Exam Review

Exam ReviewExam ReviewASTU 100C JRNJournalism 100

Professors Alfred Hermida and Candis Callison

Teaching assistant Fabiola Carletti

Don’t forget to bring: • At least one pencil and one pen• Your UBC student card

Part One: Multiple choice (scantron)

Part Two: Essay Question

Basic InformationBasic Information

READINGS:•Dr. Vannevar Bush (1945)•State of the News Media (2010)

The Origins of the Internet: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) invented the Internet as we know it in the early 1970s.

Lecture One: IntroductionLecture One: Introduction

Lecture Highlights:

• A computer network called Internet (CBC Archives, 1993)•The Internet was becoming more commercialized – further away from its roots as a military project, shedding its stigma as a toy for nerds.• John Perry Barlow’s Declaration of Cyber Independence (1996) example of utopian rhetoric, fantasizing about what the Internet might provide.

Lecture Two: Lecture Two: State of State of the Media & Network the Media & Network StructuresStructures

Lecture Highlights:

•Re-read key questions from State of the News Media 2010 • Re-read major findings from 2010 report

• Key thinker: Manuell Castells, author of The Rise of the Network Society (part of the Information Age trilogy)

Lecture TwoLecture Two



(For best results, compare to the key findings from the recently released 2011

report)


Lecture Three: Lecture Three: New Media and New Media and JournalismJournalism

READINGS: • Charlie Beckett • Alfred Hermida • Clay Shirky

Lecture Highlights:

• Advances in technology and the introduction of new media fundamentally alter the nature of mass communication

Lecture ThreeLecture Three

Framework for the New MediaFramework for the New Media

Lecture ThreeLecture Three

Lecture ThreeLecture ThreeVery Important!

Lecture Four: Lecture Four: Journalism as a ProfessionJournalism as a Profession

Journalism as an ideology: A system of beliefs characteristic of a particular group

Lecture FourLecture Four

• Making the news “…news, like all public documents, is a constructed reality possessing its own internal validity.” (Tuchman 1976)

• Journalists as gatekeepersHighly subjective ... based on gatekeeper’s own set of experiences, attitudes and expectations (White 1950)

• The New Journalist understands: Convergence, Multimedia, Participation

Lecture Five: Lecture Five: Challenges to Challenges to JournalismJournalism

Lecture highlights:

Knobel and Lankshear (2006) have attempted to think through the different attitudes toward change by describing two competing journalistic states of mind: one which is resistant to the reorganization of the media landscape and the other which accepts it as part of a new reality.

READINGS: • Zizi Papacharissi • Yochai Benkler • Michael Schudson

Very Important!

Lecture FiveLecture Five

Lecture FiveLecture FiveAny media, anywhere, any time •From scarcity to abundance •End to geographical barriers •The loss of time Vast array of choices

The new media landscape•News information has never been more plentiful •Journalism has never been more abundant •Journalists have never had more resources to reach audiences •Audience has unprecedented access to news media

Mainstream media issues •Loss of audiences •Loss of revenue •Atomisation •Loss of diversity •Loss of quality

Lecture FiveLecture FiveThe Gutenberg press •1448: Invention of Movable Type •First major application of mass production and the use of interchangeable parts

Duplication:•Machine-copying of text •Speed: Mass production of text •Low cost: Lower labour costs •Distribution: Wider readership

What becomes ‘thinkable?’What becomes ‘thinkable?’

Lecture Six: Lecture Six: Media and DemocracyMedia and Democracy

Q: What should media provide for democracy?

Media should be a fourth estate, independent monitor of power. “Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all.- Thomas Carlyle (1840) News media as … Watchdogs, a free press, able to speak truth to power, defend the public interest, a foundation for democracy?

Lecture SixLecture SixBe able to think through these questions:

What is required for decision-making in a democracy? What is a public or publics? What is the role of information and technology? What are the roles of social networks? What do we expect from media?

Be critical of Technological Determinism! (idea that technology is the primary force that controls how individuals and society change)

Technology as a 'web of human practices' • material (the stuff: pipes, gadgets, bits, etc)• knowledge • processes that involve not just the individual, but institutions, and a myriad of social relations

Lecture SixLecture SixVery Important!

Lecture Seven: Lecture Seven: The Public SphereThe Public Sphere

Journalism is supposed to uphold democracy…So, what is democracy?

• government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. • a state having such a form of government (USA and Canada) • a state of society characterized by formal equality of rights and privileges. • political or social equality; democratic spirit. • the common people of a community as distinguished from any privileged class; the common people with respect to their political power.

(also: see quotations by orators and critics on original slides)

Lecture SevenLecture Seven

Very Important!


Benkler’s simple definition: the public sphere refers to the set of practices that members of a society use to communicate about matters of public concern that require collective action or recognition (p. 2).

Why is the public sphere associated with the news media? Schudson (2003) notes, journalism is a dominant force in the public construction of common experience, and its practitioners have had much control over defining what is important (through the cultural form called news) for the past two or three centuries (p. 13).

Other critical voices: Walter Lippman, Public Opinion (1922) John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems

(1927)


Lecture Eight: Lecture Eight: Information and DemocracyInformation and Democracy

The ideal of the ‘informed citizen’ has a history

Lecture EightLecture Eight

Lecture EightLecture Eight

•Digital era: Ironically, participation dropped off when people had more information

• Overabundance of information – how do we extract the meaningful?

• We’re now in a “monitorial citizenship” era, keeping one eye on the pool.

•More info, more perspectives, more conversation than we’ve ever had before – but has that equaled more participation? Healthier democracy?

Lecture Nine: Lecture Nine: Media ChangeMedia Change

READINGS: •Mathew Ingram •Jay Rosen •Jodi Dean

Lecture NineLecture Nine

R-E-S-P-E-C-T Find out what it means to …

Lecture Ten: Lecture Ten: Media Change Part IIMedia Change Part II

Check in with these folks and their ideas:

•Manuel Castell re: the network society

•Pierre Levy & Henry Jenkins re: collective intelligence

•Jodi Dean re: communicative capitalism

Lecture TenLecture Ten

Very Important!

Lecture Eleven: Lecture Eleven: CONVERGENCE!CONVERGENCE!

In original slides, see quotations from…Nicholas Negroponte 1979) Ithiel de Sola Pool (1983)

Very very Important!

READINGS•Henry Jenkins•Clay Shirky

WARNING: You absolutely, positively must understand convergence. Spend extra time on this theme.

Lecture ElevenLecture Eleven“Welcome to convergence culture, where old and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media producer and the power of the media consumer interact in unpredictable

ways”- Jenkins (2006)

• Participatory Journalism • Moving from consumers to producers• Journalism and Social media• Privacy• Journalism Ethics• Global Social Media & Democracy

On Wednesday … On Wednesday …

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Exam Review