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EXAM #4 Review Slides
Results of weathering, bedrock, regolith & soil.
Causes CONSEQUENCES
Worsening drought
Famine
Economic losses
Lower living standards
Environmentalrefugees
CAUSES
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Surface mining
Erosion
Salinization
Soil compaction
Major concerns regarding soil resources.
Areas of serious concern
Areas of some concern
Stable or nonvegetative areas
Areas of concern for soil damage and loss.
Soil erosion on a farm in Wisconsin.
Soil erosion in a Washington wheat field (left),
and on a hillside, dirt road in South Carolina (right).
Areas at varying degrees of risk for desertification.
Build-up of salts in the soil as a result of over watering and drying.
Prevention Cleanup
Reduce irrigation
Switch to salt-tolerant crops(such as barley, cotton, sugar beet)
Flushing soil(expensive andwastes water)
Not growing crops for 2-5 years
Installing under- ground drainagesystems (expensive)
Terracing of fields can help prevent soil erosion by water on hill sides.
Contour planting & strip cropping also helps prevent soil erosion from both wind and water, and increases fertility of the soil.
Windbreaks reduce wind erosion on fallow fields.
Result of overgrazing marginal lands.
Croplands
• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration
• Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter
• Store atmospheric carbon
• Provide wildlife habitat for some species
Ecological Services Economic Services
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
• Crop genetic resources
• Jobs
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
In use
Not usable
Arid land6%
Tropicalforest
8%
Cultivated
10%
Grazed
11%
Forests,aridlands
14%
51%
Ice, snow, desertsmountains
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Industrialized agric.
Shifting cultivation
Plantation agric.
Nomadic herding
Intensive traditional agric.
No agriculture
Figure 13-6Page 282
First green revolution(developed countries)
Second green revolution(developing countries)
Major international agriculturalresearch centers and seed banks
Crop
Cross breeding
Desired trait(color)
ApplePear
Offspring
Cross breeding
Best results
Newoffspring
Desiredresult
Phase 1Make Modified Gene
Identify and extractgene with desired trait
Identify and removeportion of DNAwith desired trait
Remove plasmidfrom DNA of E. coli
Insert extracted DNA(step 2) into plasmid(step3)
Insert modifiedplasmid into E. coli
Grow in tissueculture tomake copies
cellgene
DNA
Plasmid
E. coliDNA
Geneticallymodifiedplasmid
plasmid
Phase 2Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmidcopies to a carrieragrobacterium
Agrobacteriuminserts foreignDNA into plantcell to yieldtransgenic cell
Transfer plasmidto surfacemicroscopic metalparticle
Use gene gunto inject DNAinto plant cell
A. tumefaciens(agrobacterium)
Plant cellNucleusHost DNA
Foreign DNA
Phase 3Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Transgenic cellfrom Phase 2
Cell division oftransgenic cells
Culture cellsto form plantlets
Transgenic plantswith new traits
Global distribution of maize (corn) production.
The effects of the green revolution.
Projected Advantages Projected Disadvantages
Need less fertilizer
Need less water
More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought
Faster growth
Can grow in slightly salty soils
Less spoilage
Better flavor
Less use of conventional pesticides
Tolerate higher levels of herbicide use
Irreversible and unpredictablegenetic and ecological effects
Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations
New allergens in food
Lower nutrition
Increased evolution of pesticide-resistant insects and plant diseases
Creation of herbicide-resistant weeds
Harm beneficial insects
Lower geneticdiversity
Advantages
Highly efficient
High yield in smallvolume of water
Increased yieldsthrough crossbreedingand genetic engineering
Can reduce overharvestingof conventionalfisheries
Little use of fuel
Profit not tired toprice of oil
High profits
Disadvantages
Large inputs of land, feed, and water needed
Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste
Destroys mangrove forests
Increased grain productionneeded to feed some species
Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland
Dense populations vulnerable to disease
Tanks too contaminated touse after about 5 years
Increase
High-yield polyculture
Organic fertilizers
Biological pest control
Integrated pest management
Irrigation efficiency
Perennial crops
Crop rotation
Use of more water-efficient crops
Soil conservation
Subsidies for more sustainablefarming and fishing
Decrease
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Aquifer depletion
Overgrazing
Overfishing
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of prime cropland
Food waste
Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing
Population growth
Poverty
Smoke from fires is a form of particulate matter pollution.
Dust plume being blown from northern Egypt and
the Sinai across the Mediterranean Sea.
Example of point source or primary pollution.
Photochemical reactions
Counties that failed to meet ozone standards in 2002.
Solarradiation
Ultraviolet radiation
NONitric oxide
Photochemical smog
H2OWater
NO2
Nitrogendioxide
Hydrocarbons
O2
Molecularoxygen
HNO3
Nitric acid
PANsPeroxyacylnitrates
Aldehydes(e.g., formaldehyde)
O3
Ozone
OAtomicoxygen
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus
Right lung
Bronchioles
Prevention Cleanup
Mass transit
Bicycles and walking
Less polluting engines
Less polluting fuels
Improve fuel efficiency
Get older, pollutingcars off the road
Give buyers tax write-offs for buying low-polluting, energy-efficient vehicles
Restrict driving inpolluted areas
Emission controldevices
Car exhaustInspectionstwice a year
Stricter emissionstandards
ChloroformPara-dichlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene
Formaldehyde
Benzo--pyrene
Styrene
Radon-222Methylene Chloride
Tobacco Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Asbestos
Nitrogen Oxides
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Prevention Cleanup orDilutionCover ceiling
tiles and liningof AC ducts toprevent releaseof mineral fibers
Ban smoking orlimit it to well-ventilated areas
Set stricterformaldehydeemissionsstandards forcarpet,furniture,and buildingmaterials
Prevent radoninfiltration
Use officemachines inwell-ventilatedareas
Use lesspollutingsubstitutes forharmfulcleaningagents, paints, and other products
Use adjustablefresh air ventsfor work spaces
Increase intakeof outside air
Change airmore frequently
Circulate building’s airthrough rooftopgreenhouses
Use exhausthoods for stoves andappliances burning naturalgas
Install efficientchimneys forwood-burningstoves
Coal strip mine runoff
Pumping well
Waste lagoon
Accidental spills
Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty casing
Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool septic tank
De-icing road salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Water pumping well
Landfill
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Clean Zone DecompositionZone
Septic Zone Recovery Zone Clean Zone
Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)
Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)
Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,bacteria(anaerobic)
Trash fish(carp, gar,leeches)
Normal clean water organisms(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly)
8 ppmDissolved oxygen
Biological oxygendemand
Oxygen sag
2 ppm
8 ppm
Conc
entr
ation
Type
s of
orga
nism
s
Time or distance downstream
Direction of flow
Point of waste orheat discharge
Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsand factories
Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage(primary and secondarytreatment:nitrates and phosphates)
Discharge of detergents( phosphates)
Manure runofffrom feedlots(nitrates,phosphates,ammonia)
Dissolving of nitrogen oxides(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)
Runoff and erosion(from cultivation,mining, construction,and poor land use)
Runoff from streets,lawns, and constructionlots (nitrates andphosphates)
Lake ecosystemnutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Inorganic fertilizer runoff(nitrates and phosphates)
Gulf Coast “dead zone” from phytoplankton blooms brought on by high levels of nitrogen washed down the Mississippi River.
IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.
CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.
Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand septic tankscontaminate shellfishbeds and closebeaches; runoffof fertilization fromlawns adds nitrogenand phosphorus.
Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.
FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosivegrowth of toxic microscopic algae,poisoning fish and marine mammals.
Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses,use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Closed shellfish bedsClosed
beach Oxygen-depletedzone
Prevention
Reduce input of toxic pollutants
Separate sewage and storm lines
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping
Regulate coastal development
Recycle used oil
Require double hulls for oil tankers
Cleanup
Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities
Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage or use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other sewage treatment methods
Require improved air pollution cleanup to reduce input from the atmosphere
Householdwastewater
Perforatedpipe
Distributionbox (optional)
Septic tank
Manhole (forcleanout)
Drainfield
Vent pipe
Nonperforatedpipe
Gravel orcrushedstone
Topsoil
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
When landfill is full,layers of soil and clayseal in trash
Methane storageand compressorbuilding
Electricitygeneratorbuilding
Leachatetreatment system
Methane gasrecovery
Pipe collect explosivemethane gas used as fuelto generate electricity
Compactedsolid waste
Leachatestorage tanks
Leachatemonitoringwell
Leachatemonitoringwell
GroundwaterGroundwater
Groundwatermonitoringwell
Groundwatermonitoringwell
Leachate pipesLeachate pipes Leachate pumped upto storage tanks forsafe disposal
Leachate pumped upto storage tanks forsafe disposal
Clay and plastic liningto prevent leaks; pipescollect leachate frombottom of landfill
1st Priority 2nd Priority Last Priority
Primary Pollutionand Waste Prevention
• Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals
• Purchase different products
• Use less of a harmful product
• Reduce packaging and materials in products
• Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable or easy to repair
Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
• Reduce products
• Repair products
• Recycle
• Compost
• Buy reusable and recyclable products
Waste Management
• Treat waste to reduce toxicity
• Incinerate waste
• Bury waste in landfill
• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
Production ofenergy-efficientfuel-cell cars
Forestconservation
No-tillcultivation
Solar cellfields
Communities ofpassive solarhomes
Waterconservation
Recycling, reuse,and composing
High speed trains
Bicycling
Wind farms
Landfill
Clusterhousingdevelopment
Recyclingplant
Underground CO2storage usingabandoned oil wells
Deep seaCO2 storage
Economics EnvironmentallySustainableEconomy(Eco-Economy)
Resource Useand Pollution
Ecology andPopulation
Reward (subsidize) earth-sustaining behavior
Penalize (tax and do notsubsidize) earth-degrading behavior
Tax pollution and wasteinstead of wages andprofits
Use full-cost pricing
Sell more services insteadof more things
Do not deplete naturalcapital
Live off income fromnatural capital
Reduce poverty
Reduce resource useand waste by refusing,reducing, reusing, andrecycling
Improve energyefficiency
Rely more onrenewable solar andgeothermal energy
Shift from a carbonbased (fossil fuel)economy to asolar–hydrogen basedeconomy
Mimic nature
Preserve biodiversity
Repair ecologicaldamage
Stabilize population by reducing fertility
Sunset Business Eco-Friendly Business
Coal mining
Oil production
Nuclear power
Energy-wasting motorvehicles
Mining
Throwaway products
Clearcut logging
Paper production
Conventional pesticideproduction
Unsustainable farming
Water well drilling
Conventional economics
Conventional engineering,design, and architecture
Business travel
Solar cell production
Hydrogen production
Fuel-cell production
Wind turbine production
Wind farm construction
Geothermal energyproduction
Production of energy-efficient fuel-cell cars,trucks, and buses
Conventional and electricbicycle production
Light-rail construction
Sustainable agriculture
Integrated pestManagement
Agriculture
Recycling, reuse, andcomposting
Soil conservation
Water conservation
Pollution prevention
Ecoindustrial design
Biodiversitymanagement andprotection
Ecological restoration
Disease prevention
Environmentalengineering, design,and architecture
Ecocity urban design
Environmental science
Environmentaleducation
Ecological economics
Environmentalaccounting
Teleconferencing
EnvironmentalWorldviews
Atomistic(individual-centered)
Holistic (earth-centeredor ecocentric)
Anthropocentric(human-centered)
Biocentric(life-centered)
Biosphere-centered
Species-centered Individual-centered
Ecosystem-centered
Planetary Management
As the planet’s most importantspecies, we are in charge
Resources are unlimited
All economic growth is goodand is unlimited
Our success dependson managing the world’slife-support systems forour benefit
Environmental Wisdom
All species are important and we are not incharge
The earth’s resources are limited and shouldnot be wasted
Some forms of economic growth areenvironmentally beneficial and some areenvironmentally harmful
Our success depends on learning how theearth sustains itself and integrating suchscientific lessons from nature (environmentalwisdom) into the ways we think and act
Biosphere
Biodiversity(Earth's genes, species,and ecosystems)
Ecosystems
All species on earth
All animal species
All individualsof an animal species
All people
Nation
Community and friends
Family
Self
•Energy policy•Petroleum allocation
•Electric power generation
•Air and water•Pollution•Noise•Pesticides•Solid waste•Radiation•Toxic substances
President
White HouseOffice
•Endangered species•Energy•Minerals•National parks•Public lands•Fish and wildlife•Water development
•Endangered species•Energy•Minerals•National parks•Public lands•Fish and wildlife•Water development
•Soil conservation•Forestry
•Environmental litigation
•Health
•Licensing andregulation ofnuclear power
•Internationalenvironment
•Oceanic and atmospheric monitoring and research
•Occupational health
•Housing•Urban parks•Urban planning
•Airplane noise•Mass transit•Oil pollution•Roads
•Overall policy•Agency coordination
•Budget•Agency coordination and management
•Environmental policy•Agency coordination•Environmental impact statements
Office ofManagementand Budget
Council onEnvironmentalQuality
Departmentof Healthand HumanServices
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
Departmentof Justice
Departmentof theInterior
DepartmentofAgriculture
DepartmentofDefense
NuclearRegulatoryCommission
Departmentof State
Departmentof Commerce
DepartmentofLabor
Departmentof Housingand UrbanDevelopment
DepartmentOfTransportation
DepartmentofEnergy
TennesseeValleyAuthority
Purchase recyclable,recycled, andenvironmentallysafe products
Recycle cans,bottles,paper,and plastic
Plant a garden
Individual
Donate clothesand usedgoods to charities
Use water,energy, and otherresources efficiently
Use mass transit,walk, ride abike, or carpool
Laws and regulations
Membership support
Lawyers LawyersCourts
Boycotts
Environmentalorganizations
Legal action Legal action
Laws andregulations
Corporationsand smallbusinesses
Specialinterestgroups
Lobbyists Lobbyists
Lawmaking body
Publicadvisory
Publichearing
Regulatingenforcementbody
How a Bill Becomes a Law (if introduced in the House)
House of Representatives
Introduction of Bill by MemberWe will assume this is an appropriations bill, so the Constitution specifies that it be introduced in the House.
Referral to Standing Committee by leadership and parliamentarian
Committee Action•Possible referral to subcommittee•Hearings on major bills common•Committee decisions:
TableDefeatAccept and reportAmend and reportRewrite
Calendar Placement
Rules Committee (major bills)Hearings to decide whether bill will go to the floor earlier than calendar date.
House Floor Action•Reading, general debate•Second reading•Amendment(s) report to the House•Third reading•Passage or defeat
Senate
Referral to Standing Committee byleadership and parliamentarian
Committee Action•Possible referral to subcommittee•Alternatives similar to those of the House
Calendar placement
Senate Floor ActionAlternatives similar to those of the House include rejection, acceptance, or additional amendments
Conference CommitteeIf the Senate approves a bill that is not identical to the one passed in the House, a conference committee is requested. This committee consists of appointed members from both houses who compromise on a final version of the bill.This compromise version is then sent to each house for final approval.
Back to the Senate FloorBill is signed by Speaker and Vice-President.
President•Approve•Veto•Pocket veto•Permit bill to become law without his or her signature
Law
Nonpoint source water pollution
Indoor air pollution
Reuse
Mining wastes
Groundwater contamination
Environmentally harmful subsidies
Market prices do not include environmentallyharmful costs
Integrated environmentalmanagement
RecognitionIdentify the problem.
Global warming
Urban sprawl
Nuclear wastes
Biodiversityprotection
Pollution prevention
Toxic wastes
Resourceproductivity
Aquifer depletion
Environmentaljustice
Sustainable economicdevelopment
FormulationLook for solutions.
Acid deposition
Ozone depletion
Municipal solid waste
Protecting endangeredspecies
Pest control
Soil erosion
ImplementationImplement solutions.
Outdoor air pollution
Sewage treatment
Drinking watertreatment
Point source water pollution
Recycling
Some infectiousdiseases
ControlThings are improving.
