Exam Blue Prints

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CGA-Canada PA1 Examination Blueprint

2012/2013

CGA-Canada, 2012 1

Table of Contents

About the Examination Blueprint ......................................................................................................................... 2

PA1 Examination ................................................................................................................................................... 2

PA1 Course ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

Prerequisite Courses for the PA1 Examination .................................................................................................. 3

Competency Weightings ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Structure of the Examination ................................................................................................................................ 5

Examination Competency Coverage ..................................................................................................................... 6

Scoring Model and Evaluation of Candidate Performance ................................................................................... 6


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PA1: Issues in Professional Practice

Examination Blueprint

About the Examination Blueprint

The PA1:Issues in Professional Practiceexamination has been constructed using an examination blueprint

a widely accepted tool used within professions to design certification examinations. CGA blueprints specify

the range of coverage for each examinable competency area, question type (for example, multiple-choice or

constructed response case analysis), number of questions, time limit, scoring model, and method used to

evaluate candidate performance. Candidates are encouraged to use this blueprint to prepare for the PA1

examination.

PA1 Examination

The PA1 examination is comprehensive and integrative. Its purpose is to evaluate the ability of a candidatefor the CGA designation to demonstrate the competencies required for entry to the profession. The focus of

the PA1 examination is on professional practice from the perspective of an accountant externalto the

organization providing assurance, taxation, or business advisory services. The examination provides a valid,

reliable, and fair opportunity for each candidate to demonstrate the competencies expected of a newly-

certified CGA in three broad areas of contemporary accounting practice: Leadership1, Professionalism, and

Professional Knowledge. It assesses a candidates ability to integrate a wide range of professional knowledge

and apply that knowledge, along with ethical considerations, to the practice of accounting and related fields

of management activity. Central to this evaluation is the ability to demonstrate competence in areas such as

leadership, decision making, integrative approach to problem solving, and communicating. The examination

evaluates the candidates ability to fulfill the responsibilities of a financial management professional at all

times in a manner that reflects these professional qualities and skills.

Passing the PA1 examination is part of the education, experience, and examination requirements for

certification.

PA1 Course

The PA1 course is intended, primarily, to help candidates prepare for the PA1 examination. In addition, the

course aims to further develop candidates professional qualities and skills. The course includes a series of

assignments that emulate questions and cases typical of those found on the PA1 examination. The

assignments provide opportunities to practise analyzing and responding to cases. As one of the main

purposes of the course is to build candidatesskills in analyzing cases and demonstrating competence, for the

course assignments, the competencies are organized into six groups: Financial Accounting and Reporting,

Assurance and Other Related Services, Taxation, Ethics and Trust, Core-related competencies, and

Professional qualities and skills. On the assignments, candidates are assessed on individual competencies,

which are aggregated by group in order to guide candidatesstudy and preparation efforts. This evaluation

method is used to qualify candidates for writing the PA1 examination and is slightly different than the

evaluation method used in the PA1 examination. The Introduction to PA1course module contains more

information on how to best use the PA1 course to prepare for the PA1 examination.

1Leadership, Professionalism, and Professional Knowledge represent the three broad groups o f competencies outlined in the CGA competency framework.


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Prerequisite Courses for the PA1 Examination

The examination has the following course prerequisites:Accounting Theory & Contemporary Issues (AT1),

External Auditing(AU1),Corporate Finance Fundamentals (FN1),Financial Accounting: Advanced

Consolidations & Advanced Issues (FA4),Advanced Management Accounting(MA2), and Personal and

Corporate Taxation (TX1). Integration and application of the technical knowledge assessed in these courses

will be examined in the PA1 examination. The PA1 examination also requires that candidates be current with

professional material such as applicable accounting standards, the Canadian Income Tax Act with

Regulations, and the CGA-Canada Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct.

Competency Weightings

For assessment purposes, the PA1 examinable competencies are organized into three categories:

core competencies;

core-related competencies; and

professional qualities and skills.

Core and core-related competencies comprise all of the Professional Knowledge competencies, as well ascompetencies in Ethics and Trust. Core competenciesare from the areas of Financial Accounting and

Reporting; Assurance and other related services; Taxation; and Ethics and Trust. Core-related competencies

are drawn from Management Accounting; Finance and Financial Planning; Business Environment; and

Information Technology.

