh jhe os j

mnmknr bd tcn [ogcjre Ejwaohs Dbuhejtobh dbr [njsbh jhe Wgonhgn.



\rolct-voo

Krugn [nogcnhkjgc9 Krugn [nogcnhkjgc os j prbdnssbr bd pco`bsbpcy jt

Julskurl Gb``nln. Cn bktjohne kbtc cos M.J. jhe Vc.E. drbm Hbrtcwnstnrh

^hovnrsoty. Er. [nogcnhkjgc cjs pukòscne mbrn tcjh tcrnn ebznh sgcb`jr`y

iburhj` jrtog`ns jhe nolct kbbas ohgùeohl [njsbh jhe [nòlobus Knònd9 Jh

Ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn Vco`bsbpcy bd [nòlobh.

Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr9 Er. Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr os tcn dbuheohl pukòscnr bd Wanptog

mjljzohn jhe j drnqunht lunst bh tn`nvosobh prblrjms sugc js HKG

Ejtnòhn. Er. Wcnrmnr os jh jeiuhgt prbdnssbr jt G`jrnmbht Lrjeujtn

^hovnrsoty. Cn bktjohne cos M.J. drbm Gjòdbrhoj Wtjtn ^hovnrsoty jhe cos

Vc.E. drbm G`jrnmbht Lrjeujtn Wgcbb`. Er. Wcnrmnr cjs wrottnh gbuht`nss

kbbas, jrtog`ns, jhe os j mbhtc`y gbùmhost dbr Wgonhtodog Jmnrogjh.



\rolct-:

OHU[BE^GUOBH

Oh pbst-oheustroj` Jmnrogj, tcnrn jppnjrs tb kn j yjwhohl gcjsm

snpjrjtohl sngu`jrosts, wcb knònvn ntcogj` stjhejres jrn kjsne bh ohtnrhj`

ntcogj` ohtuotobhs, jhe Kokògj` mbenrjtns, wcb knònvn ntcogs gbmn drbm

sgropturn. Ucos rodt gbhtohuns tb lrbw uhrnstrjohne jhe ossuns bd eoj`blun,

ntcogs, mbrjòty, jhe tcn Kok`n hbw bggupy drbht-pjln hnws jhe ebmohjtn

pbòtogj` eosgbursn oh \jscohltbh. J gbhtnmpbrjry eoj`blun nxjmohohl

Kokògj` ntcogs jhe knònds scbuè bggur oh j gblnht jhe jggnssok`n dbrum

kngjusn ntcogj` gcbogns oh tcn twnhty-dorst gnhtury hnne hbt rn`y nxgùsovn`y

bh jhtneoùvojh Kokògj` pco`bsbpcons jhe gustbms. Od govoòzjtobh mjhjlns tb

kroeln tcn ljp kntwnnh sngu`jrosts jhe Kokògj` mbenrjtns ky wbraohl uhenr

j hnw suppbsotobh tcjt ntcogs brolohjtn drbm butsoen sgropturn, mbrj`

jevjhgnmnht gbuè bggur wcnrn j`` pjrtons gbhtrokutn tb mbenrh, bpnh

eoj`blun jhe cumjh d`buroscohl.

Ucn sukingt bd Kokògj` nxnlnsos snnms tb kn j enstrugtovn`y ohtrjgtjk`n

gbhdògt tcjt olhotns wjrs, jrlumnht, jhe cnjtne enkjtn. Cbwnvnr, tcnrn jrn

snvnrj` knhndots dbr tcn pursuot bd tcn mjttnr. Dorst, ohgrnjsne eoj`blun jkbut

tcos sukingt os ompbrtjht dbr cumjh jhe l`bkj` gbmmuhogjtobh. Wngbhe,

grotogj` tcohaohl jkbut tcos ossun bulct tb bggur kngjusn hnotcnr `bgj` hbr

l`bkj` `njenrs scbuè jggnpt Krbhzn-Jln knònds bh hbhohtn``ngtuj` djotc.

Ucore, tcnrn scbuè kn rngblhotobh tcjt knhnvb`nht jgts gjh bggur wotcbut

Kokògj` ohtrjhsolnhgn.



\rolct-;

Dohj``y, tcn Kok`n cjs tcn jgutn pbtnhtoj` tb djo` cumjhoty kngjusn ot

snpjrjtns prbk`nms bd rolct jhe wrbhl drbm tcn rnjòty bd suddnrohl.

Gbmp`ntn`y iustodone ky tcn Kokògj` mbrj` pco`bsbpcy, tcn gurrnht npoenmog bd

suogoej` cbmbsnxuj` tnnhjlnrs os g`njr`y oheogjtovn bd jh ohvnrtne mbrj`

systnm. \cnh j pbwnrdu` gbhhngtobh kntwnnh mbrjòty jhe cumjh wn``-

knohl os mjen, ot kngbmns nvoenht tcjt sugc Kokògj` neogts eb hbt jhe gjhhbt

mjxomozn cumjh wn``-knohl (Cjrros ;6:6).

U c n s o s W gb p n , @ om o t j t o b h s , j h e E o s g ` j om n r

Bwohl tb tcn vb`jto`n hjturn bd tcos tbpog, ot os nssnhtoj` tb entjo` tcn

sgbpn jhe òmotjtobhs bd tcos tcnsos. Ntcogs jhe rnòlobh jrn snhsotovn tbpogs

jhe tcn lbj` bd tcos tcnsos os tb pursun jgtovn jhe grotogj` tcbulct bh tcn

sukingt bd ntcogs jhe tcn Kok`n. ‐[njsbhjk`n, rnspbhsok`n, rnd`ngtovn pnrsbhs

gjh `nlotomjtn`y eosjlrnn” jkbut tcnsn gbmp`nx ossuns (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3,

:5). Ucos eoddogu`t qunst scbuè kn vonwne wbrtcy bd gbhsoenrjtobh, nvnh od

uhjhomoty bd bpohobh os hbt rnjgcne. Wugc jh jpprbjgc nmu`jtns tcn

Jrostbtnòjh mntcbe9 tcbulcts jhe gbhgnpts gjh kn nhtnrtjohne wotcbut

hngnssjro`y jggnptohl tcnm (Vju` jhe Nènr ;66;).

Gbhsoenrjk`n nddbrt cjs knnh mjen tb nxjmohn ossuns bd eoj`blun,

ntcogs, jhe Kokògj` nxnlnsos wco`n knohl mohedu` bd bppbsohl jhe eovnrlnht

vonwpbohts cnè ky mjhy. Ucos prbingt os rnstrogtne oh `nhltc jhe tcnrndbrn

hbt nvnry jhl`n bd njgc ossun gjh kn nxp`brne. Jeeotobhj` rnjeohl bd tcn

sburgns nhumnrjtne oh tcn kokòblrjpcy os rngbmmnhene. Dohj``y, ot scbuè



\rolct-7

kn jgahbw`nelne tcjt tcos ebgumnht os hbt tjrlntohl j spngodog rnòlobus

lrbup br nvnh rnòlobh oh lnhnrj`. Ucos tcnsos nxjmohns tcn hjturn bd tcn

Kok`n js j uhodone kbba9 kbtc cnmospcnrns bd tcn Kok`n wo`` kn gbhsoenrne jhe

jhj`yzne. J gbhgnrtne nddbrt cjs knnh mjen tb nòmohjtn tcn wbre ‐rnòlobh”

drbm tcos tnxt jhe ohstnje dbgus bh tcn ntcogs dbuhe wotcoh tcn Kok`n. J

endohotobh bd tnrms gjh kn dbuhe oh Jppnheox J.

@OUN[JU^[N [ NTON\

V r b i n g t K j ga l r b u h e j h e Lb j `

Mbenrh eosgussobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe ntcogs jrn j`tnrohl tcn

`jhesgjpn bd pùrjòstog eoj`blun jhe Kokògj` eosgbursn (Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup

;66?1 MjgVcnn ;66;). Humnrbus jutcbrs uhebuktne`y rngblhozn

gbhvnrsjtobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n jrn ohcnrnht`y snhsotovn ossuns1 hnvnrtcn`nss,

tcny lrjpp`n wotc tcn ohnvotjk`n tnhsobhs jssbgojtne wotc sugc Kokògj`

sukingtovoty but bd j hngnssoty tb durtcnr cumjh cjppohnss jhe mbrj`

uhenrstjheohl (Ejvos ;66>1 Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Wcnrmnr :??4).

Nxtnhsovn ohquory cjs o`ùmohne tcn hnne tb nxp`brn nolct solhodogjht jrnjs

wcnrn tcn nxostohl rnsnjrgc jppnjrs tb pboht tbwjre tcn lrnjtnst hngnssoty

dbr sbgonty tb jpprngojtn tcn gjusj` gbhstotunhts bd tcos sukingt. Ucos

òtnrjturn rnvonw wo`` jerbot`y cjhe`n sukingts bd gbhdormjtobh kojs jhe cumjh

tnhenhgons1 lrbup oenhtotons jhe trokjòsm1 tcn Kok`n js jh jhgonht

pjtgcwbra1 ntcogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs jhe tcn jsa-dorst prohgop`n1 V`jtb‟s



\rolct-5

Nutcypyrb eo`nmmj jhe eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry1 tcn hjturn bd knònd1 jhe

mbrj` ohtuotobhs tb jutcnhtogjtn Kokògj` wosebm.

Gb h d o r m j t o b h K o js j h e C um j h U n h e n h g o ns

Ucn dornstbrms bd Kokògj` enkjtns jrn djhhne ky j mjn`strbm bd

pjssobhjtn pb`jrozjtobh, nhtrnhgcne tnhnts, jhe prnentnrmohjtobhs

gbhstrugtne jkbut tcn wbrè (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641

Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Ot os ompnrjtovn tb kn

wjtgcdu` bd tcn sbgoj` prbpnhsoty tb rnwrotn tcn pjst tb dot gbhtnmpbrjry

knònds jhe znotlnosts, tb mosgbhstrun tcn kjsos jhe mnjhohl bd nmbtobhs, tb

kn eospbsne tb snn o`ùsbry gbhhngtobhs tcjt eb hbt nxost, jhe tb cjvn tcn

pnhgcjht tb dj`` dbr tcn gbhdormjtobh kojs (Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbhdormjtobh kojs

os dorm`y nhsgbhgne oh cumjh kncjvobr. Cumjhs wo`` ‐`bba dbr jhe dohe

gbhdormjtbry nvoenhgn dbr wcjt wn j`rnjey knònvn jhe olhbrn

eosgbhdormjtbry nvoenhgn―ot os somp`y j mjttnr bd sgjhhohl tcn sbgoj`

`jhesgjpn jhe pogaohl but nxjmp`ns tb suppbrt wcjtnvnr jhswnr ybu cjvn

j`rnjey dbrmu`jtne tb tcos qunstobh” (Wcnrmnr ;66<).

J rngnht stuey bd gbhdormjtobh kojs wjs gbheugtne ky Bcob Wtjtn

^hovnrsoty. Ucos twnhty-pjln stuey eosgbvnrne tcjt tn`nvosobh-vonwnrs

prbgnssne pbòtogj` sjtorn oh Ucn Gb`knrt [npbrt kjsne upbh tcnor pnrsbhj`

oenb`blons jhe tcrust tcnor vonws upbh tcn cbst, Wtnpcnh Gb`knrt. Ot wjs

dbuhe tcjt ‐oheovoeuj`-`nvn` pbòtogj` oenb`bly solhodogjht`y prneogtne

pnrgnptobhs bd Gb`knrt‟s pbòtogj` oenb`bly” (@jMjrrn, @jhernvo``n, jhe Knjm



\rolct->

;66?, ;:;). Ucn stuey nstjkòscne tcjt òknrj`s wnrn mbrn òan`y tb rnpbrt

tcjt Gb`knrt usne sjtorn jhe wjs hbt snrobus wcnh cn mjen pbòtogj`

stjtnmnhts, wcnrnjs gbhsnrvjtovns rnpbrtne tcjt Gb`knrt bh`y prntnhes tb kn

ibaohl jhe sohgnrn`y mnjhs wcjt cn sjys (@jMjrrn, @jhernvo``n, jhe Knjm

;66?).

Lr b u p O e n h t o t o n s j h e U r o k j ` o sm

Cumjh gbmpbrtmnht jhe ntcogs jrn prohgopj``y rnòjht bh nvb`vne

mngcjhosms dbr prbtngtobh jhe sjdnty bd tcn trokn (Wcnrmnr ;665). Kngjusn

oheovoeuj`s oh j kjhe br trokn oenhtody wotc tcn mnmknrs bd tcnor sbgoj` lrbup,

tcny jrn j`truostogj``y gbbpnrjtovn (Ejwaohs ;6641 @nelnrwbbe jhe @ovojtjh

;6:6)1 cbwnvnr, j eoddnrnht trokn os gbhsoenrne jh but-lrbup jhe ntcogj`

pjrjeolms hb `bhlnr jpp`y tb butsoenrs (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651

Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbhsnqunht`y, mjhy bd tcn ntcogj` eoatjts oh tcn Kok`n jrn

eorngtovns hbt dbr tcn nhtorn cumjh rjgn, kut rjtcnr brenrs dbr tcn mnmknrs

bd bhn spngodog lrbup (Ejwaohs ;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbmmotmnht tb j

lrbup os bd pjrjmbuht solhodogjhgn kbtc gbmmuhj``y jhe nvbùtobhjro`y

(Ejwaohs ;6641 @nelnrwbbe jhe @ovojtjh ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;665).

J rngnht psygcb`bly nxpnromnht jt Ann`n ^hovnrsoty oh Nhl`jhe dbuhe

tcjt ky nxpnronhgohl nmpjtcy dbr j mnmknr bd j tjrlntne jhe

uhenrprovo`nlne but-lrbup (oh tcos gjsn, Jdrogjh Jmnrogjhs, cbmbsnxuj`s,

jhe dnmj`ns), pbsotovn oh-lrbup jttotuens mjtnrojòzne js j gbhsnqunhgn bd

ohgrnjsne vjùn dbr tcn tjrlnt mnmknr‟s wn``-knohl (Ujrrjht jhe Cjenrt



\rolct-4

;6:6). Mohedu`hnss bd oh-lrbup/but-lrbup eostohgtobhs joe tcn rnjenr bd tcn

Kok`n js sbbh js gbhtrjeogtbry mbrj` luoenòhns jrn prnsnhtne9 bhn pjln

gbhdnrs wosebm bd usohl djor wnolcts jhe mnjsurns1 rolctnbushnss, pnjgn,

jhe rnspngt dbr pnbp`n jhe prbpnrty1 jhe bh tcn db``bwohl pjln rjpn,

murenr, jhe tcndt drbm tcn but-lrbup os stjuhgc`y rngbmmnhene (Ejwaohs

;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Wbgoj` psygcb`blost Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr (;665) wrotns,

‐Oh tnrms bd nvbùtobhjry lrbup sn`ngtobh . . . vob`nhgn, lnhbgoen, jhe wjr

jrn jejptovn kngjusn tcny snrvn tb uhotn oh-lrbup mnmknrs jljohst nhnmy

but-lrbups” (7<).

U c n K ok ` n j s j h J h g on h t V j t g c w b r a V r b m b t o h l W j p o nh t o j ` Ns gc j t b ` b l y

Mbst jgjenmog sburgns jlrnn tcjt tcn Kok`n os j pjtgcwbra bd

drjlmnhts drbm Mneotnrrjhnjh brj` trjeotobhs gbkk`ne tblntcnr bvnr

mu`todjrobus gnhturons (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 N``nhs :??<1 Cjlnh

;6:61 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Coga :?<<1 Ohl`ncjrt jhe Hbrros ;6651

Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Ucnrn os hb surnty bd tcn jutcnhtogoty bd tcn nxostohl

Kok`n sohgn trjhsgroptobh nrrbrs, tcn drjo`ty bd cumjh mnmbry, Gcohnsn

wcospnrs, dorns, mostrjhs`jtobhs, jhe tcn omprngosnhnss tcjt jrosns wcnh

trjhs`jtohl oeobmjtog Cnkrnw, Lrnna, jhe @jtoh pcrjsnb`blons ohtb btcnr

`jhlujlns cjvn gcjhlne tcn uhoqun mnjhohl bd tcn brolohj` tnxts (Ejwaohs

;6641 Aòhlcbddnr ;66>). Durtcnr, pbòtogj` jlnhejs jhe sn`d-prbmbtobh cjvn

uhebuktne`y wbrmne tcnor wjy ohtb tcn tnxt (Aòhlcbddnr ;66>).



\rolct-<

Ot os somo`jr`y trbuk`nsbmn tcjt jutcbrotons dohe upwjres bd 57? ohtnrhj`

gbhtrjeogtobhs oh tcn Kok`n (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 MjgVcnn ;66;1

\n``s ;6:6). Cbwnvnr, ot os pbssok`n tb jpprngojtn mjhy bd tcnsn

ohgbhsostnhgons, cjvohl knnh ohdùnhgne ky dbrgns bd trokjòsm js eosgussne

jkbvn. Ucndt drbm tcn oh-lrbup os wrbhl1 kut pnrmossok`n wotc tcn but-lrbup,

dbr nxjmp`n (Wcnrmnr ;665). Ky rngblhozohl gnrtjoh gbhtrjeogtobhs js

trokj``y gbhstrugtne, humnrbus sburgns dohe ot trbukòhl tcjt j kbba bd ntcogs

scbuè kn strugturj``y ohgbcnrnht (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros

;6651 Cjrros ;6641 \n``s ;6:6). J lrjpcogj` rnprnsnhtjtobh bd Kokògj`

gbhtrjeogtobhs gjh kn dbuhe oh Jppnheox G.

Wnvnrj` nxpnrts (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Wcnrmnr

:??4) jrn gbhgnrhne tcjt sbmn oh sbgonty vonw tcn Kok`n js kbtc jh ntcogj`

luoenkbba jhe j kbba ensgrokohl nsgcjtb`blogj` nvnhts. Btcnr sburgns

(Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??31 Wgcnrmjh ;6661 Wcnrmnr ;665) sukmot tcn Kok`n

tnjgcns sjponhtoj`―br rnjòzne―nsgcjtb`bly. Drbm jh ntcogj` pnrspngtovn,

sjponhtoj` nsgcjtb`bly os gbhsostnht wotc bhn‟s ntcogj` gbmpbrtmnht oh tcn

prnsnht mbmnht. _nt nsgcjtb`bly bh ots bwh, notcnr twb mo``nhhoj pjst wcnh

jpbgj`yptog wbras wnrn ukoquotbus (Ejwaohs ;6641 EoUbmmjsb ;66<1

Aòhlcbddnr ;66>1 Wgcnrmjh ;666), br oh pbst-oheustroj` govoòzjtobhs tcjt

cjvn tcnor cjhes bh hug`njr gbens, ebns ‐òtt`n tb cn`p us grnjtn j eurjk`n

duturn dbr bursn`vns―sbgoj``y, ngbhbmogj``y, nhvorbhmnhtj``y, br

lnbpbòtogj``y” (Cjrros ;664, 7).





