Examination Committee: Dr. Amararatne Yakupitiyage (Chairperson)

Dr. W.G.Gallardo Dr. D.P.Thakur

Dr. R. Mungkung (External Expert) 1

Outline Introduction

Life cycle and life cycle assessment Application of LCA in aquaculture Shrimp farming in Sri Lanka

Objectives

Methodology Study site Shrimp production system Grow out system Data collection Impact categories & assessment criteria

Results and DiscussionConclusion and RecommendationsReferences

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INTRODUCTION

Life CycleLife CycleAll stages of a product system from raw materials acquisitions or natural resource extraction to final waste disposal.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA is a technique for systematically analyzed product from cradle to grave.

Cont….Cont…. Overview of Shrimp farming In Sri LankaShrimp farming In Sri Lanka

◦ Started during 1977◦ Culture Black Tiger Shrimp

(Penaeus monodon).◦ Still recovering after disease

outbreaks

◦ National Aquaculture Development Authority (NAQDA) implemented Best Management Practices (BMP) in 2005

◦ BMP refers to the best-known way to undertake any activity at a given time

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Sri Lnkan shrimp production

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Time

Pro

duct

ion

(mt)

Culture

capture

Source: Sri Lanka Fisheries year Book, 2006,

System Classification

Unit

Small scale

Medium Scale

Large scaleCategory –I Category-II

Average size of a pond ha 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6

Number of ponds 1-3 2-7 3-20 8-25

paddle wheel use % 22 100 100 100

Energy source Diesel and Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity

Stocking density

Range PLs/m2 9-33 19-25 10-25 15-25

Management and culture operations done by

Family members

Family members

Family members and hired labors

Separate workers for each activity

Level of BMP adoption Less Less Medium more

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Storage Tank

Water Treatment1. Fine screen2. Chemical treatment3. Biological treatment

PL selection1. PL 15-202. Disease free

Stocking Density (PL/m2)1. Open system 4-62. 15 PL with aeration3. 25 PL permission need

Pond preparation1.Organic load removal2.Liming3.Fertilization

Feed and feeding1.Good quality feed2.Daily monitoring3.Keeping records

Harvesting1.Effluent discharge to Sedimentation area/ tanks2.Harvest transport with hygiene condition

Shrimp farming

Harvesting

Resting Period

Water treatment

Resting 60 day resting Pond drying Removal of organic load Dike repairing Liming and fertilizing

Source: NAQDA

Level of adaption to BMP

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Best Management Practice 

Farm categoryLess adopted (Small scale)

Medium level adopted

(medium scale)

More level adopted

(large scale)

Pond preparationFollow resting period √√ √√ √√Pond drying √√ √√ √√Organic matter removal √√ √√ √√Liming √√ √√ √√Fertilization XX XX X

 Water treatment prior to use

Mechanical filter (mesh) for inlet X/√√ √√ √√Use storage tank XX √√//XX √√Chemical treatments XX XX XXbiological treatments XX XX XX

 BMP for seed quality

MBV content less than 12% √√/XX √√ √√negative for WSSV √√ √√ √√PL15-PL20 √√ √√ √√ 

BMP for grow out stageRecommended SD √√//XX √√ √√stock according to crop calendar √√ √√ √√Feeding trays use √√ √√ √√Bio security system XX √√ √√

 BMP for harvesting

Effluent pass through specific area XX XX √√

X – Not adopted√ √ - Adopted- Adopted

ObjectivesObjectivesOverall objectiveAssessment of adopted BMP in shrimp grow-out production stage in

terms of its contribution for reducing adverse environmental impacts.

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Specific ObjectivesSpecific Objectives To identify and quantify inputs and outputs of shrimp farming systems To compare potential environmental impacts of different farming systems To identify the hot spots and options for environmental improvements To recommend ways in which systems can be improved to reduce

adverse impacts

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

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The site selection for the study

Almost all shrimp farms and hatcheries are operating in Puttalam District in the North Western province.