Professional qualities and skills comprise Leadership (Strategic and Organizational Leadership; Organizational

Effectiveness; Individual and Team Leadership and Development) and Professionalism (Stakeholder Focus;

Communication; Integrative Approach; Problem Solving; Professional Self-evaluation).

Table 1 shows the competency area percentage weightings for the PA1 examination. For professional

qualities and skills, there is no set percentage weighting; candidates are required to demonstrate these

qualities and skills in a manner applicable to their role in specific cases. For core and core-relatedcompetencies, the weightings represent the approximate percentage of competencies associated with each

area on an examination. The ranges are designed to provide flexibility in building the examination; they

reflect the relative importance of these competency areas to the work of a professional accountant in the

context of providing assurance, taxation, and business advisory services. Table 1 also includes a sample of

competencies associated with each competency area.

Table 1: PA1 Blueprint Weightings

Competency Area Sample CompetenciesPercentage

Weighting

Professional

qualitiesandskills Leadership;

Stakeholder focus;

Communication;

Integrative approach;

Problem solving;

Professional self-

evaluation

Preparing information in formats appropriate for

specific purposes; communicating in a clear and

concise manner; managing the expectations of

clients and stakeholders; applying an integrative

approach to problem solving; committing to

continuous self improvement; and advising on issues

of corporate governance.

All cases require

candidates to

demonstrate

professional

qualities and skills


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Structure of the Examination

The PA1 examination consists of multiple-choice questions and constructed response questions (two short

case analyses and a comprehensive case analysis), as described in Table 2. Twenty of the multiple-choice

questions are operational; that is, candidates responses are scored and contribute to their overall

performance evaluation. Up to five additional questions are pre-test questions; that is, they are included for

pre-test purposes only. Accordingly, while candidates responses are scored on these pre-test questions, their

scores on these questions do notcontribute to a candidates overall performance.

Cases are developed to reflect realistic and typical scenarios faced by newly-certified accountants providing

assurance, taxation, or business advisory services. Cases may contain exhibits that represent the types of

information that a candidate would realistically be presented with in the given situation. These exhibits may

take the form of financial statements; notes to the statements; notes from a meeting with the client,

colleague, or a third party; or other source documents.

For both types of cases, candidates are expected to clearly demonstrate their ability to integrate and apply

professional knowledge to the specific facts of the case and to demonstrate the professional qualities and

skills required to produce a recommendation. The short case analyses are more focused and assess fewer

competencies than the comprehensive case analysis.

Table 2: PA1 Examination Structure

Item Type Description

Approximate

Number of

items

Suggested

time limit

Multiple choice

Multiple-choice questions require candidates to

select from a set of given options. The questions

require professional knowledge and may require

analysis, synthesis, evaluation, or application of

professional judgment.

20254045

minutes

Short case analysis

A short case analysis requires candidates to focus

on and respond to analytical and integrative

aspects of the case. Candidates are expected to

perform an analysis of the factors in the case,

including identifying and evaluating issues,

outlining alternative actions and solutions, and

presenting recommendations, advice, or

conclusions.

2

4555

minutes

per case

Comprehensive caseanalysis

The comprehensive case analysis requires

candidates to perform an in-depth analysis of the

factors in the case, including identifying and

evaluating issues, outlining alternative actionsand solutions, and presenting recommendations,

advice, or conclusions. The comprehensive case

is usually of significant breadth, depth, and

complexity.

1 90110minutes


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Examination Competency Coverage

The CGA competency framework outlines 130 specific competencies that are considered by the CGA

Association to be essential qualifications of a newly-certified professional accountant. A competency is a

specific behaviour whereby a professional applies knowledge, skills, and/or professional values. The CGA

competencies were validated by a practice analysis survey of CGAs. They cover 17 subject areas: financial

accounting and reporting; management accounting; assurance and other related services; finance and

financial planning; business environment; information technology; taxation; strategic and organizational

leadership; organizational effectiveness; individual and team leadership and development; ethics and trust;

stakeholder focus; communication; integrative approach; problem solving; professional development; and

professional self-evaluation. The framework also outlines the required proficiency level for each competency

(Level A: Mastery; Level B: Comprehension; and Level C: Awareness).