\rolct-?

jrn p`jgne bh s`jvncbènrs oh Nxbeus ;:9;6-;<9 tcn bwhnr scbuè hbt knjt

cos mj`n br dnmj`n s`jvns ‐sb snvnrn`y tcjt . . . tcnor nyns br tcnor tnntc”

(Cjrros ;664, <) jrn ohiurne. Tnrsns n`snwcnrn―@uan :;95<-53, Npcnsojhs

49>, : Uombtcy 49:-;―eb hbt but`jw tcn jkcbrrnht prjgtogn bd s`jvnry

notcnr. Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros (;664) stjtns tcos jpprbjgc tbwjres

mbrjòty eoe hbt cn`p put jh nhe tb s`jvnry oh tcn ^hotne Wtjtns. Ucnsn

vnrsns, wcnh vonwne jljohst tcn tjpnstry bd tcn rngbre bd cumjh rolcts,

pboht tbwjres ntcogj` omprbvnmnht (Ejvos ;66>1 N``nhs :??<1 Wcnrmnr

;665). Cje vnrsns jkbut s`jvnry knnh stroganh drbm tcn Kok`n jhe

supp`jhtne wotc eoj`blun gbmpjrjk`n tb tcn Lbènh [u`n br tcn stbry bd tcn

Lbbe Wjmjrotjh, ot wbuè cjvn prbvnh cn`pdu` tb tcn prblrnss bd cumjh

costbry (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;664).

Wbmn sburgns stjtn tcn Lbènh [u`n prohgop`n cjs jh bkvobus

wnjahnss tcjt gjh kn uhgbvnrne od tcn mbrj` rngoponht rnjsbhs eoddnrnht`y

tcjh tcn mbrj` ebnr (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Dbr

ohstjhgn, ‐Mbst mnh . . . jrn mugc mbrn rngnptovn tbwjre uhsbògotne bddnrs

bd snx tcjh jrn wbmnh. Mbst mnh, tcnh, oh gbhsoenrohl wcntcnr tb jpprbjgc

j wbmjh wotc jh bddnr bd uhsbògotne snx, scbuè hbt jsa tcnmsn`vns cbw

tcny wbuè dnn` od tcn rb`ns wnrn rnvnrsne” (Wcnrmnr ;665, :34). Jggbreohl

tb Wcnrmnr (;6:6) wcb gbohne tcn gbhgnpt, tb entnrmohn gbrrngt`y od jh

jgtobh os rolct br wrbhl, jsa dorst. Ucn mbrj` ebnr scbuè jsa tcn mbrj`

rngoponht od tcn kncjvobr oh qunstobh os ntcogj` br uhntcogj` (Wcnrmnr ;665).





\rolct-::

brenrs” (Kjlloho ;667, Aohe`n `bgjtobh >66-:7). Js rnvnj`ne oh tcn Wtjh`ny

Mo`lrjm nxpnromnhts, cumjhs cjvn j prbpnhsoty tb gbmmot jtrbgotons

kngjusn jh jutcbroty dolurn tn``s tcnm ot os jggnptjk`n (Mo``nr, Gb`òhs, jhe

Krond :??>). Jkrjcjm cje tcn drnn wo`` jhe gjpjgoty tb gcbbsn wcntcnr Lbe's

eorngtovns wnrn mbrj``y rolct br wrbhl. \otc sngbhes rnmjohohl, Lbe

ohtnrvnhne jhe stbppne tcn sjgrodogn. Jggbreohl tb bhn sburgn, ot os pbssok`n

tb jsgnrtjoh jhe jpprngojtn tcn enptc bd Jkrjcjm‟s gbmmotmnht bd jhe trust

oh Lbe (Wgcnrmjh ;666).

Cbwnvnr, btcnr sburgns (Cjlnh ;6:61 Aonranljjre :?34) eosjlrnn

wotc Wgcnrmjh jhe stjtn tcjt Jkrjcjm cje trun ohtnhtobhs bd s`julctnrohl

Osjjg tb sjtosdy Lbe‟s brenrs jhe sugc j mnssjln os mbrj``y jkcbrrnht sohgn

tcn stbry tnjgcns, ‐tb bkny Lbe, nvnh od brenrne tb ao`` jh ohhbgnht . . ..

QDurtcnrmbrn] jhy grun` jhe nvo` jgts jrn iustodone od ybu knònvn Lbe

gbmmjhene ot” (Cjlnh ;6:6). Ohenne, Ommjhun` Ajht sullnstne tcjt

Jkrjcjm scbuè cjvn rnjsbhne tcjt Lbe gbuè hbt cjvn ossune sugc jh

uhmostjajk`y ommbrj` gbmmjhe (Gjròs`n ;6:6). Cumjhost Ijsbh Cjlnh

pbsots tcjt tcn Jkrjcjm/Osjjg stbry hnnes j rnvosobh9

Ucn prbpnr nheohl bd tcn stbry scbuè cjvn knnh tcjt Lbe wjs bh`y

tnstohl Jkrjcjm‟s mbrjòty, jhe jt tcn nhe, Jkrjcjm wbuè rndusn tb

s`jy cos ohhbgnht sbh kngjusn cn ahnw ot wjs wrbhl. Ot wbuè tnjgc

tcjt wn scbuè kn wo`òhl tb stjhe up tb jutcbroty kngjusn bd bur

vjùns jhe mbrj`s . . .. Ucn j`tnrhjtn nheohl wbuè cjvn tjulct tcjt



\rolct-:;

Jkrjcjm wjs wo`òhl tb sjgrodogn comsn`d (ohgurrohl Lbe‟s wrjtc) oh

brenr tb prbtngt tcn ohhbgnht. (Cjlnh ;6:6)

Ucnrn jrn ohcnrnht rosas jhe cjzjres gbhgbmotjht wotc ‐eovohn

gbmmjhe tcnbry.” Wukingt tb tcn mbbe bd tcn rnjenr, humnrbus gbmmjhes,

br ohstrugtobhs gbuè kn usne tb rjtobhjòzn prjgtogj``y jhy jgt kngjusn tcn

Kok`n cjs j rnputjtobh bd knohl j eovohn`y ohsporne bpus bd Lbe (Kjlloho

;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 [jcomo ;66?). Mbrjòty gjhhbt jhe must

hbt kn enrovne drbm j sb`n jutcbroty9 mbrj` rnspbhsokoòty gjhhbt kn jksb`vne

ky g`jomohl tcjt bhn os mnrn`y db``bwohl brenrs (Kjlloho ;667, Aohe`n

`bgjtobh >:5-;>). Dbr sbmn, òan Mjrtoh @utcnr, rnjsbh jhe sgrup`ns bulct tb

kn scn`vne wcnh djgne wotc jhy brenr drbm j eovohn jutcbroty, wcnrnjs

Ajhtojh pco`bsbpcy stjtns hbtcohl gjh kn colcnr tcjh mbrj` `jw9 nvnh j

eovohn `jwlovnr, Lbe (Gjròs`n ;6:6).

Btcnr jutcbrotons (Ejwaohs ;6641 \n``s ;6:6) qunstobh hbt bh`y eovohn

gbmmjhe tcnbry, kut j`sb tcn prohgop`ns bd tcn dbgj` gcjrjgtnr bd tcn Kok`n9

Lbe. Kob`blost [ogcjre Ejwaohs (;664) stjtns tcjt orrnspngtovn bd ots mbrj`

vnrjgoty, tcn Kok`n os rjosne js j stjhejre dbr bur sgrup`ns. Oh jh nddbrt tb

lbje tcn rnjenr ohtb grotogj``y sgrutohozohl wcjt os jgtuj``y oh tcn Kok`n,

Ejwaohs (;664, 7:) sjys tcos jkbut tcn eovohn `jwlovnr9

Ucn Lbe bd tcn Bè Unstjmnht os jrlujk`y tcn mbst uhp`njsjht

gcjrjgtnr oh j`` dogtobh9 inj`bus jhe prbue bd ot1 j pntty, uhiust,

uhdbrlovohl gbhtrb`-drnja1 j voheogtovn, k`bbetcorsty ntchog g`njhsnr1 j



p

k

ynjr bd

dbr mb

gbhgnr

Ucn rn

Dolurn

dbr mb

dolurns

oh tcn

osblyhos

nsto`nhtoj`

u``y.

utcbr jh

entnrmoh

n enjtcs.

ohl spngo

u`ts bd tc

:. Vrbtjl

n enjtcs

jhe jrn

ok`n].

Lbe

Wjtjh

og, cbmb

, mnlj`b

costbrojh

ohl wcogc

\n``s rn`

dog jgts j

stuey j

hosts oh t

oh tcn Kok

bt nstom

6

:6

cbkog, rj

jhojgj`,

Wtnvn \

Kokògj` g

one nxgù

e eoe hb

n scbwh

cn Kok`n.

`n9 Lbe b

tns Qjej

>66,666 :,

ost, ohdjh

sjebmjs

n``s (;6:

cjrjgtnr,

ovn`y bh

nmkn`òs

oh Dolurn

Kjr gcjrt

r Wjtjh.

tne drbm

66,666 :,>6

togoej`, l

gcostog, g

) gbhgùe

Lbe br W

ngbres lo

cos gbh

:, kn`bw9

o`ùstrjtn

cn humk

Eruha wo

6,666 ;,666

;,5<4,

hbgoej`, d

jprogobus`

ne j stue

tjh, wjs

vnh oh tc

ùsobhs (

wcb os r

nrs jrn j

tc K`bbe9

666 ;,>66,6

477

\rolc

oògoej`,

y mj`nvb

y njrònr

rnspbhso

Kok`n

n``s ;6:

spbhsok`

tuj` Kokò

Lbe‟s Ao``

66

t-:7

`nht

cos

`n

).

j`

ohls



\rolct-:5

U c n H j t u r n b d K n ` o n d

Ucn wbra jggbmpòscne ky sgonhtost jhe sbgoj` psygcb`blost Er. Mogcjn`

Wcnrmnr pbpu`jrozne tcn hngnssoty tb nxjmohn tcn hjturn bd knònd―

orrnspngtovn bd tcn knònd otsn`d. Er. Wcnrmnr jhe btcnrs (Vju` jhe Nènr

;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3) stjtn tcjt pnrsbhj` knònd, ohtuotobh, jhe nvnh

cuhgcns jrn `nlotomjtn dorst stnps tb knohl jk`n tb nxp`joh jh nxpnronhgn

kndbrn jutcnhtogjtohl tcn nxpnronhgn. Cbwnvnr, ‐ohtuotovn oenjs jhe mystogj`

ohsolcts eb hbt kngbmn bkingtovn uhto` tcny jrn nxtnrhj``y vjòejtne”

(Wcnrmnr :??<, ;6). Vrobr tb sukstjhtojtobh, sugc ohsolcts jhe gbhgnpts jrn

sukingtovn jhe stjan nquj` g`joms js tb tcnor vjòeoty jhe trutc (Gjròs`n

;6:61 Aonranljjre :?341 Vju` jhe Nènr ;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).

Ucnrndbrn, ot os gbmpu`sbry tb kjsn gbhgùsobhs bh `blog jhe nvoenhgn. Ucnrn

jrn mjhodbè bkingtovn jvnhuns dbr rnjòzohl gbhgùsobhs tb prbk`nms1

cbwnvnr, wcnh `blog jhe nvoenhgn jrn trjddogane dbr hbhohtn``ngtuj` grneuòty

jhe knònd oh jhy jutcbroty, wn knloh tb dbrmu`jtn gbhgùsobhs jkbut

sukingtovn jhe eblmjtog g`joms mjen ky btcnrs wcb molct hbt cjvn grotogj``y

jhj`yzne tcn ossun tcnmsn`vns (Mo``nr, Gb`òhs, jhe Krond :??>1 Wcnrmnr

:??<). Oh j snhsn, tcos kndots j ljmn bd tn`npcbhn (Cjrros ;665) jhe hbkbey

ahbws gbhgùsovn`y wcjt wjs brolohj``y sjoe jhe wcy. Ucos os hbt tb sjy tcjt

btcnrs‟ sukingtovn gbhgùsobhs jrn ohgbrrngt br ohvjòe, kut sugc suppbsotobhs

must kn qunstobhne jhe sgrutohozne ky jsaohl, ‐Cbw eoe tcn jutcbrotons

gbmn ky tcnor gbhgùsobhs2 Cbw wnrn tcny luoene2” (Wcnrmnr :??<, ;:).



\rolct-:>

Mntjgblhotobh (tcn prbgnss bd tcohaohl jkbut tcohaohl) bd Kokògj` ntcogs

os ensorjk`n oh tcn twnhty-dorst gnhtury (Vju` jhe Nènr ;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`.

:??3). \co`n wbraohl wotc tcn Kok`n, qunstobhs must kn jsane bd njgc

pjssjln9 Os tcos jppògjk`n wotc br pnrtohnht tb prnsnht-ejy òvohl2 Od tcn

pjssjln ebns hbt dot, tcnrn must kn j mntcbeb`bly tb rngblhozn jh

uhenr`yohl mbrj` mnssjln (Kjlloho ;667) tcjt btcnrs wo`` bktjoh js wn``

(Wgcnrmjh ;666). \co`n tcn Kok`n os rnje oheovoeuj``y, ot os j`sb j tnxt rnje

gbmmuhj``y. Od j òmotne rnjenrscop rngblhozns tcn Kokògj` ohiuhgtobh vos-æ-

vos cbmbsnxujòty js bh`y j scn`vne costbrogj` pbsotobh, tcny cjvn tcn

pbtnhtoj` tb g`jsc wotc pnrsbhs wcb gbhsoenr sugc j gbmmjhe tb kn kbtc

costbrogj` jhe pnrtohnht tb prnsnht ejy mbrjòty (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs

;6641 Cjrros ;664). Jggbreohl tb gnrtjoh sburgns, bstrjgosm bd tcn

cbmbsnxuj` (N``nhs :??<) bggurs kngjusn bd eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry ([jcomo

;66?).

Nv b ` u t o b h b d K n ` o n d s j h e Y n o t l n o s t s

Nvbùtobhjry kob`blosts jrn jk`n tb stuey mjttnrs bd ntcogs js j sbgoj``y

ohcnrotne mnmn (Ejwaohs ;664). Drbm j lnhntog pnrspngtovn, tcn ‐lnhn pbb`

gbhtjohs j`tnrhjtovn vjrojhts bd jhy lovnh lnhn―–j``n`ns‟―wcogc mjy

tcnrndbrn kn snnh js gbmpntohl wotc njgc btcnr” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?;). Dbr

mnmns, tcn gbmpntotobh ebns hbt trjhsporn bh j mb`ngu`jr `nvn`, kut rjtcnr

ky sn`ngtovn butsoen prbxy9 cjor gb`br, smo`n sozn, br strbhlnr knònd systnms

jrn gcbsnh bvnr wnjanr br `nss-ensorjk`n bhns. Ucn djtn bd j lnhn os



\rolct-:4

entnrmohne ky cbw nddngtovn ot os oh rnpògjtohl otsn`d (Ejwaohs ;664). Mnmns

duhgtobh gbrrnspbheohl`y tb lnhns jhe gnrtjoh mnmns ‐cjvn j –drnqunhgy‟

wcogc gjh gcjhln js j gbhsnqunhgn bd gbmpntotovn ohtnrjgtobhs wotc

j`tnrhjtovn mnmns” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?;).

Ucn mohutojn bd ntcogj` knònds, dbr ohstjhgn, ‐wjhenr oeobsyhgrjtogj``y”9

sbmn gu`turns db``bw vjrojhts bd tcn Lbènh [u`n, kut tcn ‐nssnhgn Qbd tcn

knònd] pjssns . . . uhmutjtne” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?7). \njanr mnmns enpnhe

bh j ‐mnmnp`nx” tb nhsurn survovj`. J wnjanr mnmn dbuhe oh tcn Kok`n

stjtns tcjt tcbsn wcb jrn cnrntogs, k`jspcnmnrs, br jpbstjtns scbuè kn

ao``ne, br btcnrwosn puhoscne, ky bstrjgosm drbm tcnor djmoòns (Kjlloho

;6671 Ejwaohs ;664, :??1 Cjrros ;665). Ebukt`nss, ot wbuè kn ohbreohjtn`y

eoddogu`t dbr bhn pnrsbh gjrryohl tcos ntcogj` mnmn tb bstrjgozn―br nvnh ao``―

j dronhe br djmo`y mnmknr, kut oh tcn prnsnhgn bd btcnrs (tcn ‐mnmnp`nx”),

`nlotomjgy tb tcos uhsgrupu`bus gbhstrugt os enrovne drbm tcbsn wcb

gbrrnspbheohl`y knònvn somo`jr tcohls jkbut jpbstjtns (Ejwaohs ;6641

N``nhs :??<). Cumjh jhe jhomj` sjgrodogns jrn jeeotobhj` ntcogj` mnmns

gcrbhog`ne oh tcn Kok`n tcjt cjvn sohgn knnh erbppne―nvnh oh tcn prnsnhgn

bd j mnmnp`nx (Cjrros ;665).

Mjhy Kokògj` gbmmjhemnhts jrn hb `bhlnr pjrt bd tcn pbst-oheustroj`

znotlnost (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??31

[jcomo ;66?). Dbr nxjmp`n, mjhy bd tcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts lovnh oh

Nxbeus jrn ntcogj` mnmns tcjt cjvn sohgn knnh erbppne. Bh`y twb



\rolct-:<

gbmmjhemnhts jrn prnsnht`y `jws oh tcn ^hotne Wtjtns bd Jmnrogj9 eb hbt

ao`` jhe eb hbt stnj` (Cjrros ;664). Ucjt os hbt tb sjy tcjt tcn btcnr

gbmmjhemnhts jljohst `yohl br jeu`tnry jrn uhwosn, quotn tcn gbhtrjry.