Therefore this study was conducted in Puttalam District

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Frame work of the studyFrame work of the study

Setting Goal & scope definition

System classification and Site selection

Data

collection

Primary data from farms

Secondary data from literature

Preparation of unit process & inventory analysis

Interpretation, Conclusion & recommendations

Inputs Raw materials, Energy, feed water input etc

Output, water exchange, production effluent disposal

Output,

water quality, N, P, toxic material

Sediment quality toxic substances

Nutrient budgets

Equivalency factors

Management issues

Calculate environmental potential

Interview and discussion with key informant at NAQDA, and visit few farms

Natural water body

Water Sludge/sediment

Pond Preparation

Reservoir tank

Organic matter from previous crop

Stocking PLs

Grow out

Electricity or diesel

HarvestEffluent

Water treatment

Chemicals

Water

Liming

Land

Boundary

Sedimentation tank / area

Sediments

If –ve for WSSV & MBV content less than 12%

Lime Production

Feed

Harvesting

PL production

Aeration

Pond preparation Grow out stage Harvesting

Lime production

Electricity / Diesel consumption

Pumping water

Feed Production

PLProduction

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Grow out System

Assessment CriteriaAssessment Criteria

Environmental Design of Industrial Products (EDIP) method was used

∑ Impact potential =∑quantity of substances (Qi) x substance’s impact potential (EFi)

Impact CategoriesEnergy consumption, Global warming Potential, Acidification potential, Eutrophication, Abiotic depletion, Land use and water dependence

All impacts were calculated for a functional unit of 1000 kg shrimp

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iii jEFQjEPjEP )(.()()(

RESULTUSRESULTUS

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1. Energy consumption

Energy consumption increase with intensification of systemAeration is the process consumed more energy

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GWP & AP also follow the same trend as energy consumption

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4. Eutrophication Potential

Small scale-I has highest water exchange rate Medium and large scale has higher NH3-N than small scale

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Category production kg/cycle

Total Water use m3/cycle

Water Dependence m3/1000 kg

Total land area used m2/cycle

Land Use m2/kg

Small scale-I 1825 58508 32059 7000 3.80

Small scale-II 6075 175567 21329 18500 3.09

Medium scale 10267 315210 25719 39700 3.56

Large scale 25700 688347 18597 84700 3.29

6. Abiotic Depletion

Variations are not much but depend upon the liming at pond preparation

Majority of shrimp farms are in pyrite soil where pH vary from 4- 6.5

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WHICH WHICH

STAGE STAGE

CREATE CREATE

MORE MORE

IMPACTIMPACTS?S?

Pond preparation

Harvesting Grow out stage

Small scale-I Small scale-II

Medium scale Large scale

ConclusionConclusion No considerable variation among four categories in land use and feed inputs.

High productivity occur in large scale in terms of water use but less productive in terms of energy use. Opposite pattern shows in small scale while medium scale is in the inter mediate level.

Grow out stage creates more (hotspot) environmental impacts

BMP of feeding management helps to reduce environmental impacts and therefore environmental impacts related to feed production remain in the same range for all.

Adopted BMPs related to pond preparation helps use optimum amount of lime and therefore ADP are in the same range.

Even large scale farms adopted to BMP of effluent treatment, it does not effectively reduce eutrophication potential because of high ammonia concentration.

Adopted BMPs are not support for energy saving. Therefore, GWP, AP are comparatively vary among four categories because of variation in energy consumption. (large>medium>small). 22

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Storage Tank Water Treatment1. Fine screen2. Chemical treatment3. Biological treatment

PL selection1. PL 15-202. Disease free

Stocking Density (PL/m2)1. Open system 4-62. 15 PL with aeration3. 25 PL permission need

Pond preparation1.Organic load removal2.Liming3.Fertilization

Feed and feeding1.Good quality feed2.Daily monitoring3.Keeping records

Harvesting1.Effluent discharge to Sedimentation area/ tanks2.Harvest transport with hygiene condition

Shrimp farming

Harvesting

Resting Period

Water treatment

Resting 60 day resting Pond drying Removal of organic load Dike repairing Liming and fertilizing

Source: NAQDA

Aeration

Removal of Ammonia in

effluent

Water exchange

Cont…Cont… Energy saving during grow out

period is needed to reduce GWP, AP and EC

Paddle wheel modifications Paddle wheel operation

time

Alternative energy sources (solar power and wind)

Culture of mollusks in effluent canals

Further research are needed on◦ Detailed analysis of water

and sediment for ecotoxicity◦ TSS and solid disposal

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ReferencesReferencesIPCC (2006) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change In: H.S. Eggleston, L.

Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara and K. Tanabe, Editors, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, IGES.

Guinée, J.B. (2002). Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. Operational Guide to the ISO Standards, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 708 pp

Papatryphon, E., Petit, J., Kaushik, S. J. and Van der Werf, H. M. G. (2004). Environmental impact assessment of salmonid feeds using Life Cycle Assessment. Ambio 33 No. 6, 316-323.

NAQDA, www.naqda.gov.lk

Sri Lanka Fisheries Year Book, (2006). National aquatic Resources research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka. www.nara.ac.lk

Wenzel H., Hauschild M., Alting L.,(1997). Environmental Assessment of Products. volume 1. ISBN:0 41280800 5. Chapman & Hall, London UK

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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