The PA1 examination is designed to assess a critical sample of the competencies found in the CGA

competency framework. All of the examinable competencies, along with their required proficiency levels, are

listed in Table 3.

Scoring Model and Evaluation of Candidate Performance

A decision about a candidates Pass or Fail status is based on the evaluation of the candidates performance

across all competencies within the examination. A standard setting process is used to determine a single

passing point for the examination.

Each multiple-choice question assesses only one core or core-related competency; performance on these

competencies is assessed as either competent (correct response selected) or not competent (incorrect

response selected). Each case analysis question assesses multiple competencies within the areas of core and

core-related competencies. Candidate performance on core and core-related competencies is assessed using

performance level ratings ranging from 0(the candidates responsefails to addressthe competency) to 4

(the candidates response exceeds the level expected of a newly-certified accountant). Each case also

assesses professional qualities and skills. For each professional quality and skill assessed in a case, candidates

are evaluated on whether or not they demonstrated the professional quality or skill in a manner that meets

the level expected of a newly-certified accountant.

A candidates overall examination performance is primarily basedon performance on core and core-related

competencies, with consideration given to performance on professional qualities and skills.

Table 3: Examinable Competencies for the PA1 Examination2

PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES & SKILLS

Proficiency LevelA=Mastery

B=Comprehension

C=Awareness

Stakeholder Focus

PR:SF:01 Anticipates and meets the needs and expectations of internal and external

stakeholders (develops a sound understanding of the organization and its

business environment, determines what information is needed by various

stakeholders, seeks feedback from various stakeholders, provides relevant

and timely information for decision making)

A

2There is overlap in the competencies to be demonstrated on both the PA1 and PA2 examinations, as is the case in practice.


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Communication

PR:CM:01 Selects an appropriate medium to convey information, ideas, and results

considering the need for confidentiality and privacyA

PR:CM:02 Prepares information in formats appropriate for specific purposes (audit

reports, memos, management letters, consulting reports, financial

reports)

A

PR:CM:03 Communicates information in a timely, clear, and concise manner

(explains quantitative and qualitative information in language adapted to

various stakeholders)

A

PR:CM:04 Projects a professional image in communications A

Integrative Approach

PR:IA:01 Aggregates information from a variety of sources and perspectives to

assess the impact of issues on the organization (obtains multiple opinions

when evaluating contentious issues and reconciles these various opinions)

A

PR:IA:02 Evaluates the interrelationship of an issue on different functions of the

organization and applies concepts and approaches within and across

functional areas to develop integrative solutions (coordinates the relevant

accounting, assurance, finance, information technology, and taxation

implications of events and transactions)

A

PR:IA:03 Evaluates implications and assesses the appropriateness of solutions

beyond the immediate or short term (considers potential impact of

decisions on other systems and processes, such as internal controls,

impact on other departments, or other functional areas)

A

Problem Solving

PR:PS:01 Defines the scope of the problem A

PR:PS:02 Collects, selects, verifies, and evaluates information relevant to the

problem

A

PR:PS:03 Integrates and analyzes data for patterns, relationships, and trends A

PR:PS:04 Generates and evaluates alternative solutions A

PR:PS:05 Creates final recommendations, including an action plan A

Professional Self-evaluation

PR:SE:01 Acts within the scope of professional competence (does not attempt to

provide expert advice in areas of specialized knowledge outside own

capabilities and qualifications)

A

PR:SE:02 Knows when and how to refer to other professionals and experts (seeks

advice or refers clients in areas such as law, IT, financial instruments,

international business development)

A

PR:SE:03 Applies professional skepticism (maintains an inquisitive mind that isvigilant for potential misstatements, considers where problems are likely

to arise and monitors these areas)

A

Leadership: Strategic and Organizational Leadership

LD:SO:02 Evaluates the organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and

threats (reputation, process, finances, human resources, location, brand

recognition, competition)

A


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LD:SO:04 Evaluates and advises on the impact of specific changes in strengths,

weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (credible reputation, high

employee turnover, competitor going out of business, new competitor

entering market)