Ucbulc, ‐ot os qunstobhjk`n cbw mjhy cumjh knohls nvnr cbhbrne tcnor

pjrnhts br jkstjohne drbm gbmmottohl murenr, jeu`tnry, tcndt, br pnriury

kngjusn bd Qtcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts]” (Cjrros ;664, ?). Wjm Cjrros nxp`johs

tcjt j sohl`n snhtnhgn drbm Mjcjvorj, tcn Ijoh pjtrojrgc, wbuè prbvoen

knttnr mbrj` eorngtobh dbr tbejy‟s sbgonty tcjh tcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts9 ‐Eb

hbt ohiurn, jkusn, bpprnss, nhs`jvn, ohsu`t, tbrmnht, tbrturn, br ao`` jhy

grnjturn br òvohl knohl” (Cjrros ;664, ?).

Gbmmuhogjtobh jhe eoj`blun cjvn jevjhgne bvnr tomn j`bhl wotc tcn

znotlnost. Wburgns oheogjtn tcjt Kokògj` ohtnrprntjtobhs ky sbmn cjvn scodtne

drbm j purn`y nxgùsovost uhenrstjheohl tb tcjt bd pùrjòsm9 jh jssnrtobh

tcjt humnrbus nxp`jhjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n jrn eossomo`jr pjtcs tb tcn sjmn

ntcogj` dbuhejtobh (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Vco`bsbpcnr Ibch Coga gbmpjrne

tcn hbtobh bd pùrjòsm tb j lrbup bd kòhe mnh wcb eosgbvnr jh n`npcjht.

Bhn mjh dnn`s tcn truha jhe sjys ot os j lrnjt shjan1 bhn mjh dnn`s tcn `nl

jhe sjys ot os j lrnjt òvohl po``jr, jhe sb bh. J`` bksnrvjtobhs jrn gbrrngt, dbr

tcny jrn bh`y rndnrrohl tb bhn jspngt bd tcn wcb`n bd rnjòty jhe hb vjhtjln

pboht bddnrs tcn gbmp`ntn pogturn (Coga :?<<1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Wugc jh

jpprbjgc nmkrjgns eoj`blog jhe krbjemohene gbmmuhobh (Anjtnh jhe

Wbuaup ;66?). Ucn hjturn bd pùrjòsm os hbt tcnb`blogj` br rnòlobus



\rolct-:3

ebgtrohn, kut j qunst bd pnrsbhj` trjhsdbrmjtobh (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).

Jggbreohl tb Coga, jhy ohtnrprntjtobh bd Kokògj` ntcogs os trun ‐ohsbdjr js tcny

suggnne oh gcjhlohl bur jttotuens jhe òdn-pjttnrhs” jhe os bvnrwcn`mohl`y

gbhstrugtovn (Coga :?<<1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3, ;44). Ucos jpprbjgc os

solhodogjht tb tcn jevjhgnmnht bd eoj`blun kngjusn jhy uhenrstjheohl bd

ntcogj` pjrjeolms cjs j euty tb trjhsdbrm cumjh nxostnhgn drbm sn`d-

gnhtnrnehnss tb btcnr-gnhtnrnehnss (Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Vntnrsbh nt

j`. :??3).

Kokògj` mbenrjtns cjvn jh bkòljtobh tb nhtnr pùrjòstog eoj`blun js

tcnor jksnhgn gjh prbvoen gbvnr dbr Kokògj` nxtrnmosm (Ejwaohs ;6641

Cjrros ;665). Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros stjtns, ‐mbenrjtns jrn, oh `jrln

pjrt, rnspbhsok`n dbr tcn . . . gbhdògt oh bur wbrè, kngjusn tcnor knònds

prbvoen tcn gbhtnxt oh wcogc sgropturj` òtnrjòsm Qjhe] vob`nhgn gjh hnvnr kn

jenqujtn`y bppbsne” (Cjrros ;665, 5>). Ucos os wcy ossuns bd Kokògj`

mbrjòty must kn eosgussne, nxjmohne, jhe bpnhne dbr ohquory. Oh djgt9

QKokògj`] mbenrjtns mjy olhbrn br bvnr`bba tcn mbrn kjrkjrog

pjssjlns oh tcnor . . . kbbas, kut ky vnhnrjtohl tcn kbbas oh lnhnrj`,

tcny `njvn us pbwnr`nss tb bppbsn tcn knònd systnms bd

duhejmnhtjòsts. Jhe kngjusn mbenrjtns tnhe tb olhbrn tcn mbst

ùhjtog pjrts bd sgropturn, tcny `bsn tbugc wotc cbw ejhlnrbus tcnsn

kbbas jrn wcnh tjanh òtnrj``y. Oh djgt, tcny cjvn trbuk`n knònvohl tcjt

jhybhn ebns sto`` tjan tcnsn kbbas òtnrj``y, jhe sb tcny tnhe hbt tb



\rolct-:?

rngblhozn tcn rb`n tcjt djotc p`jys oh ohsporohl cumjh vob`nhgn. (Cjrros

;66?, ;)

J`` pnbp`n, ohgùeohl Kokògj` mbenrjtns, cjvn tcn euty tb rngblhozn tcjt

jggnptohl tcn Kok`n kngjusn ot os tcn Kok`n, kngbmns mbrn prbk`nmjtog bhgn

pnrsbhs ohsporne ky tcn djrgogjòty bd eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry jhe

jhtneoùvojh Kokògj` ntcogs k`bw up jkbrtobh gòhogs br cjrjss cbmbsnxuj`

tnnhjlnrs (Ejwaohs ;6641 N``nhs :??<1 Cjrros ;665).

Mb r j ` O h t u o t o b h s t b J u t c n h t o gj t n K ok ` o g j ` \ o se bm

Mjhy sburgns cjvn scbwh tcjt nxnrgosns oh grotogj` tcohaohl uhgbvnr jh

ohgbhlruoty bd Kokògj` ntcogj` gbhstrugts jhe gbhtnmpbrjry ntcogj` knònds

(Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Aonranljjre :?341 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).

@nvotogus ;6 entjo`s mjhy bddnhsns tcjt mnrot tcn enjtc pnhj`ty―gursohl

pjrnhts1 gbmmottohl jeu`tnry1 cbmbsnxujòty1 knstojòty1 jhe btcnr gromns―

tcjt hb rnjsbhjk`n gburt bd `jw wbuè mntn but tb tcn luo`ty (Ejwaohs ;6641

Cjrros ;665). Jhbtcnr ntcogj` prbvosobh oh tcn Kok`n os tcn ohiuhgtobh dbuhe oh

Enutnrbhbmy ;;9:7-;: tcjt od j mjh eosgbvnrs bh cos wneeohl holct tcjt cos

kroen os hbt j vorloh, cn os bkòljtne tb stbhn cnr tb enjtc bh cnr djtcnr‟s

ebbrstnp (Wgcnrmjh ;666). Mjhy sburgns uhnquovbgj``y stjtn tcjt wn

scbuè hbt jhe eb hbt lnt bur mbrj`s drbm sgropturn (Ejvos ;66>1 Cjrros

;6641 MjgVcnn ;66;1 Wcnrmnr :??4). Od wn eoe, sbgonty wbuè sto`` justnrn`y

nhdbrgn tcn enjtc pnhj`ty dbr pnrsbhs wcb eb hbt bksnrvn tcn Wjkkjtc

(Ejwaohs ;664).



\rolct-;6

Engosobhs mjen wotc butejtne ntcogj` systnms jrn enstrugtovn tb pbst-

oheustroj` sbgontons. Humnrbus vnrsns oh tcn Kok`n gjh kn rnje notcnr eorngt`y

br gbhtnxtuj``y js nhebrsohl br jggnptohl bd pb`yljmy, s`jvnry, kolbtry,

mosblyhy, vob`nhgn, lnhbgoen, cumjh jhe jhomj` sjgrodogn, kurhohl wotgcns,

cbmbpcbkoj, jhe rjpn (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Wjhenrs

;66<). Wbgoj` gcjhlns nhjgtne tcrbulcbut costbry ruh gbhtrj-d`bw tb tcn

neogts prnsgrokne oh tcn Kok`n9 wbmnh‟s suddrjln, govo` rolcts, `nljòzjtobh bd

ljy mjrrojln, jmbhl btcnrs (Cjrros ;6651 Wjhenrs ;66<). [nlohjè Ejvos

gbhvnyne ot mbrn `jgbhogj``y wcnh ot gbmns tb Kokògj``y sjhgtobhne s`jvnry,

‐Womp`y put, tcn Kok`n wjs j tbb` tb mjohtjoh bpprnssobh. Ot cn`pne tb

`nlotomjtn 566 ynjrs bd s`jvnry, :66 ynjrs bd snlrnljtobh, jhe tbejy‟s

trjhslnhnrjtobhj` bpprnssobh bd Jdrogjh Jmnrogjhs” (Ejvos ;66>, ?7).

V[BINGU MNUCBEB@BL_

Ucn òtnrjturn rnvonw survnyne j gbhgosn summjry bd tcn òtnrjturn

rn`jtohl tb tcn tbpogs bd Kokògj` nxnlnsos jhe sbgoj` ntcogs. Ub durtcnr tcos

sgcb`jrscop, ohtnrvonws wnrn gbheugtne wotc tcnb`blojhs, costbrojhs,

ntcogosts, nvbùtobhjry kob`blosts, psygcb`blosts, js wn`` js rnputjk`n jutcbrs

wcb wrotn bh ossuns bd rnjsbh, knònd, jhe Kokògj` prjgtogns. Ucn ohdbrmjtobh

ljrhnrne drbm hohn ohtnrvonw sburgns wo`` cn`p dbrmu`jtn ahbw`nelnjk`n jhe

gbmprncnhsovn suppbsotobhs jkbut tcn sukingt bd Kokògj` ntcogs.

J`` ohtnrvonw sukingts wnrn jsane j vjronty bd qunstobhs tb cn`p nxp`brn

tcn prnmosn bd tcos tcnsos. Ucn qunstobhs prbkne dbur prohgopj` jrnjs9 mbrj`



systnm

oheustr

kn`bw,

gbhtjoh

Dolurn

gjtnlb

s, ntcogs

oj` ossuns

o`ùstrjtn

ne. Durtc

;. Von gcj

y gbhtjoh

d Kokògj`

jhe kokò

tcn quj

nr, Ujk`n

rt o`ùstrj

ne

7?%

:>%

Hjtu

nxnlnsns

hbrmjòz

toty bd qu

:, kn`bw,

ohl tcn q

;7%

;7

rn bd Oh

, kojsns

tobh. J po

nstobhs k

òsts tcn

ujhtoty bd

%

nrvonw

d Kokògj`

on gcjrt,

prbpbrto

unstobhs

qunstobh

Zunstob

nxnlnsns

cbwh oh

bh njgc g

jsane.

s ky prbp

hs

Mbrj` Wyst

Ntcogs bd Ko

Kojsns bd K

Vbst‖Oheus

Kokòbhbrm

\rolc

jhe pbs

olurn ;,

jtnlbry

rtobh nj

nms

kògj` Nxnlnsn

okògj` Nxnlnsn

roj` Ossuns jh

jòzjtobh

t-;:

-

c

s

s



Ujk`n :. Zunstobh Gcjrt

Zunstobh Zunstobh Gjtnlbry Zunstobh

: Mbrj` Wystnms \cjt os ybur endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm2

; Mbrj` Wystnms Kjsne bh tcn endohotobh lovnh oh rnspbhsn tb qunstobh bhKok`n tb kn j lbbe mbrj` systnm2

7 Mbrj` Wystnms Gjh br scbuè j knttnr mbrj` systnm kn envosne br os gbhngnssjry2

5 Ntcogs bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Od sbmnbhn db``bwne tcn Kok`n òtnrj``y oh j`` jrnjs, wbu`lbbe2

> Ntcogs bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns \buè tcn mbrj` vosobh bd tcn Kok`n kn omprbvne ky rnmvnrsns br os tcnrn mbrj` knhndot ky `njvohl tcnm oh p`jgn

4 Ntcogs bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Eb ybu snn V`jtb‟s Nutcypyrb jrlumnht djgtbrohl ohtb Kgbmmjhe tcnbry2

< Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Cbw ebns bhn ahbw tcjt tcny cjvn tcn gbrrngt trjhs`jtopjrtogu`jr vnrsn2

3 Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Ucn Kok`n os j sjgrne jhe stjtog ebgumnht tcjt ebns hbtmjaohl bur bwh so`nht rnvosobhs kncohe tcn sgnhns2

? Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Cbw ebns bhn ahbw wcnh tb ohtnrprnt j sn`ngtne vnrsn trnjtne js j``nlbry2

:6 Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns \cy jrn sbmn vnrsns sn`ngtovn`y gcbsnh jhe nxtb``ne jsjkcbrrnht vnrsns dj`` tb tcn wjysoen2

:: Kojsns bd Kokògj` Nxnlnsns Jrn pnbp`n‟s ntcogj` stjhejres u`tomjtn`y rbbtne oh tcnorKok`n2

:; Vbst Oheustroj` Ossuns jheKokòbhbrmjòzjtobh

Ucn Kok`n ebns hbt gbvnr pbst-mbenrh ossuns sugc js g`bjkbrtobh, jhe hug`njr wjr. Cbw scbuè ntcogj` engosobhsmjen wotcbut tcn Kok`n js j luoen bh tcnsn ossuns2

:7 Vbst Oheustroj` Ossuns jheKokòbhbrmjòzjtobh

Jevogn, gbhsb`jtobh, jhe wosebm gjh kn dbuhe wotcoh tcWcjanspnjrn jhe btcnrs. \cy cjvn pnbp`n gcbsnh tb rnbtcnr2



\rolct-;7

JHJ@_WOW BD [ NW^@UW

O h t n r v o n w s w o t c Wu k i n g t M j t t n r Nx p n r t s

Hohn ohtnrvonws wnrn gbheugtne wotc nxpnrts jgrbss dovn eovnrsn donès9

ntcogs, tcnb`bly, pco`bsbpcy, nvbùtobhjry kob`bly, jhe psygcb`bly. J gbhgosn

mjtrox bd tcn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts os òstne oh Ujk`n ;, kn`bw.

Ujk`n ;. Wukingt Mjttnr Nxpnrt Mjtrox

WMN Hjmn Grnenhtoj`s Donè bd Nxpnrtosn

Ejvoe Kjsohlnr Vc.E. Ntcogs

Ljry [. Krbwnr M.Eov, Vc.E. Ucnb`bly

Molun` J. En @j Ubrrn M.Eov, Vc.E. Ntcogs

Ijgbk Aohhjre Vc.E. Vco`bsbpcy

J. I. Ijgbks K. J. Ucnb`bly

Inddrny C. Mjcjh M.Eov, Vc.E. Ucnb`bly

V. Y. Mynrs Vc.E. Nvbùtobhjry Kob`bly

Krugn [nogcnhkjgc Vc.E. Vco`bsbpcy

Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr Vc.E. Vsygcb`bly

Ucos eovnrsn lrbup bd spngojòsts wjs sn`ngtne dbr hbt bh`y tcnor rjhln

bd nxpnronhgns, kut j`sb kngjusn tcn mnmknrs bd njgc eosgopòhn krohl j

eostohgtovn pnrspngtovn tb tcn mbenrh eoj`blun jkbut Kokògj` ntcogs. Ot os bd

pjrjmbuht ompbrtjhgn tb uhenrstjhe rjtobhj``y wcy sbmn gbhsoenr tcn Kok`n

tb kn jh uhpjrj``n`ne ntcogj` tbmn bvnrroeohl―br jt `njst tjhtjmbuht tb―



\rolct-;5

pbst-oheustroj` ntcogj` gbhstrugts jhe mbenrh `jws. Js tcn òtnrjturn rnvonw

enmbhstrjtne, tcn krjhe bd mbrjòty engrnne oh tcn Kok`n os jpprbprojtn dbr

jhtneoùvojh oh-lrbups1 cbwnvnr, tcn kbba ebns hbt engrnn uhovnrsj` mbrj`

`jw (Cjrros ;664). Dbr tcjt rnjsbh, ot os nssnhtoj` tb uhenrstjhe tcn

prnvjoòhl znotlnosts cnè jkbut tcn Kok`n js j endohotovn sburgn bd ntcogs,

pjrtogu`jr`y oh òlct bd jevjhgnmnhts mjen pbòtogj``y, sgonhtodogj``y, jhe

sporotuj``y knybhe wcjt os gbhtjohne jhe enòhnjtne oh tcn Kok`n.

D or s t V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 M b r j ` Wy s t nm s

Ucn dorst prohgopj` jrnj bd qunstobhohl nxp`brne tcn gbhstrugts bd mbrj`

systnms. Nxpnrt bpohobhs jkbut tcos sukingt wnrn uhenrstjhejk`y vjrone1

hbhntcn`nss, tcnrn wjs j gbhsnhsus tcjt uhjhombus`y pbohtne tb j

rnquornmnht tb mjxomozn cumjh wn``-knohl (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ub nstjkòsc j

‐hbrmjtovn kut hbt hnutrj`” endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm (Kjsohlnr ;6:6),

psygcb`blost Ibhjtcjh Cjoet‟s endohotobh wjs usne. Cjoet jrtogu`jtne tcjt,

‐Mbrj` systnms jrn ohtnr`bgaohl snts bd vjùns, prjgtogns, ohstotutobhs, jhe

nvb`vne psygcb`blogj` mngcjhosms tcjt wbra tblntcnr tb supprnss br

rnlu`jtn sn`doschnss jhe mjan sbgoj` òdn pbssok`n” (Wcnrmnr ;66<). Wnvnrj`

nxpnrts jlrnne wotc tcos endohotobh (Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6), wco`n

btcnrs vonwne sugc j endohotobh ohtnhsn`y prbk`nmjtog.

Er. Molun` En @j Ubrrn, jh ntcogost, hbtne tcjt Cjoet‟s endohotobh p`jgne

mnjhohl bh vjùn jhe sn`doschnss. Dbr mjrlohjòzne gbmmuhotons, sugc j

endohotobh wbuè hbt kn oenj` (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). En @j Ubrrn gbhtohune tcjt



\rolct-;>

‐Od O wjs j mj`n drbm tcn ebmohjht gu`turn, ot wbuè kn jh nxgn``nht

stjtnmnht br mbrj` gben. Cbwnvnr, od O wnrn j wbmjh br j pnrsbh bd gb`br, O

wbuè snn mjibr prbk`nms wotc ot,” En @j Ubrrn hbtne eurohl jh ohtnrvonw.

