1. LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS OF VIRUSES:CHARACTERISTICS:

VERY SMALL 30-300 NMOBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITESVERY SPECFICCOMPOSED OF PROTEIN SHEL=CAPSIDCONTAIN DNA OR RNA BUT NOT BOTHDNA (SS OR DS), RNA (SS+ OR -, DS)MAY HAVE LIPID ENVELOPE OR ENZYME ASSOCIATEDNOT CELLS

COMPONENTS:DNA OR RNA COMPOSED OF CAPSID

2. DESCRIBE THE LYTIC AND LYSOGENIC CYCLE OF BACTEROPHAGES. GIVE EXAMPLES OF PHAGE/HOST

EX: LYTIC CYCLE: T-EVEN PHAGE AND E.COLI OSTLYSOGENIC CYCLE: LAMBDA PHAGE AND E.COLI K-12 HOST

LYTIC CYCLE:ATTACH PHAGE ATTACHES TO HOST CELLPENETRATION: INJECTS DNABIOSYNTHEIC STAGE: PHAGE DNA DIRECTS SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL COMPONENTS IN CELL HOSTMATURATION: VIRAL COMPONENTS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO VIRONSRELEASE: HOST CELL LYSES, AND NEW VIRONS ARE RELEASED

LYSOGENIC CYCLE:ATTACHMENT: PHAGE ATTACHES TO HOST CELLPENETRATION: PHAGE INJECTS DNAPHAGE DNA INTEFRATES W/IN THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME BY RECOMBINATION, BECOMING PROPHAGELYSOGENIC BACTERIA REPRODUCES NORMALLY; MANY CELL DIVISIONSOCCASIONALLY, THE PROPHAGE MAY EXCISE FROM THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME BY ANOTHER RECOMBINATION EVENT, INTIATING A KYTIC CYCLE. (WHEN IT COMES OUT FROM HIDING)

3. LIST SOME OF THE VIRAL FAMILIES THAT INCLUDE ONCOGENIC (CANCER-CAUSING) VIRUSESADENOVIRDAEHERPESVIRDAEPAPOVAVIRDAERETROVIRDAE

4. LIST THE CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS OF VIRUSESCELL-FUSION-GIANT CELL FORMATION, CELLS PILE UP AND ROUND UPVACUOLATIONCHROMOSOME BREAKAGECANCER (CAUSED BY ONCOGENIC VIRUSES)

5. DESCRIBE THE LIFE CYCLE OF A PAPOVAVIUS AND A RETROVIRUS AND EXPLAIN HOW THEY RESEMBLE THE LYTIC OR LYSOGENIC CYCLESMULTIPILCATION OF ANIMAL VIRUSES RESEMPLE LYTIC CYCLE:

ATTACHMENT TO HOST CELL, MEDIATED BY RECEPTORSPENETRATES VIRON ENTERS CELL, AND IS DNA UNCOATEDA PORTION OF VIRAL DNA IS TRANSCRIBED, PRODUCING mRNA THAT ENCODES “EARLY” VIRAL PROTEINSVIRAL RNA IS REPLICATED AND SOME PROTEINS MADELATE TRANSLATION: CAPSID PROTEIN SYTHESIZEDVIRONS MATUREVIRONS RELEASEDTHIS PROCESS IS LIKE THE LYTIC CYCLE BECAUSE IT ATTACHES, PENETRATES, RECOMBINATION-REPLICATES, MATURE AND RELEASED.

MULITIPLCATION OF RETROVIRUS REPLICATION IS LIKE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

ATTACHMENT OCCURS LIKE LYSOGENIC CYCLE, UT ENTERS BY FUSION BETWEEN ATTACHEMENT SPIKES AND RECEPTORSUNOATING RELEASES 2 VIRAL RNA GENOMES AND THE VIRAL ENZYMES REVERSE TRANSCIPTASE, INTEGRASE, PROTEASEREVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE COPIES VIRAL RNA TO DNATHE NEW VIRAL DNA IS TRANSPORTED INTO THE HOST’S CELL NUCLEUS REPLICATION ETC..TRANSCRIPTION OF THE PROVIRUS MAY ALSO OCCURVIRAL PROTEINS ARE PROCESSED BY VIRAL, PROFEASE SOME MOVED TO PLASMA MEMBRANEMATURE RETROVIRUS LEAVES THE HOST CELL, ACQURING AN ENVELOPE AND ATTACHMENT SPIKES AS IT BUDS OUT.IT IS SIMILAR TO LYSOGENIC CYCLE BECAUSE IT HAS CELL DIVISION IN THE HOST AND HIDS GENETIC MATERIAL UNTIL IT MATURES AND THEN RELEASES

6. BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF NUCLEIC ACID, PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ENEVELOPE AND EXAMPLES OF DISEASES OR VIRUSES FOR THE VIRAL FAMILIES DISCUSSED IN CLASS AND LISTED ON TABLE 13.2