A

LD:SO:06 Develops, implements, and updates the organizations operational plan in

alignment with the strategic plan (business, financial, and IT plans; pricing

and market share strategies; customer satisfaction; quality control;

product innovation)

B

LD:SO:07 Communicates the requirements and expected performances of the

organizations operational plan to all key stakeholders (key steps,

milestones, resource requirements)

A

Leadership: Organizational Effectiveness

LD:OE:01 Analyzes and evaluates results and information from business activities

and processes against objectives and benchmarks, and advises on further

action (conducts and reports on gap analysis)

A

LD:OE:02 Designs, evaluates, and reports on internal control systems to ensure

organizational effectivenessA

LD:OE:03 Advises on issues of corporate governance (audit committee

independence, executive compensation, directors liability, board

accountability)

A

LD:OE:04 Conducts business process reviews of existing systems, processes, and

controls within the organization (identifies, recommends, and evaluates

enhancements, including policy, program, and process changes to effect

cost containment and/or productivity improvements)

A

Leadership: Individual and Team Leadership and Development

LD:IT:04 Solicits and acts on input from individuals and teams in order to optimize

individual and team effectiveness (fosters free exchange of ideas, reserves

judgment, explains reasons for final decisions)

A

LD:IT:05 Evaluates performance of individuals and teams and provides timely and

constructive feedbackA

CORE COMPETENCIES

Financial Accounting and Reporting

PK:FA:01 Formulates, analyzes, and processes transactions in accordance with

applicable professional standards (standards for not-for-profit, public and

private corporations, and the public sector)

A

PK:FA:02 Evaluates, interprets, and advises on accounting policies and procedures in

accordance with professional standards (standards for not-for-profit,public and private corporations, and the public sector)

A

PK:FA:03 Researches, evaluates, and advises on the appropriate accounting

treatment for complex transactions (step-by-step acquisitions, fair value

determinations, encumbrances, endowment trusts, financial instruments)

A


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PK:FA:04 Implements and updates accounting policies and procedures in

accordance with professional standards (appropriate accounting policies

for amortization and inventory valuation, revenue recognition, and

capitalization)

A

PK:FA:05 Interprets and advises on the organizations reporting obligations

(determining appropriate basis of accounting, determining required

reporting to shareholders and to government and regulatory agencies)

A

PK:FA:06 Ensures the preparation of timely, reliable, and relevant financial

information (financial system design, quality control systems for financial

reporting, internal controls)

A

PK:FA:07 Develops policies and procedures for documenting and maintaining

supporting information for transactions and events (record retention

policy, preservation of the audit trail)

A

PK:FA:08 Prepares financial statements and related disclosures appropriate for

external users and in compliance with regulatory standards (interim

financial statements, pro forma statements, environmental impact, long-

range forecasts, management discussion and analysis [MD&A])

A

PK:FA:09 Develops, prepares, analyzes, and interprets relevant financial and non-

financial performance measures (comparative financial results, trend/

ratio/industry analysis, key performance indicators)

A

PK:FA:12 Evaluates and advises on financial accounting and related systems (cash

management, accounts payable, accounts receivable, credit control,

inventory)

A

Assurance and Other Related Services

PK:AS:01 Evaluates and consults on the organizations internal and external

reporting needs and related assurance requirements (level of assurance

required, attestation versus direct reporting audit, review or compilation

engagement, special report engagement)

A

PK:AS:02 Determines and advises on whether to accept an engagement consistentwith professional standards (evaluates potential clients, communicates

with predecessor auditor, checks for conflict of interest)

B

PK:AS:03 Determines the scope of the engagement or management audit (contents

of engagement letter, client expectation, limitations on scope, timing,

sign-offs)

B

PK:AS:04 Evaluates risks and business issues (nature of organization, control

environment) to determine their impact on the engagement or

management audit (extent, materiality, nature, and timing of

engagement)

A

PK:AS:05 Develops a plan for the engagement or management audit (staffing, use of

specialists, time budget, technological tools, timing of the engagement,

timing of the management audit)

B

PK:AS:06 Develops and/or modifies procedures for the engagement or management

audit (prepares review or audit procedures, modifies audit procedures in

the presence of fraud risk factors or known errors)