Wohgn cumjhs jrn hbt hjturj``y gblhozjht bd cbw mbrj` gbens tcny envosn

wotc lbbe ohtnhtobhs gbuè kn eosjstrbus`y bpprnssovn tb btcnrs, sbgonty

wbuè kn wn`` jevosne tb cjvn j cnj`tcy suspogobh bd tcn gbens tcny put

dbrtc. En @j Ubrrn nstjkòscns tcjt ‐mbrj` gbens jrn wcjtnvnr tcn bpprnssne

gbmmuhoty sjys mbrj` gbens jrn” (;6:6).

Gbhvnrsn`y, Er. Ljry [. Krbwnr eoddnrne wotc En @j Ubrrn‟s grotoqun bd

Cjoet jhe vbogne tcjt tcn bpprnssne gjh kn js sn`d-snrvohl js jhybhn n`sn

gjh (Krbwnr ;6:6). Krbwnr gbhtohune tcjt ‐Iust kngjusn Qtcn bpprnssne]

cjvn endohne j mbrj` systnm ebnsh‟t hngnssjro`y mnjh ot wo`` kn iust1 oh djgt,

ot gbuè kn kjsne bh rnvnhln. Ohstnje, O wbuè jsa, –Ebns ot krohl jkbut trun

nquoty2‟” Krbwnr wjs pjrtoj` tb tcn rnlu`jtobh bd sn`doschnss gj``ne dbr oh

Cjoet‟s endohotobh. Ucn gbhtrb` bd sugc ompu`sns ‐engnhtnrs tcn sn`d”

gbrrnspbheohl tb tcn Kokògj` ntcog tb ‐`bvn ybur hnolckbr js ybursn`d” tcjt

otsn`d ‐gbhtrjeogts sn`doschnss jhe enmjhes tcjt wn tjan jhbtcnr ohtb

jggbuht” (Krbwnr ;6:6).

J`tcbulc hb strbhl gbhsnhsus br stjhejre endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm

wjs rnjgcne ky jhy bd tcn hohn ohtnrvonwnns, ot os nssnhtoj` tb hbtn tcjt

tcnrn wjs j gbhsnhsus jkbut iustogn, djorhnss, tcn btcnr, jhe mjxomozohl

cumjh wn``-knohl. Ucn bkingtovn bd pùrjòstog eoj`blun wjs jggbmpòscne



\rolct-;4

scbwohl j prnòmohjry mben` bd j mbrj` systnm gbhstrugt (Anjtnh jhe

Wbuaup ;66?). Ucnrn os g`njr`y j hnne dbr jeeotobhj` rnsnjrgc tb kn ebhn oh

tcos jrnj (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn lbj` bd tcos pjpnr wjs hbt tb nstjkòsc j

uhjeu`tnrjtne endohotobh dbr j mbrj` systnm1 rjtcnr ot gjh kn jlrnne tcjt

‐nhcjhgohl cumjh wn``-knohl bd j`` gbhsgobus grnjturns jhe j``nvojtohl

suddnrohl” (Wcnrmnr ;6:6) os tcn prjgtogj` ohtnhtobh bd jhy snhsok`n mbrj`

systnm. Jemottne`y, sugc j sukingt os ‐hbt j qunstobh tcjt mbst pnbp`n jsa

tcnmsn`vns1 tcos os j ebmjoh oh wcogc wn jgt jhe kncjvn―hbt tcoha jkbut”

(Krbwnr ;6:6).

\otc j rnspngtjk`n wbraohl gbhgnpt dbr j mbrj` systnm cjvohl knnh

nstjkòscne, tcn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts wnrn jsane tb nvjùjtn tcn mnrots bd

tcn Kok`n js j kbba nspbusohl j mbrj` systnm. Jljoh, rnspbhsns vjrone

krbje`y. Nvbùtobhjry kob`blost Er. V. Y. Mynrs rnpòne, ‐Ucn mbrj` gben oh

tcn Kok`n os bhn bd tnrrotbroj` nxpneonhgy jhe kjrkjrog s`julctnr bd jhybhn

wcb bppbsns ot1 ot os somp`y jwdu`” (Mynrs ;6:6). Btcnr sburgns rnljrene tcn

Kokògj` mbrj` systnm js j pjrt bd j `jrlnr wcb`n. Er. Inddrny Mjcjh

gbhvnyne tcn hbtobh bd tcn Kok`n js bh`y pjrt bd jh ntcogj` systnm tcjt must

j`sb rn`y cnjvo`y bh jh ohvb`vne gbmmuhoty jhe trjeotobh (Mjcjh ;6:6).

Mjcjh strnssne tcjt btcnr ohtnrprntjtovn prbgnssns must kn usne tb nhljln

tcn Kok`n. Wugc ‐hujhgne rnd`ngtobh wbuè ohgùen tcohaohl jkbut trjeotobh,

rnjsbh, jhe nxpnronhgn” (;6:6). Mjcjh stjtne tcjt tcn jpprbprojtn usn bd

tcn Kok`n scbuè kn vonwne js j sburgn bd hjrrjtovn jhe jkstrjgtobhs usne tb



\rolct-;<

cn`p rnjenrs mjan mbrj` gcbogns jhe ot wbuè kn ‐prbk`nmjtog tb rneugn tcos

kbba tb j snt bd ru`ns” (;6:6).

Jutcbr jhe iburhjòst J. I. Ijgbks stjtns tcjt gnrtjoh pjrts oh tcn Kok`n

jrn pjrt bd j prjosnwbrtcy mbrj` systnm. Ijgbks gbhtnhes, ‐@bvohl ybur

hnolckbr js ybursn`d os wosn jevogn1 kut stbhohl j gcoè tb enjtc os hbt tcn

knst wjy tb lb tcnsn ejys.” Cn mbrnbvnr jssnrts tcjt tcn Kok`n cjs j djo`-

sjdn gbvnrohl j`` nvnhtujòtons9 tcn Lbènh [u`n. Jemottne`y, tcn nddogjgy bd

tcos ru`n os prbvnh oh pbst-oheustroj` tomns9 ‐Ebh‟t kbmk jhbtcnr gbuhtry

uh`nss ybu wjht tcnm tb kbmk ybu” (Ijgbks ;6:6). Ijgbks pbohts tb j hnne

tb ‐wrnst`n gbhstjht`y wotc tcn tnxt” (;6:6) jhe tcn kbba otsn`d gbhtjohs

ohtnrhj` prbbd bd j strull`n wotc ntcogs. Cn gotns tcn bpnh jrlumnht cje ky

Lbe jhe Jkrjcjm gbhgnrhohl tcn djtn bd tcn twb gotons, Wbebm jhe

Lbmbrrjc. Ijgbks gotns tcos js prbbd tcjt Kokògj` gcjrjgtnrs eoe hbt, jt j``

tomns, kòhe`y db``bw brenrs (;6:6).

Wbgoj` psygcb`blost Er. Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr bddnrs tcjt cumjh hjturn

prndnrs k`jga jhe wcotn ntcogj` engosobhs tcjt gjh njso`y kn gjtnlbrozne ohtb

‐lbbe jhe nvo`,” purn`y kngjusn ot os jh njsonr prbgnss. Hbhntcn`nss, ‐òdn os

iust hbt tcjt somp`n kngjusn tcnrn jrn gbmpògjtne dbrgns jt wbra” (Wcnrmnr

;6:6). Wcnrmnr j`sb hbtne tcjt js sbgoj` ohstotutobhs nvb`vne, dbrgns bd

gu`turn, costbry, jhe ngbhbmogs j`sb dbrmne. ‐Cumjhs dbrm tcnor knònd

systnms dorst jhe tcnh mjan tcohls dot tcnm. \n twnja jhe dohn tuhn kbtc

tcrbulcbut costbry1 tcjt‟s wcjt ybu jrn snnohl jt wbra oh tcn Kok`n” (;6:6).



\rolct-;3

Vco`bsbpcnr Er. Ejvoe Kjsohlnr jhe btcnrs (Ijgbks ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc

;6:6) nxprnssne tcjt wco`n tcn Kok`n os hbt j mbrj` systnm, ot os pbssok`n tb

eosgbvnr wotcoh tcn Kok`n twb typns bd mbrj` pjrjeolms. Ucn dorst gbhstrugt os

j tn`nb`blogj`, br nhe-kjsne, mbrj` systnm wcnrn od gbhsnqunhgns jrn hbk`n,

tcn jgtobhs tcnmsn`vns jrn j`sb hbk`n. Ucn sngbhe gbhstrugt, rndnrrne tb js

enbhtb`blogj` ntcogs, nxpògot`y rnquorns bhn tb db``bw tcn ru`ns jhe

eosrnljreohl jhy gbhsnqunhgns (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Gbmmbh`y, sjys Kjsohlnr,

tcn Kokògj` ntcog os prbk`nmjtog kngjusn ot nmpcjsozns enbhtb`bly br ru`n-

kjsne jgtobhs. Oh sbgonty, jppògjtobh bd enbhtb`blogj` ntcogs os gbmpògjtne―

bhn Kokògj` gbmmjhe prbcokots `yohl, wco`n jhbtcnr rnquorns sjvohl tcn òdn

bd jh ohhbgnht pnrsbh.

Vco`bsbpcnr Ommjhun` Ajht comsn`d tjàne jkbut tcn Gjsn bd tcn

Ohquorohl Murenrnr , oh wcogc j cbmnbwhnr gbhdrbhtne ky j murenrnr ebns

cjvn jh bkòljtobh tb eosg`bsn tcn wcnrnjkbuts bd j dronhe (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).

Kjsohlnr stjtns tcjt Kokògj` prohgop`ns gjh gbhdògt oh tcn rnj` wbrè wcnrn ot

os hbt pbssok`n somp`y tb bkny ru`ns, kut tb probrotozn sugc ru`ns oh jh jgtuj`

sotujtobh js wn``. Ot snnms ompbssok`n tb rngbhgo`n twb gbhdògtohl Kokògj`

mjhejtns jhe, ohenne, tcos cjppnhne oh Hjzo Lnrmjhy wcnrn sbmn

cbusncbès prbtngtne nsgjpnns, wco`n btcnrs rnpbrtne tcnor prnsnhgn tb tcn

jutcbrotons (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Kjsohlnr stjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n os j prbk`nmjtog

luoen bd wcogc ntcogj` gbhstrugts tb db``bw. Nxjmp`ns gbhtjohne wotcoh, sugc



\rolct-;?

js tcn stbry bd [jcjk prbtngtohl tcn wcnrnjkbuts bd tcn spons, eb hbt g`njr`y

oheogjtn `yohl os gjtnlbrogj``y wrbhl (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).

Js j dohj` pboht, Kjsohlnr nmpcjsozns tcjt ot os ompbrtjht tb vonw tcn

Kok`n js j kbba wotcoh jh ‐ohsporjtobh-ohtnrprntjtobh gbhtnxt” (;6:6).

Gbmmbh`y gbhd`jtne, Kjsohlnr jrtogu`jtns tcjt ohsporjtobh os wcb sjoe

sbmntcohl1 wcnrnjs ohtnrprntjtobh os wcjt nxjgt`y os knohl sjoe jhe wcjt ot

mnjhs (;6:6). Ucnrndbrn, wotcoh tcn ohsporjtobh-ohtnrprntjtobh gbhtnxt, ot os

pbssok`n tb knònvn tcn Kok`n os jh jutcbroty bh ntcogs jhe sto`` qunstobh wcjt

ot mnjhs jt njgc pboht (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). En @j Ubrrn‟s pbsotobh os oh uhosbh

wotc Kjsohlnr js cn bddnrs, ‐O mjy knònvn oh tcn Kok`n1 kut mjy hbt knònvn

oh cbw ybu ohtnrprnt tcn Kok`n” (;6:6). Oh snvnrj` jspngts, En @j Ubrrn

jlrnne wotc Mynrs tcjt ‐pjrts bd tcn Kokògj` tnxt jrn prbk`nmjtog, pnrobe.

Ucnrn os g`njr lnhbgoen oh tcn Kbba bd Ibscuj jhe s`jvns prbkjk`y eoeh‟t òan

Vju` tcjt mugc notcnr” (;6:6).

Mjhy btcnrs (Krbwnr ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6)

nmpcjsozn tcjt tcn rnjenr bd tcn Kokògj` tnxt must jpprngojtn tcjt ot os jh

jssnmk`jln bd bhlbohl gbhvnrsjtobhs tcrbulc costbry gbhgnrhohl ntcogj`

eosgussobhs jhe tcn cumjh gbheotobh. Ohenne, ‐kòhe j``nlojhgn tb tcn Kok`n

scbuèh‟t kn j lbj`―bhn scbuè strull`n wotc tcn tnxt” (Mjcjh ;6:6).

[jtcnr tcjh rnp`jgn tcn Kok`n js j kbba bd butejtne ntcogs, mjhy sburgns

(Kjsohlnr ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6) snnm tb gj`` dbr jh ohhbvjtovn

rnjeohl bd tcn tnxt wotc ‐hnw nyns tcjt kjsn mbrj` tnjgcohls bh snrvohl



\rolct-76

btcnrs” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Wbgonty jhe rnjenrs bd tcn Kokògj` tnxt scbuè

kn jpprncnhsovn bd ohgòhjtobhs tb nrjsn br rnvosn vnrsns kjsne bh bur

mbmnht oh costbry, js sugc j prjgtogn ruhs gbhtrjd`bw tb cbw nstjkòscne

trjeotobhs bd rnjeohl tnxts wbras (Mjcjh ;6:6). Ucn Kok`n scbuè kn vonwne

js j gb``ngtobh bd wrotohls bvnr j vnry `bhl pnrobe oh tomn rnspbheohl tb

eoddnrnht costbrons (Krbwnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6). \cjt os

mbrn ohsolctdu`, sjys Mjcjh, os tb jgtovn`y gbhdrbht j prbk`nmjtog kbba br

sngtobh bd tcn Kok`n jhe jttnmpt tb jhswnr ‐cbw tcjt pnrobe os òan jhe

eoddnrnht drbm bur bwh jhe cbw tcjt stbry molct sto`` ohdbrm us” (Mjcjh

;6:6).

Ohenne, tcn tbhns bd Kok`n stbrons eoddnr gbhtohlnht`y drbm tcnor brolohj`

moònu9 tcn hjrrjtovn oh tcn Kok`n turhne ejranr wcnh tcn wrotnrs wnrn

tbrmnhtne ky tcnor nhnmons jhe cjpponr, mbrn stjk`n tomns rnd`ngt oh tcn

wrotohls js wn`` (Mjcjh ;6:6). Kbtc Mjcjh jhe Krbwnr vonw tcn Kok`n js j

‐gbmp`nx òkrjry bd j pnbp`n strullòhl tb uhenrstjhe tcn wbrè jhe

tcnrndbrn rnquorns gbmp`nx nhljlnmnht ky tcn rnjenr” (Mjcjh ;6:6).

Jppògjtobh bd Kokògj` mbrj`s oh tbejy‟s sbgonty os p`jstog9 hjtobhs lb tb wjr

jljohst tcn Kokògj` ohiuhgtobh jljohst murenr. Ucnrndbrn, tcn prbk`nm

kngbmns, jggbreohl tb Mjcjh (;6:6), ‐Cbw eb wn jgahbw`neln tcos

gbmp`nxoty jhe hnlbtojtn kntwnnh vjrobus gcbogns prnsnhtne ky tcn tnxt2”

Gbhtnxt os grugoj`. Vnbp`n òvohl oh pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons must

jpprngojtn tcn costbrogj` gbhtnxt bd tcn Kok`n, js ntcogs jrn gbhtnxtuj`,



\rolct-7:

jggbreohl tb [nogcnhkjgc (;6:6). Oh djgt, ‐tcn wrotnrs bd tcn Kok`n wnrn

ohtnrprntohl tcn wbrè oh tcnor bwh twostne wjy. \n scbuè hbt gbhenmh tcn

jutcbrs dbr mjaohl lcjst`y mostjans1 tcny wnrn tryohl tb uhenrstjhe tcn

wbrè, jhe tcny lbt ot wrbhl,” Mynrs (;6:6) sjoe. Cn gbhtohune ky oheogjtohl

cn dnn`s tcnrn jrn hb prbeolobus ohsolcts wotcoh tcn Kok`n tcjt ots wrotnrs

wbuè hbt cjvn cje btcnrwosn9

\cjt gbuè cjvn cjppnhne oh tcn dorst gcjptnr bd tcn Kok`n, ohstnje bd

rn`jtohl tcn stbry bd grnjtobh, os tb tn`` nvnrybhn tb wjsc tcnor cjhes.

Ucjt wbuè cjvn knnh jh ohsolct tcjt sjvne sb mjhy òvns. Ucos wjs

hbt sbmntcohl knybhe tcn gbmprncnhsobh bd promotovn pnbp`n jhe ot

wbuè cjvn knnh j mnssjln tb tcn pnbp`n jt tcn tomn tcny wbuè cjvn

uhenrstbbe. Wugc j mnssjln wbuè hbt prngùen gbmmbh snhsn

mneogj` jevogn tcny gbuè cjvn uhenrstbbe jhe jpprngojtne. (Mynrs

;6:6)

Wn g b h e V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 Nt c o g s b d K o k ` o g j ` Nx n l n s n s

Ucn sngbhe prohgopj` jrnj bd tcos rnsnjrgc nxp`brne tcn ntcogs bd

Kokògj` nxnlnsos, hjmn`y òtnrj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd ntcogj` gbmmjhes jhe

eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry. Wukingt mjttnr nxpnrt bpohobhs gbhgùene

bvnrwcn`mohl`y tcjt mbrj` ohtuotobhs gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn oheovoeuj` must kn

nmp`byne tb nddngtovn`y ljuln tcn mbrjòty bd wcjt os Kokògj``y prnsgrokne.