NUCLEIC ACID

ENVELOPE VIRAL FAMILY GENUS/VIRUS

SS (SINGLE STRANDED) DNA

NONENVELOPED

PARVOVIRDAE HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19

DS DNA NONENVELOPED

ADENOVIRIDAE MASTADENOVIRUS

DS (DOUBLE STRANDED) DNA

NONENVELOPED

PAPOVAVIRIDAE PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HUMAN WART VIRUS)POLYOMAVIRUS

DS DNA ENVELOPED POXVIRIDAE SMALL POXDS DNA ENVELOPED HERPESVIRIDAE CHICKENPOXDS DNA ENVELOPED HEPADNAVIRIDAE HEPATITIS BSS + RNA NONENVELOPE

DPICORNAVIRIDAE HEPATITIS A

SS + RNA ENVELOPED TOGAVIRIDAE RUBELLA VIRUSSS + RNA ENVELOPED FLAVIVIRIDAE HEPATITIS CSS + RNA ENVELOPED CORONAVIRIDAE CORONAVIRUSSS - RNA ENVELOPED RHABDOVIRIDAE RABIESSS – RNA ENVELOPED FILOVIRIDAE FILOVIRUS- STRAND MULTIPLE RNA

ENVELOPED ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE

INFLUENZA VIRUS A, B, C

-STRAND MULITPLE RNA

ENVELOPED BUNYAVIRIDAE BUNYAVIRUS

PRODUCES DNA

ENVELOPED RETROVIRIDAE ONCOVIRUSES

7. DEFINE PATHOGENICITY, VIRULENCE, INFECTION, NORMAL FLORA, FOMITE, RESERVOIR, ADHESIN, VIRULENCE FACTORS, AND INVASIVENESS, STERILE.

PATHOGENICITY-THE ABILTY TO CAUSE DISEASEVIRULENCE-THE DEGREE OF PATHOGENICITYINFECTION-THE COLONIZATION OF THE BODY BY MICROORGANISMSNORMAL FLORA-MICROORGANISMS THAT COLONIZE THE HUMAN BODY AND DO NOT CAUSE DISEASE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS

FOMITE-AN OBJECT (DISH OR CLOTHING) THAT MAY BE CONTAMINATED W/INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS AND SERVE IN THEIRTRANSMISSIONADHESIN-ATTACHMENT TO HOST TISSUEVIRULENCE FACTORS-CHARACTERISTICS THAT MICROORGANISMS HAVE THAT HELP THEM SPREAD OR MULTIPLY BY ESCAPING HOST DEFENSES

o CAPSULE (PROTECTS VS PHAGOCYTOSIS)o ENZYMES (COAGULASE, STREPTOKINASE,

HYALURONIDASE, LEUKOCIDINS, COLLAGENASE, IgA PROTEASE)

o FACTOR THAT PREVENTS PHAGOSOMELYSOME FUSION IN M. TUBERCULOSIS

o ANTIGENIC VARIATIONINVASIVENESS-THE ABILITY OF MICROORGANISMS TO ENTER THE BODY AND SPREAD IN THE TISSUESSTERILE-FREE FROM ALL LIVE BACTERIA OR OTHER MICROORGANISMS

8. LIST 3 EXAMPLES OF EARLY COLONIZERS OF THE HUMAN BODY (GENUS NAME AT LEAST)

E.COLI, STREPTOCOCCUS, CLOSTRIDIUM WITHIN A FEW HOURSLACTOBACILLI AFTER 24 HOURSANAEROBIC BACTERIA WITHIN A FEW DAYS

9. LIST 3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE KINDS AND NUMBERS OF MICRORGANISMS AT ANY BODY SITE.

OXYGEN AVAILABLITYRECEPTORS ON CELLSNUTRIENTS

10. LIST 4 SPECIFIC SITES OF THE BODY THAT ARE HEAVILY COLONIZED AND GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES LIKE “LARGE INTESTINE”

SKIN: GROIN, BETWEEN THE TOESRESP. TRACT- NOSE AND OROPHARYNXDIGESTIVE TRACT- MOUTH AND LARGE INTESTINEUROGENITAL- ANTERIOR PARTS OF URETHRA AND VAGINA

11. LIST 2 SITES OF THE BODY THAT ARE NORMALLY STERILE

BLOODSYNOVIAL FLUID

12. LIST 3 FAVORABLE ASPECTS OF THE NORMAL FLORA. WHAT IS THE ADVERSE ASPECT?

FAVORABLE FACTORS:o IMMUNE STIMULATION

o KEEPS OUT INVADERS (PATHOGENS). IT HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF PREVIOUS OCCUPANCY AND MAT PRODUCE BACTERIOCINS

o PRODUCES USEFUL SUBSTANCES. E.COLI AND BACTEROIDES PRODUCE VITAMIN K. OTHERS PRODUCE ENZYMES

ADVERSE ASPECT:o CAN CAUSE DISEASE

13. LIST EXAMPLES OF MEMBERS OF THE NORMAL FLORA OF TE SKIN, NOSE, THROAT, MOUTH, LARGE INTESTINE UROGENITAL SYSTEM.

Skin: Staphylococcus Auerus, Staphylococcus Epidimisis.Nose: Staph aureus, Throat: Staph aureus, and nissera.Mouth: Strepococcus, Cornybacterium.Large intestine: (enterics) E. coli, Proteus, Klebsellia, Urogenital system: Staph epi, Klebsellia, Proteus, Clostridium.

14. CAN MEMBERS OF THE NORMAL FLORA CAUSE DISSEASE? IF SO, LIST SOME POSSIBLE REASONS OR CASES WHEN THIS CAN HAPPEN.Meningococci causes Meningitis, Pneumococci causes

pneumonia.

15. GIVE AT LEAST 2 EXAMPLES OF DISEASES THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH HORIZONTAL-DIRECT, HORIZONTAL-INDIRECT, OR VERTICAL SPREAD.

Horizontal direct- spread thru direct contact and exchanging of bodily fluids, such as std’s and respiratory diseases.Horizontal indirect- Spread thru water and other sources such as food and dust: like malaria Hepatitis A.Vertical Spread- transferred from mother to offspring. I.e. aids, congenital heart disease, Hepatitis B.

16. LIST 2 EXAMPLES OF DISEASES THAT ENTER THE BODY THRU THE SKIN, RESPIRATORY, GASTROINTESTINAL OR GENITOURINARY TRACT.

Skin: Hepatitis B (Hepadovirus), Tetanus (Clostridium Tetani).Respiratory- Tuberculosis (mycobacterium Tuberculosi) Influenza (influenza Virus)

Gastrointestinal- Cholera (Vibrio Cholerae) Salmonella (Salmonella Enterica)Genitourinary Tract- AIDS (human immunodeficiency disease) Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus type 2)

17. LIST 3 PORTALS OF EXIT FOR INFECTIOUS DISEAESBloodFeces Urine, and mucus or pus.

18. GIVE 2 EXAMPLES OF DISEASES WITH INANIMATE OR LIVING RESERVOIRS

Inanimate (soil)- Clostridium Tetani (tetnus) Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever)Living- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB), Rabies virus.

19. GIVE 2 EXAMPLES OF MICRORGANISMS FOR WHICH ADHESINS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, AND NAME AND DESCRIDE ADHESIN

M. protein on pili of Strep. Pyogenes, and it helps the cell resist phagocytoses.Opa Protein in N. gonorrhoeae, it facilitates the engulfment by the host cell.

20. LIST 3 EXAMPLES OF VIRULENCE FACTORS EXPLAINING HOW THEY HELP THE MOCROORGANISM SPREAD OR MULTIPLY

Capsule- Having a capsule helps the cell prevent phagocytosis.Enzymes- IgA protease breaks down the antibody. Antigenic variation

21. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL DAMAGEMechanical (physical destruction of tissues) ex: worms

22. COMPARE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOTOXINS AND EXOTOXINS

EXOTOXIN: MOSTLY FROM GRAM + BACTERIA AND ENDOTOXIN IS GRAM – BACTERIA

EXO- MADE UP OF PROTEIN, ENDO- MADE OF LIPID A OF LPSEXO- UNSTABLE HEAT STABILITY, ENDO- STABLE HEAT STABILITYEXO- HIGH TOXICITY, ENDO- LOW TOXICITYEXO- SMALL LETHAL DOSE, ENDO- LOW LETHAL DOSE

23. EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE ENDOTOXINS

FEVERACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENTACTIVATION OF B CELLSACTIVATION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

24. LIST THE EFFECTS OF HIGH-DOSE ENDOTOXINSHOCKDROP IN PRESSUREBLOOD CLOTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

25. DESCRIBE THE 4 EXOTOXINS DISCUSSED IN CLASS. LIST THE NAME AND TYPE OF THE TOXIN, THE BACTERIUM THAT PRODUCES IT (GRAM + OR -), AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTIONNAME BACTERIUM GRAM +/- MECHANISMBOTULISM CLOSTRIDIUM

BOTULINUMGRAM + NEUROTOXIN

PREVENTS THE TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES: FLACCID PARALYSIS RESULTS

TETANUS CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

GRAM + NEUROTOXIN BLOCKS NERVE IMPLSES TO MUSCLE RELAXATION PATHAWAY: RESULTS IN UNCONTROLLABLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

DIPHTHERIA CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTERIAE

GRAM + CYTOTOXINS INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, ESPECIALLY IN NERVE, HEART, KIDNEY CELLS

CHOLERA VIBRIO CHOLERAE

GRAM - ENTERTOXIN CAUSES SECRETION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES THAT RESULT IN DIARRHEA

26. LIST 4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE FINAL OUTCOME OF A DISEASE

AGEGENDERETHNICITYENVIROMENT, OCCUPATIONACCESS TO HEALTH CARE