A

PK:AS:07 Executes the engagement or management audit in accordance with

professional standards (understands the purpose of the selected

procedures, completes audit procedures as intended)

B


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PK:AS:08 Identifies, evaluates, and advises on internal control systems, and

communicates weaknesses to the appropriate level of the organization

(financial approval authority, credit control, segregation of duties,

evaluation of fraud risk factors)

A

PK:AS:09 Advises on the design and implementation of new or enhanced internal

controls (to strengthen systems and operational controls, to reduce

exposure to business risks, to enhance operating effectiveness, to comply

with rules and regulations)

A

PK:AS:10 Analyzes and documents the evidence and results of the engagement or

management audit to develop conclusions (prepares working papers with

sufficient detail and clarity to support the conclusion)

B

PK:AS:11 Develops and advises on a framework for detection of fraud (payroll fraud,

billing fraud, computer fraud, forensic investigation procedures)A

PK:AS:12 Summarizes conclusions and prepares a report, letter, or memo

(appropriate review or auditors report, management letter, comfort

letter, representation letter, memo to partner, exit interview, internal

audit report)

B

Taxation

PK:TX:01 Determines and advises on taxpayers regulatory requirements and

exposure (filings, use of special elections, reporting requirements)A

PK:TX:02 Determines and advises on taxpayers tax liability (taxes related to income,

consumption, payroll, property)A

PK:TX:03 Ensures compliance with all taxation reporting and filing requirements

(timely filing of income tax returns and elections, appropriate withholding

and remittances)

A

PK:TX:04 Reviews, advises on, and replies to assessments and reassessments B

PK:TX:06 Analyzes and advises on tax-planning issues (purchase or sale of shares or

assets, succession planning, reorganizations)B

PK:TX:08 Evaluates and advises on tax implications of alternative business decisions(lease versus buy, dividend versus salary, sharing small-business

deductions, contract versus employee)

A

Ethics and Trust

PR:ET:01 Applies professional ethical standards (understands and follows the word

and spirit of CGA-Canada Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct,

takes action in response to situations that are contrary to the ethical code

of the profession)

A

PR:ET:02 Exercises integrity and a high level of professional judgment A

PR:ET:03 Maintains objectivity and independence in appearance and fact (avoids

real and perceived conflicts of interest)A

PR:ET:04 Protects the public interest (maintains and raises the visibility of theethical nature of the profession and professional accounting standards)

A

PR:ET:05 Plans and exercises due diligence (plans and constructs due diligence

checklist for mergers and acquisitions or public listing cases; conducts

financial statement reviews with financial due diligence; conducts

operations and manages with due diligence)

A

PR:ET:06 Ensures confidentiality of stakeholder information (protects proprietary

information)A


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PR:ET:07 Demonstrates professional courtesy (notifies another firm that an issue

has arisen about its work)A

CORE-RELATED COMPETENCIES

Management Accounting

PK:MA:01 Designs, evaluates, and advises on the organizations performance

measures to ensure alignment with corporate strategy, and recommends

changes as required (KPIs and balanced scorecards)

B

PK:MA:02 Develops, analyzes, and monitors operational plans and budgets, and

recommends corrective action as needed (annual budgets, special project

budgets, budget variance analysis)

A

PK:MA:03 Identifies, assesses, and advises on information required for management

decision making (cost-volume-profit relationships, cost classifications and

flows, market or industry data, non-financial factors)

A

PK:MA:04 Designs, evaluates, and advises on the organizations management

accounting systems to ensure that information is relevant, accurate, andtimely (costing models, non-financial reporting, planning and forecasting,

activity-based cost models, KPIs and balanced scorecards, responsibility

accounting)

A

PK:MA:05 Implements, monitors, and updates management accounting systems

(costing models, non-financial reporting, planning and forecasting, activity-

based cost models, KPIs and balanced scorecards, responsibility

accounting)

A

PK:MA:06 Analyzes and evaluates information from management accounting

systems, and makes decisions (pricing and costing decisions, transfer

pricing decisions, make or buy decisions, performance-based

compensation plans)

A

PK:MA:07 Recommends organizational improvements based on results frommanagement accounting systems (cost reduction strategies, revenue

growth, business process re-engineering, compensation criteria)

B

Finance and Financial Planning

PK:FN:01 Advises on financing to meet the organizations goals (ensures adequate

credit facilities, determines pricing needed to implement strategic goals,

evaluates loans, ensures liquidity and solvency and conditions, manages

relationships with the organizationsbanks)

A

PK:FN:02 Advises on the capital structure of the organization to maximize the

organizations value (determines the appropriate debt-to-equity ratio;

advises on public share offerings, debt structure, asset securitization

strategy; assesses lease versus buy decisions)

B

PK:FN:03 Develops financial risk management policies and monitors exposure in

order to manage the level of financial risk (hedging policy, investment

policy, insurance coverage)

B

PK:FN:05 Recommends changes to risk management policies in line with economic

and business changes (assesses impact on liquidity, cash flows, and

financial condition)

B


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PK:FN:06 Develops financial plans and monitors forecasts in alignment with strategic

and operational plans of organizations and/or individuals (financial plans,

projections, proposals, and trend analyses; pro forma and projected

financial statements; translates operational plans into cash requirement

plans)

A

PK:FN:07 Manages cash flow and working capital (sets working capital levels

including bank balances, receivable balances, and payable balances;

formulates policies for granting credit to customers and making payments

to suppliers; hedges market risks interest rates, foreign exchange,

commodity risks)

A

PK:FN:08 Analyzes and advises on financial instruments to meet the organizations

need (advises on the appropriate mix of equity, debt, and derivative

instruments)

B

PK:FN:09 Develops and assesses financial KPIs (determines an appropriate cost of

capital for an organization, determines economic value added [EVA])B

PK:FN:10 Evaluates and advises on capital investments, mergers and acquisitions, or

sale of a business (analyzes potential acquisitions, projects post-

acquisition synergies, prepares and reviews valuation reports, formulates

plans for joint ventures)

B

PK:FN:11 Assesses the value of a business (assesses tangible and intangible assets,

prepares reports for potential acquisition or sale of a business)B

Business Environment

PK:BE:03 Anticipates and recognizes market factors and stakeholders interests, and

adapts business decisions and processes (changes to market share through

acquisitions, diversification, or divestment of certain business units; supply

chain management; customer relationship management; agency theory)

B

PK:BE:06 Identifies, analyzes, and evaluates enterprise risk factors (market, legal,

environmental, technological, operational)A

PK:BE:07 Develops, evaluates, and advises on the organizations risk managementpolicy and processes

B

PK:BE:08 Implements and advises on measures to mitigate enterprise risk (works

with management to develop a risk management matrix)B

PK:BE:09 Advises on the development of business continuity planning (critical

business functions, business continuity management, disaster recovery,

liability insurance, contingency planning, key-person insurance, staff

succession plan, product life cycle planning)

B

Information Technology

PK:IT:01 Advises on the development of IT strategy (IT strategic plans for financial

accounting, reporting, and management information systems; strategies

to support end-user computing; standards and practices for informationsystems as they relate to financial information, green IT)

B

PK:IT:02 Selects and uses appropriate business technology tools in the workplace

(spreadsheets, tax compliance software, generalized audit software,

online knowledge bases)

A


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PK:IT:03 Aligns financial and related information systems with the organizations

strategic and business plans (advises on systems that monitor and report

on organizational performance, manages or controls the organizational

information system as it relates to financial information)

B

PK:IT:04 Evaluates and advises on the impact of new technologies on business

processes (e-commerce; Internet, intranet, and extranet technologies;

biometrics)

B

PK:IT:05 Advises on the design, development, and implementation of IT projects

including specific applications software (enterprise resource planning

systems, user-acceptance testing, business requirements definition,

installation upgrades; systems, methods, and procedures design;

processing, data storage, input, and output design; conversion strategies

for system delivery, design for application controls)

B

PK:IT:06 Advises on implications of IT acquisitions and vendor selection (prepares

requests for proposals and quotations and evaluates responses; evaluates

financial and contractual aspects of acquisition of hardware and software)

B

PK:IT:07 Evaluates and advises on the safeguarding of IT assets to ensure

organizational ability to meet business objectives (analyzes and evaluates

IT controls, control environment, systems acquisition and/or

development)

B

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