En @j Ubrrn stjtne tcjt tcn qunstobhjk`n vnrsns jhe stbrons gbhtjohne wotcoh

tcn Kok`n scbw tcn ‐rnjòty bd òdn” (;6:6). Durtcnr, pnbp`n must wrnst`n jhe



\rolct-7;

kn vnry volo`jht bd cbw Kokògj` luoenòhns jrn rnje jhe ohtnrprntne (Mjcjh

;6:6). En @j Ubrrn eoe hbt nsgcnw rjtobhjòsm wcnh cn stjtne tcjt,

‐Wbmnbhn wcb db``bwne nvnry vnrsn oh tcn Kok`n òtnrj``y wbuè jksbùtn`y

hbt kn j lbbe pnrsbh. Ub db``bw jhy tnxt òtnrj``y os colc`y ejhlnrbus” (En @j

Ubrrn ;6:6). Kokògj` stbrons wnrn wrottnh gnhturons jlb oh j gbhsoenrjk`y

eoddnrnht wbrè tcjh tcn pbst-oheustroj` `jhesgjpn jhe, gbhsnqunht`y, must

kn rnohtnrprntne dbr tbejy‟s gorgumstjhgns (Aohhjre ;6:6). Ucnrn somp`y os

hb mbenrh br gbhsgobhjk`n wjy tb iustody tcn Kokògj` neogt jevbgjtohl tcn

‐`nlotomjgy” bd ao`òhl rnkn`òbus gcoèrnh jhe bhn os ‐enùsobhj` od tcny knònvn

tcos os pnrmossok`n,” jggbreohl tb En @j Ubrrn.

Kjsohlnr pbsotne tcjt ntcogs jrn sbdt worne (hbrmj` jhe hjturj`) ohtb

bur hjturn jhe jrn sukingt tb rnvosobh bvnr `nhltcy pnrobes bd tomn (;6:6).

Ucn mjss rjpn jhe lnhbgoen rngbuhtne oh tcn kbba bd Humknrs scbws

‐rjtobhj` pnbp`n eoe dnn` lbbe jt bhn pboht oh costbry jkbut tcos stbry”

(Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Ot jppnjrs tcjt j sbgonty‟s mbrj` snhsotovotons cjvn sohgn

gcjhlne jhe tcnrndbrn bur gurrnht uhenrstjheohl bd Kokògj` ntcogs gjh

gcjhln jggbreohl`y. Dbr nxjmp`n, pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons cjvn prblrnssne

pjst tcn Kokògj` g`jh ntcog wcnrn ot bhgn wjs djor dbr djmoòns tb kn gjstoljtne

dbr tcn enkjugcnrons bd bhn pnrsbh1 hbw bh`y tcn oheovoeuj` os puhoscne

(Kjsohlnr ;6:6).

Er. Krugn [nogcnhkjgc stjtns tcjt tcn jppògjtobh bd mbrj` prohgop`ns oh

j lovnh gbhtnxt os grugoj` (;6:6). Ucn Kokògj` ohiuhgtobh tb stbhn j kroen tb



\rolct-77

enjtc bh cnr wneeohl holct od scn os hbt dbuhe tb kn j vorloh ebns hbt scbw

‐tomn`nss” ntcogs1 rjtcnr tcn rnjenr scbuè eovnrt dbgus drbm tcn spngodog

gbmmjhe jhe ohstnje dbgus bh tcn prohgop`n kncohe ot jhe jsa, ‐–Cbw gjh

tcjt kn jppòne tbejy2‟ Enspotn tcn djgt sbgoj` jhe tnmpbrj` gbhtnxts cjvn

gcjhlne, tcn uhenr`yohl mnssjln sto`` os pnrtohnht dbr tcos stbry9 tcjt bd

mbrj` puroty” ([nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).

Mynrs stjtns tcjt tcn qunstobhjk`n gbhstrugt bd eovohn gbmmjhe

tcnbry, js wn`` js humnrbus prbk`nmjtog Kok`n prbmbtohl jtrbgotons, cjvn hbt

gjulct bh sbgoj``y kngjusn ‐pnbp`n jrn ohcnrnht`y engnht, lbbe, jhe

gcjrotjk`n tb bhn jhbtcnr” (Mynrs ;6:6). Mynrs‟ bptomostog vonw bd cumjhoty

pbohts tbwjre jh ohtrohsog j`truosm, gbbpnrjtobh, jhe wo`òhlhnss tb lnt j`bhl

wotc bur hnolckbrs (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).

Krbwnr strnssne tcjt bhn wcb db``bwne njgc vnrsn oh tcn Kok`n òtnrj``y

wbuè kn wn`` ohtnhtobhne, kut ebns g`njr`y hbt uhenrstjhe tcn gcjhlne

gbhtnxt drbm wcogc tcn Kok`n wjs wrottnh. Cn stjtne tcjt tb gnhsurn pnbp`n

oh tcn pjst dbr òvohl oh tcnor gu`turn jhe tomn os jh uhsgrupu`bus hbtobh, ynt

tcjt ebns hbt prngùen j gbmpu`sbry iustodogjtobh oh `njrhohl drbm tcnm

(Krbwnr ;6:6). Krbwnr hbtne tcjt sbmn bd tcn mbrn eukobus Kok`n pjssjlns

duhgtobh tb grnjtn j gbcnsovn sbgoj` strugturn oh wcogc lbbehnss os endohne.

Ub usn jh nxostohl gjsn oh pboht Krbwnr sjoe, ‐tcn Mjdoj wbuè kn iuelne js

kje jhe mosluoene drbm tcn butsoen1 kut tcny jrn lbbe jhe wn``-ohtnhtobhne

pnbp`n drbm wotcoh tcnor sbgoj` strugturn” (;6:6). Ucn sjmn tcnmn bd oh-



\rolct-75

lrbup vnrsus but-lrbup sbgoj` strugturns rnljreohl qunstobhjk`n vnrsns wjs

gjrrone ky Mynrs wcb stjtne, ‐\n ebh‟t survovn js oheovoeuj`s. \n eb knttnr

wcnh wn wbra tblntcnr js tcn pjrts jrn lrnjtnr tcjh tcn wcb`n. Jhytcohl

tcjt prbmbtns sbòejroty jhe gbbpnrjtobh os nvbùtobhjro`y jevjhtjlnbus”

(Mynrs ;6:6).

Mjhy pnrgnovne j gbhstrugtovn ntcogj` prblrnssobh bggurrohl

tcrbulcbut tcn kbba bd tcn Kok`n tcnrnky kb`stnrohl tcn prnmosn tcjt tcn

Kok`n os j stbry bd cumjhoty jttnmptohl tb uhenrstjhe tcn wbrè (Krbwnr

;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).

Ucn Gben bd Cjmmurjko tcjt prn-ejtns tcn Kok`n gj``ne dbr nxtrnmn

rntrokutobhs, dbr ohstjhgn tcn `bss bd sbmnbhn‟s nyn gbuè mnjh enjtc. Ucn

Bè Unstjmnht scbws mbrj` prblrnss wotc ‐jh nyn dbr jh nyn.” Ucn Hnw

Unstjmnht scbws nvnh durtcnr prblrnss wotc ‐turh tcn btcnr gcnna.” Ucn

tomn spjh gbvnrohl sugc prblrnss os cuhernes, od hbt tcbusjhes, bd ynjrs

(Ijgbks ;6:6). Wugc prblrnss gjtj`blne oh tcn Kok`n ‐sbuhes kjrkjrog, kut

costbrogj``y, ot‟s jgtuj``y j kol stnp dbrwjre” (Ijgbks ;6:6). Vco`bsbpcnrs hbtn

j eostohgtovn trjhsdnrnhgn drbm jgt ntcog tb vortun ntcog js tcn any eostohgtobh

kntwnnh tcn Bè jhe Hnw Unstjmnhts. Ohstnje bd stbhohl jeu`tnrnrs, tcn

qunstobh kngjmn, ‐\cjt typn bd gcjrjgtnr ebns jeu`tnry stnm drbm2”

([nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).

Bvnrwcn`mohl gbhsnhsus jmbhl nxpnrts oheogjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n ebns

hbt rnd`ngt gbhtnmpbrjry pbst-oheustroj` sbgonty, kut rjtcnr rnd`ngts tcn tomns



\rolct-7>

oh wcogc tcn kbba wjs wrottnh, jggbreohl tb Mynrs. Ucn Hnw Unstjmnht

scbws ots rnjenrs tcn ntcogs bd tcn `jtn [bmjh Nmporn jhe wjs wrottnh dbr

s`jvn-cbèohl pnbp`n oh tcn tcore gnhtury. Mynrs stjtns, ‐Ucn ntcogs

gbhtjohne wotcoh jrn u`tomjtn`y cjrmohl sbgonty ky knstbwohl jutcbroty tcjt

cjs rnj` òtt`n rn`nvjhgn bh mbenrh ejy sbgonty jhe ot os cbèohl us kjga”

(;6:6).

Ucn sbgoj` mbrns jt tcn tomn bd tcn wrotohl bd tcn vjrobus kbbas oh tcn

Kok`n kngjmn tcn mbrj` gben dbr tcjt pjrtogu`jr znotlnost (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).

Ucnsn sbgoj` kncjvobrs ohgùen ‐sbgoj` gbhtrjgts sugc js eb hbt ao`` jhe eb

hbt stnj`” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Ucn any tb j mbrn jggurjtn rnjeohl os tb rn-

rnje tcn tnxt hbw wotc tcn nyns bd tcn mjrlohjòzne jhe tb mjan ot rn`nvjht

tb tbejy‟s sbgonty. Js gbmmbh prjgtogn, rnjenrs scbuè ‐eosmoss pjrts bd tcn

Kok`n tcjt eb hbt krohl jkuhejht òdn js gj``ne dbr oh Ibch :69:6” (En @j

Ubrrn ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).

Uc o r e V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 K o j s n s b d K ok ` o g j ` Nx n l n s n s

Ucn tcore prohgop`n jrnj bd ohquory nxjmohne tcn kojsns bd Kokògj`

nxnlnsos9 tcn hjturn bd ohtnrprntjtobh, rnvosobh bd tcn tnxt, jhe tcn

entnrmohjtobh bd j mbrj` gbmpjss wotcoh tcn Kokògj` tnxt otsn`d. Humnrbus

sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts g`jomne tcjt tcnrn os hb tngchoqun tb vnrody tcn nxjgt

ohtnrprntjtobh br trjhs`jtobh bd tcn Kok`n. En @j Ubrrn stjtns tcjt, ‐Kojsns lb

ohtb ohtnrprntjtobh jhe tcn wbres gcbsnh scbw kojsns. Ucnrn os hb bkingtovn

trjhs`jtobh1 hbhn” (;6:6). Ohenne, nvnh pnbp`n djmoòjr wotc tcn brolohj`



\rolct-74

`jhlujlns bd tcn Kok`n hnne kn gjutobus bd tcnor bwh ohtnrprntjtobhs. Oh djgt,

‐wcnhnvnr ybu tjà tb sbmnkbey wcb dolurne but Qtcn Kok`n] cbè bh tb ybur

wj``nt br ybur sbu`―ybu‟`` `bsn bhn br kbtc,” En @j Ubrrn ibane. Ucn brolohj`

`jhlujln, costbrogj` gbhtnxt, jhe tcnh vjrobus wjys bd ohtnrprntohl vjrobus

vnrsns j`` gbmn ohtb p`jy wco`n nxjmohohl kojsns bd Kokògj` nxnlnsos (En @j

Ubrrn ;6:6, Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6). J sjònht

gcjrjgtnrostog bd oheovoeujòzjtobh os tb sjy, ‐O, mysn`d, cjvn dbuhe tcn

jhswnr” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Hnvnrtcn`nss, ot wo`` j`wjys kn jh ohtnrprntjtobh

od sbmntcohl os hbt oh tcn brolohj` `jhlujln (Aohhjre ;6:6).

Mjcjh stjtns tcjt ot wbuè kn ompbssok`n tb tjan nvnry Kok`n pjssjln

òtnrj``y. ‐Ucn Vsj`most eng`jrns jt bhn pboht, –Cn os òan j trnn p`jhtne ky j

rovnr.‟ G`njr`y somo`ns jhe mntjpcbrs jrn usne jhe cnrmnhnutogs jrn hnnene

sb js tb dohe gbhsostnhgy” (Mjcjh ;6:6).

Mynrs stjtns tcn djgt tcjt tcn Kok`n gjh kn do`tnrne tb mnnt pnbp`n‟s

hjturj` prngbhgnptobhs jhe tcos strbhl`y pbohts tbwjres tcn gbhdormjtobh

kojs nxjmohne oh tcn òtnrjturn rnvonw (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn

tnxt gjh kn rnje oh vnry uhgcjrotjk`n wjys9 cbmbsnxuj`s scbuè kn

bstrjgozne jhe mjrrojln must kn kntwnnh j mjh jhe wbmjh. Ot os pbssok`n

tb rnje ot jhy wjy ybu wjht jhe twost ot tb gbhdbrm tb ybur oenjs jhe oenj`s

(Mynrs ;6:6). Wcnrmnr stjtns tcjt tcnsn vnrsns gbhenmhohl cbmbsnxujòty

gjh kn rnje js mnjsurns tb nhsurn tcjt j sbgoj` lrbup wo`` gbhtohun ohtb tcn

duturn9 ‐Od ybu cjvn j smj`` pbpu`jtobh jhe wjht mbrn kjkons,



\rolct-7<

cbmbsnxujòty osh‟t lbohl tb cn`p. Wb tcnrn molct cjvn knnh lbbe rnjsbhs

dbr sbmn bd tcnsn prbcokotobhs sugc js tcn dnguheoty bd tcn lrbup” (Wcnrmnr

;6:6). Tnrsns jevbgjtohl pb`yljmy jrn jh nvbùtobhjry gbhstrugt bd colc-

rjhaohl j`pcj mj`ns (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).

Mbst rnje tcn tnxt wotc, ohstnje bd jljohst, tcn lrjoh jhe gbhdògtohl

uhenrstjheohls bd pjrtogu`jr vnrsns jrn eosrnljrene (Aohhjre ;6:6).

Durtcnrmbrn, stjtne Aohhjre, pnbp`n cjvn tcn prbgòvoty tb olhbrn tcohls tcjt

gbhdògt wotc wcjt tcny knònvn. ‐Insus, Qbhn bd tcn Kok`n‟s mjoh gcjrjgtnrs,]

wbrn tndo`òh sox ejys j wnna. Ucjt‟s hbt oh tcn tnxt, kut gu`turj``y, tcjt wjs

tcn gustbm tcjt cjs sohgn knnh `bst tb rnohtnrprntjtobhs” (Aohhjre ;6:6).

Krbwnr rnmjras tcjt rnljre`nss bd prngbhgnptobhs, tcnrn hnnes tb kn j

gbhsostnhgy bd tcn ‐cj``mjras bd sgropturj` trjeotobh” oh wcogc ‐cbspotjòty,

iustogn, gjrn dbr hnolckbrs, gbmpjssobh, `bvn bd tcn pbbr, jhe engnhtnrohl bd

tcn sn`d jrn prnvj`nht” (Krbwnr ;6:6). Durtcnr, vnrsns wo`` kn gcnrry-pogane

js pnbp`n wo`` gcbbsn tcbsn vnrsns tcjt suot tcnor pnrsbhjòtons, mugc òan j

Kokògj` gjdntnroj (Krbwnr ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:6). Dohj``y, Krbwnr stjtns tcjt tcn

Kokògj` kojsns ohtnrhj` tb tcn ebgumnht wo`` scodt js pjr wotc cumjh hjturn,

òan tcn eojry bd j mjh oh cos njr`y jeu`tcbbe molct momog tcn gj`mnr vnrsns

bd tcn Kok`n. Cbwnvnr, tcjt sjmn mjh‟s eojry jdtnr gjhgnr jttjgas cos

pjrnhts molct snnm tb ohvjòejtn cos wrotohls drbm prnvobus ynjrs (Krbwnr

;6:6).



\rolct-73

Ub tcos pboht, En @j Ubrrn nmpcjsozns tcjt ‐prbbd-tnxtohl” os

ejhlnrbus kngjusn ot os gcnrry pogaohl1 gbhtnxt jhe tcn sporot bd tcn tnxt jhe

tomn scbuè kn tcn entnrmohohl djgtbr dbr ohgbhsostnhgons. Jeeotobhj``y, tcn

Kok`n os hbt j mbhbòtcog kbba. Wbmn pjrts jrn ntcogj``y kjsne, wco`n btcnrs

somp`y eb hbt rn`jtn tb ntcogs (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). ^`tomjtn`y, od j Kokògj`

vnrsn os ‐ohtnrprntne òtnrj``y jhe krohls enjtc br gjusns pnbp`n tb lb

cuhlry, ot gnrtjoh`y stjhes oh bppbsotobh tb tcn mbenrh mnssjln bd tcn

Kokògj` tnxt. Vnbp`n wcb rnje vnrsns òtnrj``y eb cbrrok`n cjrm tb tcnmsn`vns

jhe btcnrs” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).

Ijgbks vonws tcn Kok`n js j snt bd nxpnromnhts gbhgnrhohl wcjt

cumjhs bhgn tcbulct jkbut rolct jhe wrbhl jgrbss gu`turns. Cn jevbgjtns j

‐gjdntnroj” rnjeohl bd tcn Kok`n, bhn oh wcogc tcn rnjenr gcbbsns tcn pbohts

tcjt rnsbhjtn wotcoh tcn mohe jhe cnjrt bd tcn rnjenr. Ijgbks endnhes

pbtnhtoj` grotogosm ky btcnrs bd cos gjdntnroj jpprbjgc ky jssnrtohl9 ‐\cjt‟s

wrbhl wotc gjdntnrojs2 O cjvn cje sbmn prntty lrnjt mnj`s jt gjdntnrojs. Ot‟s

j`` jkbut gcbbsohl wcogc eoscns jrn lbbe jhe hutrotobus―tcn sjmn tcohl

lbns dbr tcn Kok`n. \n‟vn ebhn j prntty lbbe ibk bvnrj`` bd sbdtnhohl tcn

Kok`n jhe gcbbsohl tcn pjrts jkbut `bvohl ybur hnolckbr wco`n olhbrohl btcnr

pjrts” (Ijgbks ;6:6).

[nljreohl tcn prbgòvoty tb gcbbsn vnrsns sn`ngtovn`y, Mjcjh stjtns

tcjt kbtc oheovoeuj`s jhe gbmmuhotons gbhstrugt mbrj` drjmnwbras jhe wotc

eoddnrnht ohtnrprntjtobhs, eoddnrnht gbmmjhes mbvn tb tcn dbrndrbht wcnrn



\rolct-7?

tcny jrn tcnh nmpcjsozne. Ucn lbj` os tb mjan kbuhejrons pbrbus jhe

sbgonty scbuè kn erjwh tb tnxts tcjt gbhdorm bur uhenrstjheohl (Mjcjh

;6:6). Mjcjh sullnsts tcjt rnjenrs bd tcn Kok`n tjà jkbut trbukòhl tnxts

jhe rnje ot wotc hnw nyns. Ucn rnjenr scbuè ‐jsa tcn cjre qunstobhs jhe

jsa od tcn vnrsn snrvns us wn`` jhe cbw sb” (;6:6). Bh`y tcnh wo`` hnw

rnjeohls nmnrln tcjt cjvn òknrjtovn pbwnr. Tjùjk`n mbrj` eosgbursn gbmns

tcrbulc tcn strull`n bd uhenrstjheohl cbw ot bhgn ohdbrmne tcn jhgonht

wbrè jhe cbw ot ohdbrms tcos wbrè, tbb (Mjcjh ;6:6).

Ohenne, tbulc qunstobhs bulct tb kn jsane, sjys Kjsohlnr. Ucn Kok`n os

hbt j sburgn bd nheurohl kncjvobrj` nxpngtjtobhs. Ot os j sburgn bd tomn`nss

prohgop`ns jppòne oh gbhtnxt. \cjt ebns iustogn jhe djorhnss mnjh oh tcn

Kokògj` wbrè2 Ucnrn must kn j ‐Kokògj` jppògjtobh rn`jtovozne tb prnsnht

gbhtnxts” (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Kjsohlnr gotns tcn gurrnht enkjtn jkbut snx

butsoen bd mjrrojln. Cn stjtns tcjt oh Kokògj` gbhtnxt, tcnrn wjs hb ejtohl

js ot os hbw ahbwh tbejy. Bhgn j pnrsbh kngjmn snxuj``y jgtovn, mjrrojln

sbbh db``bwne jt j vnry ybuhl jln. Oh pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons, tcnrn os tnh

tb dodtnnh ynjrs bd jeeotobhj` snxuj` mjturoty butsoen bd mjrrojln jhe ‐tcn

Kok`n tjàs j `bt jkbut snx jhe prohgop`ns, kut hbt wcjt j gbup`n gjh eb br

cbw djr tb lb bh j ejtn. Wcbuè nvnrybhn db``bw `jws prbsgrokne oh tcn Kok`n

tbejy2 Hb. Ucnrn jrn sbmn lnhnrj` mbrj` prohgop`ns, kut tcn jppògjtobh tb

gu`turn hnnes tb kn mjen” (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).



\rolct-56

Db u r t c V r o h g op j ` J r n j 9 Vb s t - O h e u s t r o j ` O s su n s j h e K o k ` ob h b r m j ` oz j t o b h

Ucn dohj` qunstobhs dbgusne bh tcn `jst prohgop`n jrnj, pbst-oheustroj`

ossuns jhe kokòbhbrmjòzjtobh. Ucn ompbrtjhgn bd tcos òhn bd qunstobhohl os

twb-dbè. Dorst, mjhy pbst-oheustroj` ossuns jrn hbt jeernssne oh tcn Kok`n, sb

cbw scbuè rnjenrs mjan ohdbrmne engosobhs jkbut tcnsn mjttnrs2 Wngbhe,

wcy cjs sbgonty gcbsnh tb vnhnrjtn tcn Kok`n bvnr btcnr wbras sugc js

Wcjanspnjrn, Torlo`, Cbmnr, br Culb2 En @j Ubrrn stjtns tcjt mbenrh

ohtnrprntjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n nmpcjsozn òdn―jkuhejht òdn―jhe jhytcohl

gbhtrjry tb tcos gbhgnpt, sugc js hug`njr cb`bgjust, scbuè kn scuhhne

(;6:6). Hnvnrtcn`nss, cn pbohts but tcjt òdn cjs jh ohcnrnht mnssohnss

wcnrn tcn knst mbrj` gbens gjh kn envosne sb `bhl js tcn gben lovnr os hbt

jddngtne ky tcn engosobh. Cbwnvnr, pòjkoòty bd tcbsn mbrj` gbens hnnes tb

bggur wcnh bhn os djgne wotc uhprngnenhtne gorgumstjhgns. Ohgoenhtj``y,

tcos gbhgnpt tons kjga oh wotc tcn bpprnssne9 mbrj` gbens gjh kn envosne js

`bhl js bhn os hbt ljy br pbbr, kut tcohls gjh gcjhln bhgn nxpbsurn tb

tcbsn bpprnssobhs gcjhlns bhns vonw. Durtcnr, vonws bh nutcjhjsoj br stnm

gn`` rnsnjrgc gjh kngbmn p`jstog wcnh sn`d br `bvne bhns‟ òvns jrn jt stjan

(En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).

Kjsohlnr jlrnns wotc En @j Ubrrn oh tcjt pbst-oheustroj` gbhstrugts

sugc js rnprbeugtovn tngchb`blons jhe mbenrh ngbhbmogs jrn hbt eorngt`y

eosgussne oh tcn Kok`n. Ucjt ebns hbt mnjh, cbwnvnr, tcjt tcnrn jrn hbt

rn`nvjht jhe scjrne prohgop`ns ohgùene oh tcn Kok`n. Kjsohlnr jsane, ‐\cjt



\rolct-5:

ohhjtn prohgop`n ohstrugts sbmnbhn jkbut g`bhohl2” (;6:6). [nogcnhkjgc

db``bws suot jhe sjys tcjt wn must dohe uhovnrsj` prohgop`ns oh tcn Kok`n jhe

tcnh rn`jtn tcnm tb mbenrh ejy sotujtobhs. Kngjusn tcnrn jrn hb gbhgrntn

jppògjtobhs mnhtobhne, wn must mbvn ohstnje tb prohgop`ns. Bd gbursn,

snvnrj` eoddnrnht prohgop`ns gjh kn jppògjk`n oh j lovnh sotujtobh. Js snnh

njrònr, tcnrn os j probrotozjtobh jhe jppògjtobh bd prohgop`ns tcjt gjh eoddnr ky

jppògjtobh drbm vjrobus pnbp`n rnljreohl pbst-oheustroj` ossuns jhe mbrj`

prbk`nms (Kjsohlnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:61 Wcnrmnr

;6:6).

En @j Ubrrn uhenrsgbrns jh ohtnrnstohl pboht9 ‐Ucn Kokògj` tnxt cjs

spbanh tb lnhnrjtobhs kbtc gbhstrugtovn`y jhe enstrugtovn`y. J sohl`n vnrsn

gjh kn ohtnrprntne ky `njenrs dbr kje wjys jhe ky tcn bpprnssne oh cnj`tcy

wjys. Hnvnrtcn`nss, wn gjhhbt eosmoss tcn lbbe usjlns bd tcn Kokògj` tnxt”

(En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Durtcnr, wn gjhhbt olhbrn tcn jlnhejs tcn wrotnrs bd

tcn Kok`n krbulct tb tcn tnxt. Ucnrn uhebuktne`y hnnes tb kn ‐mbrn hujhgne

rnjeohl jhe tcnh ebohl,” cn oheogjtne.

Ijgbks stjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n wjs jh ohdùnhtoj` kbba oh jhe dbr wnstnrh

gu`turn. Ohenne, ‐tcbusjhes bd gbmmuhotons jhe ko`òbhs bd pnbp`n cjvn

gcbsnh tb òvn òvns kjsne bh tcn Kok`n. Ot os tcn dbuhejtobh dbr gu`turns―

btcnr kbbas jrn lrnjt, kut tcny `jga tcn ohdùnhgn bd tcn Kok`n, Ijgbks

knònvne. \co`n ot cjs knnh nstjkòscne tcjt bhn pnrsbh eoe hbt jutcbr tcn

Kok`n, Ijgbks sjys ot os ompbrtjht tb vonw tcn tnxt js j sbrt bd ‐Krbhzn-Jln



\rolct-5;

\oaopneoj” tcjt wjs gbhstjht`y knohl jutcbrne, neotne, jhe upejtne ky

mjhy eoddnrnht pnbp`n.

Wcnrmnr sjys ‐O tcoha QVrnsoenht Ko``] Gòhtbh lbt ot rolct wcnh cn sjoe,

–Ot‟s tcn ngbhbmy, stupoe.‟ Ucn Kok`n os j vnry smj`` wroha`n gbmpjrne tb tcn

pbwnr bd ngbhbmog systnms, stbga mjrants, jhe btcnr dbrgns” (Wcnrmnr

;6:6). Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt pnbp`n jrn lrnjt`y ohdùnhgne ky ohtnrnst rjtns

bh cbmn `bjhs9 ‐\cjt gjh kn djrtcnr rnmbvne drbm tcn Kok`n2” (;6:6).

Wcnrmnr bptomostogj``y `bbas tbwjre j knttnr jhe krolctnr pbst-oheustroj`

duturn wcnrn tcn Kok`n ebns hbt ohdùnhgn sbgoj` pbògy js mugc js ot bhgn

eoe. Oh djgt, ‐Mbrn sbgontons jrn mbrn tb`nrjht mbrn p`jgns dbr mbrn pnbp`n

dbr eovnrsoty bd knònd. Ucjt trnhe wo`` gbhtohun ohtb tcn djr duturn. Ucnrndbrn,

wn scbuè kn bptomostog oh tcjt snhsn. QUcn Kok`n] wo`` kn `nss jhe `nss

pbwnrdu` js j dbrgn js ngbhbmogs jhe pbòtogs kngbmn wcjt erovn tcn wbrè”

(Wcnrmnr ;6:6).

Mynrs sjys tcjt tcn Kok`n os n`nvjtne mbrn sb tcjh btcnr kbbas

kngjusn bd ohtnrhj``y g`jomne eovohn jutcbrscop. ‐Ucos mnjhs tcjt ot must kn

j knttnr kbba tcjh Wcjanspnjrojh òtnrjturn,” cn quoppne. ‐Vnbp`n ebh‟t òan

tb `njrh1 tcny òan scbrtguts tb `njrhohl jhe ot os njsy tb rn`y bh tcn Kok`n

kngjusn jutcbrotons tn`` us ot os lbbe.” Vnbp`n j`sb òan tcn Kok`n kngjusn ot

gbhtjohs nmpcjsozne `nlnhe tcjt g`njr`y os djhgodu` ernjmohl. ‐Hbjc eone jt

jln ?>6. Drbm j kob`blogj` pboht bd vonw, tcnrn os hb jevjhtjln tb cjvohl j



\rolct-57

lnhbmn tcjt wbuè j``bw ybu tb òvn tcjt `bhl. Ucnsn stbrons jrn omprbkjk`n

jhe jrn iust p`joh `yohl. J kbba os j kbba” (Mynrs ;6:6).

Wy h t c n s o s b d O h t n r v o n w s

J`` hohn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts krbulct jh ohtnrnstohl eyhjmog tb tcn

nxp`brjtobh bd Kokògj` nxnlnsos jhe ots rb`n oh pbst-oheustrojòzne sbgontons. Ot

jppnjrs tcjt j`` dovn lrbups bd oheovoeuj`s9 ntcogosts, tcnb`blojhs,

pco`bsbpcnrs, nvbùtobhjry kob`blosts, jhe psygcb`blosts jrn jgtovn`y

nhljlohl tcn Kok`n js j pbwnrdu` kbba tcjt, oh tcn cjhes bd ots rnjenrs, gjh

kn j eovosovn ohstrumnht tb eb kbtc cjrm jhe lbbe. Ucn trnhes nvjùjtne oh

tcn òtnrjturn rnvonw coht jt j scodtohl bd tcn gu`turj` znotlnost tcjt knspnjas

rnjenrs nhljlohl tcn kbba js òtnrjturn tcjt os sukingt tb tcn gbhdormjtobh

kojs.

Drbm tcn stjhepboht bd ntcogs, kbtc Molun` En @j Ubrrn jhe Ejvoe

Kjsohlnr snnm tb kn jevbgjtohl j hnw rnjeohl bd tcn tnxt tcjt nvjùjtns tcn

costbrogj` gbhtnxt bd Kokògj` mbrns. Wugc j hnw rnjeohl must kn mjen

snnmohl`y drbm kncohe j vno` bd olhbrjhgn wcnrn tcn bpprnssne jrn lovnh j

vbogn tb cn`p grnjtn j vojk`n mbrj` gbhstrugt (Kjsohlnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn

;6:6).

Wpnjaohl drbm j tcnb`bly stjhepboht, Ljry Krbwnr, J. I. Ijgbks, jhe

Inddrny Mjcjh j`` strnss tcjt wn``-ohtnhtobhne rnjenrs must tjan gjrn jhe

gbhsu`t tcn lrnjtnr gbmmuhoty js wn`` js rnd`ngt bh tcn pbst-oheustroj`

znotlnosts kndbrn jpp`yohl jhgonht ntcogj` drjmnwbras tb mbenrh ejy sbgonty.



\rolct-55

‐Gjdntnroj” rnjeohls jhe ohtnrprntjtobhs jrn hbt tjkbb kut rjtcnr

rngbmmnhene js cumjhoty cjs prblrnssne pjst mugc bd tcn kjrkjrosm

gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn Kok`n (Krbwnr ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6).

Krugn [nogcnhkjgc jhe Ijgbk Aohhjre rnprnsnhtne tcn pco`bsbpcogj`

stjhepboht, nmpcjsozohl tcjt tcn Kokògj` rnjenr must jpprngojtn tcn tnxt js

jh jssnmk`jln bd bhlbohl gbhvnrsjtobhs tcrbulcbut tcn costbry bd ntcogs jhe

tcn cumjh gbheotobh. Durtcnr, j trjhsdnrrohl drbm jgt ntcog tb vortun ntcog

mjras tcn mbrj` prblrnss bd cumjhoty. Hbhntcn`nss, tcn uhenr`yohl

mnssjlns bd stbrons rnmjoh uhgcjhlne (Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).

V. Y. Mynrs rnprnsnhtne jh nvbùtobhjry kob`blost‟s pnrspngtovn bd tcn

Kok`n oh wcogc tcn ntcogs gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn Kok`n jrn cjrmohl sbgonty, kut

tcn ejmjln gbuè kn mugc wbrsn. Ucjhadu``y, pnbp`n jrn ohcnrnht`y engnht

jhe gcjrotjk`n. J tru`y lbbe kbba, jggbreohl tb Mynrs, wbuè cjvn gbmmbh

snhsn jevogn oh jeeotobh tb ntcogs tcjt nhgbmpjss kbtc oh jhe but lrbups

(Mynrs ;6:6).

Drbm j sbgoj` psygcb`bly stjhepboht, Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt tcn

Kok`n wo`` mbvn mbrn jhe mbrn ohtb tcn kjgalrbuhe js pbòtogj` jhe

ngbhbmog gbhstrugts ljoh mbmnhtum. Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt sbgoj` ntcogs

hnne tb dbgus bh tcn wn``-knohl bd gbhsgobus grnjturns jhe tcjt sbgontons wo``

kngbmn ohgrnjsohl`y mbrn tb`nrjht js sbgoj` prblrnss os mjen (Wcnrmnr

;6:6).



\rolct-5>

Wp n g u ` j t ob h b d K o k ` o g j ` Nx t r n m o s t T o nw s U b w j r e t c o s U c n s os

J`` bd tcn ohtnrvonws rn`y bh tcn jssumptobh tcjt òknrj` jhe mbenrjtn

rnjenrs uhenrstjhe tcn Kok`n wjs wrottnh bvnr gnhturons ky vjrobus pnbp`ns.

\co`n tcos sngtobh gbuè kn vonwne js uhdbuhene spngu`jtobh jhe gbhingturn

ky tcos rnsnjrgcnr, ot gbuè kn jrlune tcjt mbrn nxtrnmost vonws prnsnht j

eoddnrnht jhe pnrcjps mbrn jggurjtn `jhesgjpn bd tcn Kok`n jhe gu`turj`

znotlnost.

Vrnsumjk`y, tcn Kokògj` nxtrnmost wbuè strbhl`y bkingt tb qunstobhohl

tcn Kokògj` tnxt wcjtsbnvnr. Durtcnr, tcn Kokògj` duhejmnhtjòst wbuè dnn`

tcjt od bhn dbuhe jh nrrbr oh tcn Kok`n, bhn cjs hbt du``y nxp`brne tcn tnxt

nhbulc. Ucn snnmohl`y nxjllnrjtne jlns bd mjhy bd tcn Kokògj` gcjrjgtnrs

scbws tcn rnjenr j colc enlrnn bd rolctnbushnss tb cjvn knnh k`nssne wotc

sugc j `bhl òdn. Ucn kjr gcjrts, rnprnsnhtohl tcn humknr bd enjtcs ky Lbe

jhe Wjtjh njrònr oh tcn òtnrjturn rnvonw, rnvnj`s tcjt pnrcjps tcn mjoh

gcjrjgtnr bd tcn Kok`n, Lbe, cje tcn jkoòty tb wopn tcnm drbm tcn njrtc js

tcny wnrn nvo` jhe tcjt ot os snhsn`nss tb qunstobh tcn mbtovns bd j eovohn

gcjrjgtnr oh j kbba. Ucny eb hbt snn jhytcohl wrbhl wotc knònvohl tcjt tcn

hjtovoty stbry js rn`jtne oh tcn Hnw Unstjmnht os òtnrj``y trun―vorloh kortc

jhe j``.

Ub knònvn oh tcnsn stbrons js stbrons ebns hb ejmjln tb jhybhn,

ohgùeohl tcn rnjenr. Js cjs knnh scbwh, mugc os wosn, gbhsbòhl, jhe

knjutodu` oh bur rnòlobus kbbas. Hnvnrtcn`nss, wbres bd wosebm jhe



\rolct-54

gbhsb`jtobh jhe knjuty jkbuhe oh tcn pjlns bd Wcjanspnjrn, Torlo`, Cbmnr,

jhe Culb js wn``, jhe prnsumjk`y, hb bhn nvnr mjssjgrne btcnrs kngjusn

bd tcn ohsporjtobh erjwh drbm tcnsn g`jssogs (Cjrros ;665). Ot bh`y kngbmns

prbk`nmjtog wcnh tcos gb``ngtobh bd kbbas dnnes j dorn bd suppbsne mbrj`

rolctnbushnss. Js scbwh oh Jppnheox G, ot os pbssok`n tb bktjoh `bdty jhe

ntcogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd jhy kbba, ohgùeohl j Cjwjoojh gbbakbba. Vnbp`n

jrn ao``ne, bstrjgozne, br snrobus`y cjrmne kngjusn bd vjryohl ohtnrprntjtobhs

bd jhgonht òtnrjturn.

GBHG@^WOBH

Gb h g ` u s ob h b d @ o t n r j t u r n [ n v on w

J enkjtn jkbut ntcogj` gbhsoenrjtobhs jhe Kokògj` rn`nvjhgons os

rn`nvjht tbejy kngjusn mugc bd sbgoj` prblrnss snnms tb kn jt bees wotc

sbmn bd wcjt cjs knnh wrottnh oh tcn Kok`n js tcn j``nlne dbuhejtobh bd

sbgontj` ntcogs. Ucos strull`n jljohst twb ntcogj` systnms j`sb gjrrons

kjlljln bd sn`ngtovn ohtnrprntjtobh wcnh jppòne tb mbenrh ossuns. Ucn

nvoenhgn sullnsts tcjt mbst cumjhs cjvn j strbhl snhsn bd rolct jhe wrbhl

wotcbut gbhsu`tohl tcn Kok`n (Kjlloho ;667). Wbmn dnn` tcjt gjpotj`

puhoscmnht os iustodone, kut jkbrtobh os mbrj``y rnprncnhsok`n. Ot os

ohtnrnstohl tb hbtn tcn eoddnrnhgns bd bpohobh wotc wcogc nvnh sbgonty

ohtnrprnts tcn soxtc gbmmjhemnht. Ucnsn ompògjtobhs jddngt pukòg pbògy,

eoj`blun, jhe jrn sbmn bd tcn mbst prnssohl ossuns bd bur tomn.



\rolct-5<

Jhgonht Lrnna pco`bsbpcy stjtns tcjt gbhgnpts bd rolct jhe wrbhl must

bpnrjtn ohenpnhenht`y bd j knònd oh Lbe (Kjlloho ;667). Ucos rnsnjrgc cjs

j`sb scbwh cbw ntcogj` mnmns momog tcn nvbùtobhjry prbgnssns js tcny jrn

gjrrone tcrbulcbut costbry (Ejwaohs ;664). [nvonw bd òtnrjturn pbohts

tbwjre jhgonht prjgtogns oh tcn Kok`n tcjt jrn hb `bhlnr prjgtogne br jrn

but`jwne ky mbst `nlj` systnms oh tcn wbrè tbejy (MjgVcnn ;66;). Btcnr

sburgns cjvn scbwh tcjt kjsohl ntcogj` engosobh-mjaohl prjgtogns oh pbst-

oheustroj` sbgontons, usohl jh jhtneoùvojh ntcogj` drjmnwbra, gjh kn

pbtnhtoj``y enstrugtovn tb sbgonty (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641

MjgVcnn ;66;). Dohj``y, btcnr sburgns o`ùstrjtn tcjt j`` knònds scbuè kn

rolbrbus`y qunstobhne jhe prbvnh bkingtovn`y ky nxtnrhj``y vjòejtohl

sburgns. Mjhy pnbp`n mjan entnrmohjtobhs bd trutc kjsne upbh jutcbroty br

trjeotobh jhe hbt ky j gjrndu` rnvonw bd bkingtovn nvoenhgn (Wcnrmnr :??41

Wcnrmnr :??<). Ucn gnhtrj` oenj bd mjhy bd tcnsn sburgns rnvb`vns jrbuhe

tcn hnne dbr sbgonty tb nhljln oh mntjgblhotobh jkbut tcn brolohs bd mbenrh

ejy ntcogs.

Wngu`jrosts wcb knònvn ntcogj` entnrmohjtobhs jrn mjen drbm wotcoh

tcn oheovoeuj` jrn jt bees wotc sbmn Kokògj` mbenrjtns wcb knònvn ntcogs

gbmn drbm tcn Kok`n. Kngjusn ntcogj` engosobh mjaohl oh tcn twnhty-dorst

gnhtury hnne hbt rn`y nxgùsovn`y bh jhgonht Kokògj` knònds jhe prjgtogns, ot

os ompbrtjht tb nhljln oh eoj`blun jkbut tcnsn ompbrtjht ossuns.



\rolct-53

Gb h g ` u s ob h b d O h t n r v o n w n n s

Ucn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts ohtnrvonwne dbr tcos rnsnjrgc prbingt cn`pne

tb strntgc j saoh bvnr tcn drjmnwbra bd òtnrjturn eosgbvnrne. Jt tomns, tcn

ohdbrmjtobh prbddnrne ky tcn ohtnrvonwnns nxgnnene tcn sgbpn bd tcn

òtnrjturn rnvonw1 jt btcnr tomns, tcn ohdbrmjtobh tcny prbvoene ngcbne tcjt

bd tcn pnnr-rnvonwne sburgns. Ucn ohtnrvonwnns j`sb cn`pne drjmn tcn

ohdbrmjtobh wotcoh j cumjh gbhtnxt. Ot wbuè jppnjr tcjt cumjhoty cjs j

‐mbrj` lrjmmjr” jhe j gjpjgoty dbr mbrjòty (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn

ohtrogjgons bd tcn Kok`n must kn gjrndu``y nhljlne js jh jhgonht ebgumnht

ebgumnhtohl tcn strull`ns mjen ky tcbsn jttnmptohl tb uhenrstjhe tcnor

wbrè jhe cbw tcny bulct tb rn`jtn tb bhn jhbtcnr. Ucn Kok`n prbvoens j

lrnjt vonw bd tcn prblrnss mjen, ynt j gursbry l`jhgn jt tbejy‟s sbgonty

oheogjtns tcjt tcnrn os mugc wbra tb kn ebhn. Gbhstjht omprbvnmnht, hnw

rnjeohls tcjt nhgburjln jkuhejht òdn, jhe nmkrjgohl cumjh wn``-knohl

knhndottohl j`` lrbups, ohgùeohl tcn bpprnssne, os oh brenr, jggbreohl tb En

@j Ubrrn, Mjcjh, jhe Wcnrmnr.

D oh j ` Gb h g ù s o b h j h e U c b u l c t s

Ucn Kok`n uhebuktne`y cjs mbène costbry dbr knttnr br wbrsn. Ucjt

sjoe, tcn nvoenhgn prbddnrne oh tcos pjpnr sukmots tcjt j`tcbulc sugc j kbba

os uhqunstobhjk`y rnspbhsok`n dbr jh omprnssovn dorst nhenjvbr jt

uhenrstjheohl tcn wbrè, tcn gbhgùsobh cjs ynt tb kn wrottnh. ^henhojk`y,

sugc j kbba wjs ohsporne ky probr ntcogj` wrotohls jhe ynt ot, tbb, cjs



\rolct-5?

ohsporne btcnr lrnjt wbras bd òtnrjturn. Ucn Kok`n os hbt j`bhn oh ots g`joms,

ntcogs, jhe stbrons. Ucn Kok`n cjs j ebhany gjpjk`n bd spnngc, wco`n Jnsbp

cjs j tjàohl tbrtbosn jhe j cjrn. Wjtjh p`jys j suppbrtohl rb`n oh tcn Kok`n,

kut cn j`sb p`jys j prbmohnht rb`n oh vbh Lbntcn‟s Djust . Ucn vorloh kortc oh

Mjttcnw os hbt tcn sohl`n ohstjhgn bd pjrtcnhblnhnsos bggurrohl―djhgodu` jhe

lrnjt stbrons scjrn tcos n`nmnht tbb9 Aroschj, Motcrjs, J`nxjhenr tcn Lrnjt,

jhe nvnh Jhjaoh Waywjànr wnrn j`` kbrh bd j vorloh. Ucn grnjtobh bd tcn

wbrè js tbè oh Lnhnsos os j mbrn pbntog vnrsobh tcjh tcn cjre sgonhgn dbuhe

oh j kbba ky Wtnpcnh Cjwaohl. J`` kbbas, j`` òtnrjturn, rnprnsnht jttnmpts,

sbmn hbk`n jhe omprnssovn, btcnrs cbrrodogj``y bktusn―j`` ebgumnhtohl

cumjhaohe‟s jttnmpts jt uhenrstjheohl bur vjst uhovnrsn.

Ucn Kok`n os j spngoj` kbba, kut hb mbrn nxgnptobhj` tcjh jhy btcnr

kbba jkbut cumjh vjùns jhe mbrjòty. Nmporns prnejtohl tcn Kokògj` nrj

grnjtne ebgumnhts jhe gbeodone mbrj` prohgop`ns, tbb. Ucos stjhes js durtcnr

prbbd tcjt tcn l`bkj` vo``jln cjs knnh tryohl tb jpprncnhe tcn wbrè sohgn

tcn vnry knlohhohl.

Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros rjosne jh ohtnrnstohl pboht oh bhn bd cos

kbbas. Cn hbtne tcjt od j wn``-neugjtne mjh drbm tcn dburtnnhtc gnhtury

wnrn rnvovne, wn wbuè kn jstbuhene bd cos butmbene ahbw`neln bd

jstrbhbmy, mneogohn, jhe lnblrjpcy, ynt cn wbuè ahbw mbrn br `nss

nvnrytcohl tcnrn os tb ahbw jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe Kokògj` ntcogs. Ucos strjw

mjh wbuè tcoha tcjt tcn d`jt njrtc os tcn gnhtnr bd tcn gbsmbs, ynt cos



\rolct->6

Kokògj` ahbw`neln wbuè kn knybhe gnhsurn. Notcnr cumjhoty jgconvne

uhjeu`tnrjtne uhenrstjheohl jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe ntcogs j mo``nhhoum jlb―

wco`n bur ahbw`neln bh j`` btcnr drbhts bd òdn wjs mosnrjk`y ohgcbjtn―br

gjheoe jhe bpnh eosgussobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n os bhn jrnj bd eoj`blun jhe

cumjh eosgbursn tcjt ebns hbt gbhgnen prblrnss (Cjrros ;665).

Ucn Kok`n, òan j`` g`jssogj` òtnrjturn, ebns hbt rnspbhe tb rnvosobh―

hbkbey cjs sullnstne tjaohl j sgj`pn` tb tcn uhmostjajk`y eoscnjrtnhohl

pbrtobhs bd Togtbr Culb‟s @ns Mosïrjk`ns kngjusn tcn nhtorn kbba os

jgahbw`nelne stjtog. Ucos ebns hbt mnjh prngùeohl tcbulctdu`

gbhvnrsjtobhs jkbut tcn eosturkohl trjgts gjhhbt kn cje, quotn tcn gbhtrjry.

Hbtne nxpnrt bh eoj`blun Ejvoe Kbcm (:??4) wrotns, ‐Njgc Qpjrty] cjs tb kn

ohtnrnstne promjro`y oh trutc jhe gbcnrnhgn, sb tcjt cn os rnjey tb erbp cos

bè oenjs jhe ohtnhtobhs, jhe kn rnjey tb lb bh tb sbmntcohl eoddnrnht, wcnh

tcos os gj``ne dbr” (7). Wbmn molct hbt kn rnjey dbr tcn gcj``nhln bd trutc

jhe gbcnrnhgn. Vnrsbhj` gbhvogtobhs eossbgojtne drbm rnjsbh cjvn hb p`jgn

jt tcos bpnh, cbhnst eosgussobh.

Ucn knjuty bd òtnrjturn―j`` òtnrjturn―os tcjt ot os hbt ohtnrhj``y

gbhsostnht jhe gbcnrnht. Ucn Kokògj` hbvn` os hbt ommuhn drbm butrolct

gbhtrjeogtobhs notcnr. ‐Ibch stjtns Insus wjs grugodone tcn ejy kndbrn tcn

Vjssbvnr mnj` wjs njtnh1 Mjra sjys ot cjppnhne tcn ejy jdtnr” (Cjrros

;664, ;6). Ucn Kok`n os j pnrdngt ebgumnht oh tcn trjeotobhj` snhsn, kut ot

jemottne`y gbhtjohs nlrnlobus systnmog gbhtrjeogtobhs jkbut ntcogs js wn``



\rolct->:

js p`bt ohgbhsostnhgons. Ucn mjoh gcjrjgtnr, Lbe, wbuè kn trone dbr wjr

gromns oh Ucn Cjlun‟s Ohtnrhjtobhj` Urokuhj` dbr tcn butrolct murenr bd

hnjr`y ;.> mo`òbh pnbp`n. Ucos djgt os hbt gbhtrovne br nxtrjpb`jtne. Ot os

kjsne bh humknrs lovnh ky tcn Kok`n otsn`d. Cbw os tcos mjoh gcjrjgtnr oh tcn

Kok`n j mbrj` rb`n mben`2

Grneuòty, wotc tcn jwjrnhnss tcjt j stbry os iust j stbry, gjh kn jhe os

cnj`tcy. \co`n rnjeohl j kbba, tcn cumjh omjlohjtobh scnes ots cnjvy kbey

jhe nhtnrs tcn uhoqun wbrè lnhnrjtne ky omjlns prbingtne bh tcn gnrnkrj`

gbrtnx. Bhn hnne hbt eosknònvn tcn vorloh kortc stbry, iust js bhn hnne hbt

mbga tcn tj`ns bd Cjrry Vbttnr d`yohl bh cos krbbmstoga oh brenr tb jpprngojtn

j stbry. _nt j`jrmohl humknrs bd pnbp`n knònvn sugc stbrons òtnrj``y .

Jggbreohl tb j ;665 JKG Hnws pb``, mjhy Jmnrogjhs knònvn tcn Hbjc‟s jra

stbry js djgt. Lnhnsos <94 stjtns Hbjc wjs 466 ynjrs bè jt tcn tomn bd tcn

d`bbe. Cbw os tcos pbssok`n2 \cy os sugc òtnrjòsm hngnssjry jhe cbw ebns ot

durtcnr cumjh d`buroscohl2

Ucn eolotj` jln mjans ot somp`n tb nsgcnw bhnsn`d drbm ohgbhvnhonht

ejtj jhe tb spnhe tomn oh jh oenb`blogj` gbgbbh. Ucn cumjh tnhenhgy tb

`jtgc bhtb nvoenhgn gbhsostnht wotc bhn‟s wbrèvonw jhe olhbrn br ebwhp`jy

gbhtrjry nvoenhgn os j cj``mjra bd tcn cumjh gbheotobh. _nt tcn nvoenhgn

bvnrwcn`mohl`y sukmots tcjt tcn Kok`n os j gb``jln gbhstrugtne bvnr

gnhturons.



\rolct->;

Nvnh wotc tcn gbhgnpt bd kokòbhbrmjòzjtobh, ot must kn jemottne tcjt

hb kbba luoens cumjh òdn js tcos bhn. _buhl jeu`ts, nvnh tbejy, jrn

gbmmottohl suogoen kngjusn tcbsn wcb rnje tcjt cbmbsnxujòty os jh

jkbmohjtobh cjvn tbè tcnm tcjt tcny jrn j eoslrjgn. Ucos scbuè kn j rjtcnr

`jrln gjhjry oh tcn gbj` mohn tcjt wn cjvn jh ohtn``ngtuj`, òtnrjry, jhe

mbrj` grosos bh bur cjhes spurhne ky rnjeohl j kbba.

Cbwnvnr, od tcn rnjenrs bd Kokògj` tnxt wnrn tru`y gbhgnrhne jkbut

cumjh wn``-knohl jhe gurtjoòhl suddnrohl, btcnrs wbuè kn trnjtne oh sugc j

wjy js tb prbmbtn cumjh d`buroscohl. Ucn rnmjrajk`n eurjkoòty bd tcn Kok`n

ebns hbt sukmot tcjt ot os gbhstrugtovn, tomn`nss, br wosn. Ucn Kok`n gjh kn

usne ky mo`òbhs tb iustody tcjt tcn ‐mbrjòty” gbhtjohne wotcoh os

syhbhymbus wotc rjgosm jhe snxosm. Cbw wbuè tcn mjrlohjòzne rnspbhe2

Hb mjttnr tcjt wcnh tcn Kok`n mnhtobhne tcn jkbmohjtobh bd cbmbsnxujòty

ot wjs prbkjk`y jeernssohl tcn rotujòzne [bmjh prjgtogn bd dbrgne snxuj`

jkingtobh jhe hbt tcn mutuj` rn`jtobhscops kntwnnh gbhsnhtohl jeu`ts tcjt

wn cjvn tbejy (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Vnbp`n jrn pboht`nss`y eyohl kngjusn bd tcn

knònds dbuhe oh tcos kbba jhe upcnè oh gbhtnmpbrjry sbgonty.

\n lnhuohn`y wjht bpnh-mohene jhe uhprniueogne sbgontons, ynt ebns

ku``yohl cbmbsnxuj`s ohtb j g`bsnt tb cjhl tcnmsn`vns wco`n tcnor gn`` pcbhn

do``s up wotc cbmbpcbkog tnxt mnssjlns mjan j hnt pbsotovn ohput tb sbgontj`

wn``-knohl2 Ebns ot rnsu`t oh gbmpjssobhjtn pnnrs br djmoòns tcjt jrn mbrn

gbhtnhtne2 Ebns ot ruoh tcn cbpn bd pnbp`n tb jpprngojtn tcn p`njsurn jhe



\rolct->7

wn``-knohl tcjt gjh kn dbuhe oh j gjrohl gbmmuhoty2 Wcbuè tcn jsa-dorst

prohgop`n hbt jpp`y oh sugc j gjsn2 Gbuht`nss btcnr `jws mnhtobhne oh tcn

Kok`n jrn hbt mnhtobhne jhymbrn kngjusn tcnor nddogjgy oh gbhtnmpbrjry

sbgontons os ho`. \cy nmpcjsozn tcn prbsgroptobh bd cbmbsnxujòty br tcn

ejhlnrs bd cn``, kut hbt prbcokotobh bd njtohl pbra br wnjrohl g`btcohl mjen

bd twb eoddnrnht typns bd doknrs2 Bur ohhjtn sjljgoty dbr cumjh d`buroscohl

scbuè tn`` us tcjt mjhy neogts oh tcos Krbhzn-Jln ntcogs kbba endy iustogn

jhe djorhnss.

Wje`y, cumjhaohe dohes iustodogjtobh oh tcn Kok`n dbr tcn tcohls j`rnjey

p`jhhne. Ohenne, tcn uhovnrsn os j trnmnhebus`y gbè jhe sgjry p`jgn, kut

tcn gbmdbrt gjhhbt kn dbuhe wotcoh tcn pjlns bd jh jhgonht kbba. @bba

jrbuhe9 dronhes, djmo`y, jhe nvnh tcn but-lrbup jrn ohdohotn`y mbrn

trnjsurjk`n tcjh oha bh pjpnr. @odn os sb prngobus, sb tnhubus tcjt tb wjstn ot

jrluohl jkbut j kbba os, otsn`d j wjstn. Orrnspngtovn bd cbw tcn Kok`n gjmn tb

kn, tcos rnsnjrgcnr cjs j colc enlrnn bd gnrtjohty tcjt tcn Kokògj` gcjrjgtnrs

wbuè hnvnr cjvn wjhtne tcos `nvn` bd enstrugtovn`y ohtrjgtjk`n gbhdògt dbr

sbgonty. Ucn wrotnrs bd tcn Kok`n jhe tcn gcjrjgtnrs gbhtjohne wotcoh wnrn

tryohl tb djscobh j knttnr òdn, jh nhcjhgne uhenrstjheohl bd tcn wbrè, jhe

wjys tb knttnr rn`jtn tb bhn jhbtcnr. Ucnsn jhgonht lbj`s jhe ernjms jrn js

rn`nvjht tb tcnor tomns js tb burs tbejy.



\rolct->5

[ NDN[NHGNW

Kjlloho, I. ;667. Jtcnosm9 J vnry scbrt ohtrbeugtobh. Hnw _bra, H_9 Bxdbre

^hovnrsoty Vrnss Ohg. Jmjzbh Aohe`n neotobh.

Kjsohlnr, E. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;:.

Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.

Kbcm, E. :??4. Bh eoj`blun. Bxbh, ^.A.9 [but`neln.

Krbwnr, L. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;;. Urjhsgrokne

ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, ^hovnrsoty bd Enhvnr, Enhvnr, GB.

Gjròs`n, G. ;6:6. Aonranljjre's wbrè, pjrt 79 Ucn stbry bd Jkrjcjm jhe

Osjjg. Mjrgc ;?.

cttp9//www.lujreojh.gb.ua/gbmmnhtosdrnn/knònd/;6:6/mjr/;?/aonran

ljjre-pco`bsbpcy-jkrjcjm-osjjg (jggnssne Julust ;3, ;6:6).

Ejvos, [. D. ;66>. Jdrogjh-Jmnrogjh ohtnrprntjtobh bd sgropturn. Iburhj` bd

[nòlobus Ucbulct ></>3 (;/:-;)9 ?7-:6>.

Ejwaohs, [. ;664. Ucn Lbe enùsobh. @bhebh9 Kjhtjm Vrnss.

En @j Ubrrn, M. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr :>.

Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, Oòdd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly, Enhvnr, GB.

EoUbmmjsb, @. ;66<. Jpbgj`ypsns jhe jpbgj`yptogosm oh jhtoquoty9 (Vjrt OO).

Gurrnhts oh Kokògj` [nsnjrgc > (;)9 74<-57;.

N``nhs, I. C. :??<. Cbmbsnxujòty oh kokògj` pnrspngtovn. Vjstbrj` Vsygcb`bly

54 (:)9 7>->7.



\rolct->>

Cjlnh, I. ;6:6. ‐Mjhy Kok`n tnjgcohls jrn ommbrj`.” Jpp`n oVje Jppògjtobh9

Jtcnost Vbgant Enkjtnr.

Cjrros, W. ;665. Ucn nhe bd djotc. Hnw _bra9 \. \. Hbrtbh & Gbmpjhy, @te.

―――. ;664. @nttnr tb j Gcrostojh hjtobh. Hnw _bra, H_9 Ahbpd.

―――. ;66?. Z & j wotc Wjm Cjrros. cttp9//www.sjmcjrros.brl/prnss/Z&J-

wotc-Wjm-Cjrros.ped (jggnssne Jpro` :<, ;6:6).

―――. ;6:6. Ucn mbrj` `jhesgjpn9 Cbw sgonhgn gjh entnrmohn cumjh

vjùns. Hnw _bra, H_9 Drnn Vrnss. Jmjzbh Aohe`n neotobh.

Coga, I. :?<<. Lbe jhe tcn uhovnrsn bd djotcs. @bhebh9 Mjgmo``jh.

Ohl`ncjrt, [., jhe V. Hbrros. ;665. Wjgrne jhe Wngu`jr9 [nòlobh jhe Vbòtogs

\brèwoen. Hnw _bra9 Gjmkroeln ^hovnrsoty Vrnss.

Ijgbks, J. I. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr 76.

Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.

Anjtnh, I. J., jhe G. Wbuaup. ;66?. Eoj`blun jhe rnòlobus btcnrhnss9

Ubwjre j mben` bd pùrjòstog ohtnrdjotc eoj`blun. Iburhj` bd

Ohtnrhjtobhj` jhe Ohtnrgu`turj` Gbmmuhogjtobh ; (;)9 :43-:3<.

Aonranljjre, W. :?34. Dnjr jhe Urnmkòhl. @bhebh9 Ucn Vnhluoh Lrbup.

Aohhjre, I. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;;. Urjhsgrokne

ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, Oòdd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly, Enhvnr, GB.

Aòhlcbddnr, E. ;66>. \cy tcn Inws rningtne Insus9 Ucn turhohl pboht oh

\nstnrh costbry . Hnw _bra9 Ucrnn @njvns Vrnss.





\rolct-><

Vju`, [. \., jhe @. Nènr. ;66;. Grotogj` tcohaohl9 Ubb`s dbr tjaohl gcjrln bd

ybur prbdnssobhj` jhe pnrsbhj` òdn. ^ppnr Wjee`n [ovnr, HI9 Dohjhgoj`

Uomns Vrnhtogn Cj``.

Vntnrsbh, M., \. Cjsanr, K. [nogcnhkjgc, jhe E. Kjsohlnr. :??3. [njsbh &

rnòlobus knònd9 Jh ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn pco`bsbpcy bd rnòlobh. Hnw

_bra, H_9 Bxdbre ^hovnrsoty Vrnss.

[jcomo, W. ;66?. Eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry oh tcn pjssjln bd costbry. Dbrum

Vco`bsbpcogum9 Ohtnrhjtobhj` Iburhj` dbr Vco`bsbpcy :5 (;)9 76<-7;3.

[nogcnhkjgc, K. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;5.

Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.

Wjhenrs, I. J. ;66<. Lbe's wbra oh tcn sngu`jr wbrè. Kokògj` Ucnb`bly

Ku``ntoh 7< (5)9 :5>-:>;.

Wgcnrmjh, H. ;666. Ucn Gcumjsc. Krbba`yh, H_9 Mnsbrjc Vukògjtobhs, @te.

Wcnrmnr, M. :??4. Ucn sngu`jr spcohx. Wanptog 5 (;)9 <3.

―――. :??<. \cy pnbp`n knònvn wnore tcohls. Hnw _bra, H_9 \. C.

Drnnmjh jhe Gbmpjhy.

―――. ;665. Ucn sgonhgn bd lbbe jhe nvo`9 \cy pnbp`n gcnjt, lbssop, gjrn,

scjrn, jhe db``bw tcn lbènh ru`n. Hnw _bra, H_9 Cnhry Cb`t jhe

Gbmpjhy.

―――. ;66<. Bh "mbrj` psygcb`bly jhe tcn mosuhenrstjheohl bd rnòlobh" ky

Ibhjtcjh Cjoet. Wnptnmknr :7.



\rolct->3

cttp9//www.neln.brl/eosgbursn/mbrj`Rrnòlobh.ctm` (jggnssne Iuhn

:>, ;6:6).

―――. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Bgtbknr ::. Urjhsgrokne

ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.

Ujrrjht, M., jhe J. Cjenrt. ;6:6. Nmpjtcog nxpnronhgn jhe jttotuens tbwjre

stolmjtozne lrbups9 Nvoenhgn dbr jttotuen lnhnrjòzjtobh. Iburhj` bd

Jppòne Wbgoj` Vsygcb`bly 56 (<)9 :47>-:4>4.

\n``s, W. ;6:6. Eruha wotc k`bbe9 Lbe‟s ao`òhls oh tcn Kok`n. Wnjtt`n, \J9

GrnjtnWpjgn.





\rolct-46

JVVNHEOS J9 ENDOHOUOBH BD UN[MW

Dbr tcn purpbsns bd tcos ebgumnht, tcn db``bwohl endohotobhs jpp`y9

K o k ` o g j ` M b e n r j t n s 9 Ucbsn wcb ‐cjvn tjanh tcn jppjrnht colc rbje bd

pùrjòsm, jssnrtohl tcn nquj` vjòeoty bd j`` Qohtnrprntjtobhs], kut oh ebohl sb

tcny hnl`ngt tb hbtogn tcn orrnennmjk`y sngtjrojh trutc g`joms bd njgc”

(Cjrros ;665, :>).

K o k ` o b h b r m j ` oz j t o b h 9 J gbhgnpt gbohne spngodogj``y dbr tcos tcnsos tb oheogjtn

j hbrmjòzjtobh bd kbbas. Ub prbpnr`y nvjùjtn bhn kbba jljohst jhbtcnr, j``

kbbas must kn vonwne nquj``y.

N s g c j t b ` b l y 9 J pco`bsbpcogj` jhe tcnb`blogj` gbhstrugt rnljreohl nvnhts

dbrngjst tb bggur jt tcn nhe bd tcn wbrè.



\rolct-4:

JVVNHEOS K9 [ NGOVNW JW @ODN OHWU[^GUOBH

Js eosgussne oh tcn sngtobh Wpngu`jtobh bd Kokògj` Nxtrnmost Tonws tbwjres

tcos Ucnsos, pjln 5>, tcn db``bwohl tcrnn-pjln nxgnrpt gbmns drbm Wjm

Cjrros‟ Nhe bd Djotc9

Hb ebukt, mjhy …wo`` g`jom tcjt my òtnrj` rnjeohl bd tcnor sgropturns kntrjysmy olhbrjhgn bd tcnor sporotuj` ompbrt. Ub kn surn, bggu`t, j`gcnmogj`, jhegbhvnhtobhj``y mystogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd vjrobus pjssjlns oh tcn Kok`n jhetcn Abrjh jrn js bè js tcn tnxts tcnmsn`vns, kut tcn prbk`nm wotc sugccnrmnhnutogj` nddbrts―wcntcnr ot kn tcn colc`y eukobus tcnbry bd lnmjtroj(tcn trjhs`jtobh bd tcn Cnkrnw `nttnrs bd tcn Ubrjc ohtb tcnor humnrogj`nquovj`nhts sb tcjt humnrb`blosts gjh wbra tcnor ohtnrprntovn mjlog upbh tcn

tnxt) br tcn lòk symkb` snnaohl bd pbpu`jr sgcb`jrs òan Ibsnpc Gjmpkn``―ostcjt tcny jrn pnrdngt`y uhgbhstrjohne ky tcn gbhtnhts bd tcn tnxtstcnmsn`vns. Bhn gjh ohtnrprnt nvnry tnxt oh sugc j wjy js tb yonè j`mbstjhy mystogj` br bggu`t ohstrugtobh.

J gjsn oh pboht9 O cjvn sn`ngtne jhbtcnr kbba jt rjhebm, tcos tomn drbm tcngbbakbba jos`n bd j kbbastbrn. Ucn kbba os J Ujstn bd Cjwjoo9 Hnw Gbbaohldrbm tcn Grbssrbjes bd tcn Vjgodog. Ucnrnoh O cjvn eosgbvnrne jh js yntuhgn`nkrjtne mystogj` trnjtosn. \co`n ot jppnjrs tb kn j rngopn dbr wba-snjrne dosc jhe scromp gjans wotc blb-tbmjtb rnòsc, wn hnne bh`y stuey otsòst bd ohlrneonhts tb ahbw tcjt wn jrn oh tcn prnsnhgn bd jh uhrovj`nesporotuj` ohtn`òlnhgn9

shjppnr do`nt, gukne7 tnjspbbhs gcbppne sgj`òbhssj`t jhe drnsc`y lrbuhe k`jga pnppnrj ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr; tnjspbbhs gcbppne drnsc lohlnr: tnjspbbh mohgne ljròg3 scromp, pnn`ne, envnohne, jhe gukne½ gup cnjvy grnjm1 ; nlls, òlct`y knjtnh

7 tnjspbbhs rogn wohn1 ; gups krnje grumks7 tjk`nspbbhs vnlntjk`n bo`1 ; ½ gups blb tbmjtb rnòsc

Ucn shjppnr do`nt, bd gbursn, os tcn oheovoeuj` comsn`d―ybu jhe O―jwjsc ohtcn snj bd nxostnhgn. Kut cnrn wn dohe ot gukne, wcogc os tb sjy tcjt bursotujtobh must kn rnmneone oh j`` tcrnn eomnhsobhs bd kbey, mohe, jhe sporot.



\rolct-4;

Ucrnn tnjspbbhs bd gcbppne sgj`òbhs durtcnr pjrtjans bd tcn gukogsymmntry, sullnstohl tcjt tcjt wcogc wn hnne jee tb njgc `nvn` bd burknohl ky wjy bd jhtoebtn gbmns òanwosn oh nquj` prbpbrtobhs. Ucn ompbrt bdtcn pjssjln os g`njr9 tcn kbey, mohe, jhe sporot hnne tb kn tnhene tb wotctcn sjmn gjrn.

Wj`t jhe drnsc`y lrbuhe k`jga pnppnr9 cnrn wn cjvn tcn pnrnhhoj` ohvbgjtobhbd bppbsotns―tcn wcotn jhe tcn k`jga jspngts bd bur hjturn. Kbtc lbbe jhenvo` must kn uhenrstbbe od wn wbuè du`do`` tcn rngopn dbr sporotuj` òdn.Hbtcohl, jdtnr j``, gjh kn nxgùene drbm tcn cumjh nxpnronhgn tcos snnms tbkn j Ujhtrog tnxt). \cjt os mbrn, sj`t jhe pnppnr gbmn tb us oh tcn dbrm bdlrjohs, wcogc os tb sjy tcjt bur lbbe jhe kje qujòtons jrn kbrh bd tcn tohonstjgtobhs. Ucus, wn jrn hbt lbbe br nvo` oh lnhnrj`, kut bh`y ky vortun bdohhumnrjk`n mbmnhts, wcogc gb`br tcn strnjm bd bur knohl ky dbrgn bdrnpntotobh.

J ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr9 g`njr`y, knohl bd sugc rbkust gb`br jhe d`jvbr, tcossolhodons tcn sporotuj` ohdùnhgn bd jh nhòlctnhne jenpt. \cjt scj`` wn mjanbd tcn jmkoluoty bd ots mnjsurnmnht2 Cbw `jrln os j ejsc2 Cnrn wn mustrn`y upbh tcn wosebm bd tcn uhovnrsn jt `jrln. Ucn tnjgcnr comsn`d wo`` ahbwprngosn`y wcjt wn hnne ky wjy bd ohstrugtobh. Jhe ot os jt iust tcos pboht ohtcn tnxt tcjt tcn ohlrneonhts tcjt knspnja tcn cnjt bd sporotuj` nhenjvbr jrnjeene tb tcn òst―dbr jdtnr j ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr, wn dohe twb tnjspbbhsbd gcbppne drnsc lohlnr jhe bhn tnjspbbh bd mohgne ljròg. Ucnsn dbrm jhosbsgn`ns trohoty bd sbrts, solhodyohl tcn twb soens bd bur sporotuj` hjturn(mj`n jhe dnmj`n) uhotne wotc tcn bkingt mneotjtobh.

Hnxt gbmns nolct scromp―pnn`ne, envnohne, jhe gukne. Ucn nolct scromp, bdgbursn, rnprnsnht tcn nolct wbrè`y gbhgnrhs tcjt nvnry sporotuj` jsporjhtmust engry9 djmn jhe scjmn1 `bss jhe ljoh1 p`njsurn jhe pjoh1 prjosn jhek`jmn. Njgc hnnes tb kn envnohne, pnn`ne, jhe gukne―tcjt os, purlne bd otspbwnr tb nhtrjhgn us jhe ohgbrpbrjtne bh tcn pjtc bd prjgtogn.

Ucjt sugc mntjpcbrogj` jgrbkjtogs gjh kn pnrdbrmne bh j`mbst jhy tnxt―jhe tcjt tcny jrn tcnrndbrn mnjhohl`nss―scbuè kn bkvobus. Cnrn wn cjvnsgropturn js [brsgcjgc k`bt9 wcnrnoh tcn bggu`tost gjh dohe cos mjlogj`

prohgop`ns pnrdngt`y rnd`ngtne1 tcn gbhvnhtobhj` mystog gjh dohe cos rngopn dbrtrjhsgnhenhgn1 jhe tcn tbtjòtjrojh eblmjtost gjh cnjr Lbe tn`òhl com tbsupprnss tcn ohtn`òlnhgn jhe grnjtovoty bd btcnrs. Ucos os hbt tb sjy tcjt hbjutcbr cjs nvnr gbugcne sporotuj` br mystogj` ohdbrmjtobh oh j``nlbry br nvnrprbeugne j tnxt tcjt rnquorns j strnhubus cnrmnhnutogj` nddbrt tb kn mjensnhsn bd. Od ybu poga up j gbpy bd Dohhnljhs \jan, dbr ohstjhgn, jhe omjlohntcjt ybu cjvn dbuhe tcnrnoh j`ùsobhs tb vjrobus gbsmblbhog mytcs jhej`gcnmogj` sgcnmns, gcjhgns jrn tcjt ybu cjvn, kngjusn Ibygn put tcnm



\rolct-47

tcnrn. Kut tb erneln sgropturn oh tcos mjhhnr jhe eosgbvnr tcn bggjsobhj`pnjr` os òtt`n mbrn tcjh j òtnrjry ljmn. (Cjrros ;665, ;?4-;?3)



JVVNHEOS G9 GBHU[JEOGUOBHW H UCN K K@N

\rolct-45



Jkbvn9

‐Ucn k

gcjptn

humkn

jhe lr

gbhtrj

Kn`bw9

(Mjr`bw

rs tcjt r

s oh tcn

r bd vnrsn

y kjrs rn

ogtobh” (

Entjo` sn

;66?)

h j`bhl t

ok`n, wotc

s oh njgc

prnsnht U

jr`bw ;6

tobh bd tc

cn kbttb

tcn `nhl

gcjptnr.

cn Hnw U

?).

n Gbhtrj

bd tcn vo

c bd njgc

cotn kjr

nstjmnht

ogtobhs o

sujòzjto

kjr gbrr

rnprnsn

. Njgc jr

jln jkb

h rnprns

spbheohl

t tcn Bè

oheogjtn

n (Mjr`b

\rolc

ht tcn ::

tb tcn

Unstjmn

j

;66?k).

t-4>

3?

ht

Documents

Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright