Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities …ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/publications/life...Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities Financed under the LIFE Programme

Directorate General Environment, Unit E.4. LIFE

Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities Financed under the LIFE Programme

Final Report Part 4: Thematic analysis - Chemicals

Julyl 2009

Directorate General Environment, Unit E.4. LIFE

Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities Financed under the LIFE Programme Final Report

Part 4: Thematic analysis - Chemicals

July 2009

COWI A/S Parallelvej 2 DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark Tel +45 45 97 22 11 Fax +45 45 97 22 12 www.cowi.com

Document no. 7-4 Chemicals

Version 1

Date of issue July 2009

Prepared SBJ, JFRA, JEK, BIM, TIH, JELA

Checked JDCR, IL

Approved BIM

This report has been prepared as a result of an independent evaluation by COWI being contracted by the Directorate General Environment The views expressed are those of the Consultant and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.



O:\A000000\A001146\Final Report for PDF\Thematic reports\LIFE_Final Report_Part 4 Chemicals_1.doc

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Table of Contents

Thematic analysis - Chemicals 2

1 Executive summary 2

2 Introduction 2

3 Background and policy overview 3 3.1 Status and trends of chemicals in the EU 3 3.2 Overview of EU policy and legislation on chemicals 4 3.3 Objectives of the LIFE Programme on chemicals 5

4 Overview of LIFE projects on chemicals 1996-2006 5

5 Results and impacts of projects on chemicals 7 5.1 Types of projects 7 5.2 Environmental results and impacts 7 5.3 Other results and impacts 8 5.4 Effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and utility 8

Table of Appendices

Appendix 1 Overview of LIFE Projects within the theme: Chemicals




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Thematic analysis - Chemicals

1 Executive summary 'Chemicals' was not specified as a theme or priority area under LIFE II and LIFE III but has for the purpose of this evaluation been included (being one of the LIFE+ themes). Only 17 projects are categorised as 'chemicals' projects though many more projects concern various aspects related to chemicals and chemical pollution. However, projects on chemicals in relation to a specific environmental compartment e.g. water has been categorised as water projects. The LIFE contribution to the chemicals projects amounts to EUR 9.5 million and the total budget of the projects was EUR 32.8 million.

Projects under the 'chemicals' theme have mainly had private and public enterprises as beneficiaries (88 per cent), while no projects have been undertaken by authorities: Various types of research institution account for the remaining 12 per cent. More than 75 per cent of the projects are technological projects aiming either to substitute hazardous chemicals with less hazardous ones (49 per cent) or to modify/optimise existing processes thus reducing human or environmental exposure to the chemicals. The remaining projects (24 per cent) are risk identification and risk management projects.

As the technical projects have mainly aimed to demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic viability of new processes or other approaches it is not surprising the direct environmental effects of the projects by and large seem to be localised to the project area (or executing company) itself. Though the majority of the projects have achieved (most of) their objectives there are a number of cases where the wider perspective of the technology developed or demonstrated (i.e. beyond the enterprise conducting the project) appears to be doubtful or at least quite restricted.

2 Introduction This thematic report on the implementation of the part of the Environment component of the LIFE Programme concerning "Chemicals" is part of the overall ex-post evaluation of the LIFE Programme. The evaluation was commissioned in July 2008 and covers all LIFE projects initiated during the period 1996-2006. The overall objective of the evaluation is to assess the relevance and impact of the activities and projects financed under the LIFE Programme. The evaluation covers country studies in all Member States1 and 10 thematic studies of which this report constitutes one of the latter.

The evaluation aims to assess the effect of the LIFE Programme on nature and environment in the European Union through looking at results and impacts of the projects implemented under the Environment (ENV) and nature (NAT) components of the programme. The projects have further been assessed along four main evaluation criteria:

• Effectiveness, i.e. the extent to which planned objectives have been reached • Efficiency, i.e. the extent to which costs associated with the interventions are reasonable 1 Except Bulgaria, who has never had any LIFE project.




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• Sustainability, i.e. the extent to which positive impacts have continued or are likely to continue • Utility, i.e. the extent to which impacts address key environmental needs and priorities in the EU

and for the stakeholders concerned.

The structure of this thematic report follows from the approach. First, a brief overview is provided of chemicals issues in the EU, the main legislation and policies within this theme, and the projects supported by LIFE. The report then gives an overview of the project types and typical beneficiaries of projects within the theme and subsequently presents the main findings and conclusions with regard to the environmental and comments on the four main evaluation criteria effectiveness, sustainability and utility.

3 Background and policy overview

3.1 Status and trends of chemicals in the EU In 1981, 100,195 chemicals were identified.2 Adding approximately 5,000 others identified later on, 30,000 of these substances were on the EU market in quantities exceeding 1 tonne (10,000 in quantities exceeding 10 tonnes)3 and 140 of these were identified as priority substances for comprehensive risk assessment. Generally, there is a lack of knowledge and information about the uses and hazardous properties of many chemicals and only relatively few substances are well described. Therefore, there is no evaluation on the aggregated costs of the effects of chemical substances on human health in the European population and on the environment in Europe.

For many years heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury have been of great concern because of their ability to bio-accumulate in for example human organisms and their toxic and harmful effects can be severe in even low concentrations. In the 90'ies, considerable effort was made to reduce and abate heavy metal emissions to air. Thus, in 1999 emissions constituted only 40 per cent of the level in 1990 totalling 17,000 tonnes/year of lead and 200 and 400 of mercury and cadmium respectively. Another concern is the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that constitute a threat not only to the local environment in which they are emitted/discharged but also to areas remote to the source of pollution. For example, high concentrations of POPs have been found in arctic areas causing detrimental effect to humans and arctic animals. The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture and elsewhere is third concern as these substances with intentional biological effect are deliberately spread into the environment where they can affect not only the pests but also non-target organisms and ecological systems.

Until 1 June 2008, i.e. when registration requirements of the new chemicals legislation - REACH - became binding, approximately 400 new substances were notified every year accompanied by required data informing about basic properties and use. However, this did not exclude the new chemical substances from having adverse effects4. The risk assessment of new chemical substances was a very time-consuming and expensive process. REACH reduces requirements for lower tonnage chemicals while extending the scope to all substances manufactured and placed on the EU market.

2 Europe's Environment: Third Assessment (2003), no. 10, EEA, Copenhagen: p. 133 (According to the White Paper of the Commission (COM2001 88 Final) the number was 100.106 in 1981) 3 European Commission: White Paper - Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy. Brussels. 27.2.2001 (COM(2001) 88 final)): p. 4 4 Europe's Environment: Third Assessment (2003), no. 10, EEA, Copenhagen: p. 145




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Moreover, REACH introduces joint registration by manufacturers and importers of the same substances including sharing of relevant information and costs. The chemical industry is the third largest manufacturing industry5 in Europe and the EU production accounts for 32% of the estimated total turnover of the total world chemical production in 2001.6

3.2 Overview of EU policy and legislation on chemicals Since 1967, the EC has had a directive to manage dangerous chemical substances (67/548/EEC) through requirements to classification, packaging and labelling of such substances and products. The directive was adapted to technical progress 31 times, and amended eight times to adapt to changing realities. Particularly the 6th and the 7th amendments (in 1979 and 1992) were considered important as they introduced measures to also protect the environment against chemical substances, a notification and assessment system for new substances, and a list of existing ones. The community legislation differentiated between existing substances (introduced on the market before 1981) and new substances (introduced on the market after 1981). Existing substances were not as regulated as new substances, which had to be tested and notified before marketing in volumes above 10 kg. Existing substances were listed in the EINECS-list (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances), which comprises around 100,000 substances.

The 5th Environmental Action Programme (EAP) (2179/98/EC) provides for a Community strategy on chemicals in various areas. In relation to agriculture a strategy must be formed on the sales and health problems of pesticides. In relation to industry, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were addressed together with heavy metals and other substances with irreversible impact on health. Special attention was given in article 11 to import and export of dangerous chemicals as well as the sustainable use of pesticides. The precautionary principle was addressed particularly together with the out-phasing of hazardous chemicals and the assessment of substances on the EINECS-list.

The 6th EAP (Decision no 1600/2002/EC) was adopted on 2nd July 2002 and is in effect until 2012. Concerning chemicals and pesticides, there are thirteen priority actions listed in article 7 (b,c,d). These priority actions are subcategorized under four areas for action, programme aims and objectives in a hierarchical pattern. The priority actions address a variety of different points including for example the placement of responsibility on the manufacturer of chemical products; the development of a coherent system of risk assessment; public access to information on chemicals; a full revision and implementation of the relevant legislation on pesticides, and also a thematic strategy on pesticides7. The thematic strategy on pesticides aims to improve monitoring, control, use of best-practices and general awareness of the application of pesticides.

The EU policy on chemicals is guided by the overall aim of sustainable development. This was reiterated in the White Paper of the European Commission from 2001 adapting a Community policy strategy in the field of chemicals8. The main objectives of the strategy were to protect humans and the environment along the lines of sustainable development and with respect to the competitiveness of the chemical industry. The White Paper recognises that the European public has a right to access

5 European Commission: White Paper - Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy. Brussels. 27.2.2001 (COM(2001) 88 final)): p. 4 6 Europe's Environment: Third Assessment (2003), no. 10, EEA, Copenhagen: p. 135 7 COM(2006) 372 final: A Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides 8 European Commission: White Paper - Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy. Brussels. 27.2.2001 (COM(2001) 88 final)): p. 4




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information to the chemicals to which they are exposed as well as it reiterates the importance of the Precautionary Principle as established in the Resolution of the European Council of Nice in 2000. Under the heading; 'REACH' (registration, evaluation, and authorisation of chemicals) a system was proposed wherein responsibility should be placed on the chemical industry and increasing transparency should be provided for along with new testing schemes.

REACH now constitutes the centrepiece of chemical regulation in the EU. The REACH regulation of 2006 (Reg. 1907/2006) is a large piece of legislation that puts in place the REACH system of identification, registration and control of chemical substances. In the 'REACH system' the manufacturers of chemical substances are obliged to identify the properties of their products and register the information with the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), also formed as a result of the REACH regulation. Further, the REACH regulation works to phase out and to substitute chemicals dangerous to humans and the environment. REACH covers 30,000 of the about 100,000 chemicals available on the EU market9 and its provisions will be phased-in over a period of 11 years after its entering into force in 2007.

3.3 Objectives of the LIFE Programme on chemicals The LIFE II does not specify any particular measures, which in relation to chemicals, could be eligible for funding. However, it provides for sustainable development in general and in relation to industrial activities. The LIFE III (regulation 1655/2000) contains the specific objective for LIFE Environment, which is that LIFE "shall be to contribute to the development of innovative and integrated techniques and methods and to the further development of Community Policy" (Article 4). There is no concrete reference to chemicals or any related legislation.

In the years following the period of evaluation (1996-2006), LIFE+ (Reg. 614/2007) has provided for clear objectives and measures eligible for funding in the field of chemicals. In Annex I the clearly stated objective for chemicals is "To improve the protection of the environment and health from risks posed by chemicals by 2020 by implementing chemicals legislation, in particular Regulation no 1907/2006 (REACH) and the Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides." The areas of action are 1) to exchange policy information and best practise; 2) enhance science-policy integration and the transfer of results to provide a solid technical background in support of REACH; and 3) the implementation of the Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides.

4 Overview of LIFE projects on chemicals 1996-2006 During the period 1996-2006, the LIFE Programme co-financed 17 projects, which for this ex-post evaluation have been categorised as chemicals projects. This is less than 2 per cent of all LIFE Environment projects. The total LIFE contribution to these projects (of which some are still ongoing) amounts to EUR 9.5 million and the total budget is EUR 32.8 million. This corresponds to an average LIFE co-financing share of 29 per cent.

9 http://www.foeeurope.org/safer_chemicals/Index.htm (Homepage of 'Friends of the Earth')




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Table 4.1 Overview of LIFE projects categorised as chemicals projects (budget and contribution inmillion EUR)

Generation No. of projects Total Budget (million EUR)

Total LIFE contribution (million EUR)

Average project duration (years)

Average LIFE contribution per project (million EUR)

LIFE II 6 11.5 2.8 2.7 0.5

LIFE III 9 16.8 5.6 3.2 0.6

LIFE III-ext 2 4.6 1.1 3.0 0.5

Grand total / average 17 32.8 9.5 3.0 0.6

Source: Data from BUTLER

As mentioned above, the LIFE Programme has not in the evaluation period specifically identified chemicals as a theme eligible for funding. On the other hand "chemicals" is a cross-sectorial issue and in reality a substantial number of LIFE projects deal with consequences of chemical pollution and mitigation hereof. However, for the sake of this evaluation, projects dealing with chemicals and chemical pollution specifically in relation to one of the environmental compartments (water, air, soil) have been categorized under the relevant compartment and not under chemicals, and integrated/holistic environmental management systems have by convention been categorized under strategic approaches. Hence, in this evaluation the Chemicals Theme comprises only very few projects.

Finally, the distinction between when a project is a chemicals projects or e.g. a waste project or a strategic approaches project in a number of cases is subtle and the final categorization therefore subjective. This can be illustrated by the fact that among the 3 identifiable e-survey responses in the chemicals category (out of a total of 5), only 1 project was among the 17 identified by the evaluation team as a chemicals project.

Details on the 17 chemicals projects are provided in Appendix 1 including overview information on the distribution of projects on years, beneficiaries etc. The information in the appendices provide for the following overall observations:

• The average size of the projects (total budget) over the 10 years period range from EUR 1.12 to 2.3 million and the LIFE contribution from EUR 0.20 to 1.08 million (corresponding to between 16 per cent and 50 per cent of the budget).

• Projects under the chemicals theme were predominantly undertaken by private and public enterprises (88 per cent). Big international enterprises and SMEs are approximately equally important in terms of number of projects while public authorities are absent and research institutions account for less than 12 per cent of the projects.

• Chemicals projects have been carried out in only 7 countries, and only Sweden has had more than 3 projects (5 projects).




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5 Results and impacts of projects on chemicals This section on results and impacts of chemicals projects is based on the formal information available in the BUTLER database, the few responses to the e-survey, the project descriptions and assessments provided either on LIFE's website or in the monitoring files, and the interviews conducted with DG Environment staff in January 2009. The country reports have not provided any specific thematic information and no chemicals projects have been selected for in-depth study.

5.1 Types of projects Based on the project summaries it is found that the 17 identified chemicals projects can be grouped into a few main categories based on their approach to the issue:

• The vast majority of the projects - more than 75 per cent - are technological projects developing new or modifying existing technology with the aim to substitute hazardous chemicals (47 per cent) or to optimise/modify existing processes to reduce exposure of humans or the environment to chemicals (29 per cent).

• The remaining 24 per cent (corresponding to 4 projects) are mainly concrete risk management projects (3 projects) while

• the main issue of the last 6 per cent (1 project) was development of a new method for testing of endocrine disrupting effects of chemicals.

The project types correspond well with the categories of beneficiaries who in this theme are mostly larger or smaller private enterprises (15 out of 17 including one public enterprise).

5.2 Environmental results and impacts Five beneficiaries have responded to the e-survey in the chemicals category. At least two, and probably the majority (judged by the beneficiary types), of these are not among the 17 projects identified by the evaluation team as chemicals projects.

Whereas three out the five respondents indicate that their project resulted in reduced use and/or substitution of hazardous substances, only one has given a quantitative estimate of the reduction (10 t/year both in the shorter and in the longer term). In terms of the project's contribution to substitution of hazardous chemicals a medium score (2-3) is given for the short-term effect while a higher score (3-4) is given for the expected longer term impact.

In the project summaries, the environmental benefits achieved are typically described in terms of relative improvement (%) rather than in absolute volumes or tonnages. Improvements can be in terms of decrease in use of problematic substances, less hazardous waste generated, lower consumption of power or more efficient use of raw materials. From this source of information, and also considering that continuation of the projects after formal closure is often lacking or questionable, the direct environmental benefits are difficult to evaluate.

The environmental improvements resulting from the projects within this theme are limited with regard to number of people being directly affected by the project activities, and physically the direct results and impacts are largely restricted to the sites/companies where the projects took place. This is




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not strange as most of the projects are of a demonstration nature i.e. the full potential of the achievements will only gradually be released and thereby benefit a larger number of people. Many of the projects appear to have a quite narrow technical scope, i.e. they are believed to be relevant only to very few manufacturers within a given sector (and the technology developed may possibly, if it was successful, have been protected from duplication by a patent or in another manner).

5.3 Other results and impacts A few projects have, according to the e-survey, resulted in development of guidelines for evaluation/risk assessment or systems for safer management of chemicals. The most successful of these, in terms of outreach to the relevant sector, seems to be a chemical management system for the construction industry in Sweden aiming to identify and reduce the use of environmentally problematic construction materials, which has resulted in an apparently quite widespread continued use of an internet-based database tool serving this purpose10.

A few projects have comprised training of staff in safe management/handling of chemicals and/or information/awareness-raising in companies or institutions about EU chemicals legislation and regulation. Though only a relatively limited number of staff or companies/institutions have been targeted directly in these projects, the expectation for the future impact is generally scored above average.

5.4 Effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and utility Project summaries and assessment reports by the monitoring teams (available for 12 out of 17 projects, in particular the more recent ones) provide some information relating to evaluation parameters such as effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and utility.

The vast majority of the chemicals projects seem to have achieved their objectives, or at least a significant part hereof, and are therefore considered to be effective, although a number of projects have suffered from delays and other problems. Only two projects did not or only to a limited extent meet their objectives.

With regard to efficiency and sustainability the picture is more varied and often it is not possible to determine whether a project is efficient or not as no reasonable point of reference can be established. Efficient projects tend also to be sustainable and indeed some projects have demonstrated (or rendered very likely) their sustainability after the LIFE funding has ceased, and in a few cases even in a larger scale than the project itself.

Most of the chemicals projects have been of a nature supporting existing EU legislation/policies (the less successful ones only in theory) and some have also provided (or aimed to provide) knowledge and/or documentation being useful for development of new legislation/policies. For a number of projects the utility is not strictly related to chemicals legislation but due to the cross-cutting nature of this theme rather to areas such as waste/natural resources, air, climate change or strategic approaches.

10 LIFE03 ENV/S/000594




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Appendix 1 Overview of LIFE Projects within the theme: Chemicals In connection with the ex-post evaluation, data was extracted from the BUTLER database of the LIFE Unit. Table1 below provides an overview of the information available on each project. The budget figures for LIFE co-financing do not necessarily correspond to the actual payments made.

Table 1 List of LIFE Environment Projects in Chemicals

Id. Title LIFE generation

Country Funding year

Start year

End year

Total budget (EUR)

LIFE co-financing budget (EUR)

Beneficiary type

International partners (yes/no)

LIFE96 ENV/NL/000223

CLT (Cold lamination technology) project

LIFE II Nederlands 1996 1996 1998 1,245,380 199,944 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE97 ENV/S/000306

Increasing competitiveness for using waterborne, environmental friendly paint systems in the wood furniture industry

LIFE II Sweden 1997 1997 2000 2,158,068 594,553 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE98 ENV/B/000260

Detection and elimination of human exposure to environmental hormone disrupting substances.

LIFE II Belgium 1998 1998 2002 1,495,809 652,369 Research institutions

No


Acetylation of Solid Wood LIFE II Nederlands 1998 1998 2001 2,002,810 575,528 International enterprise

No

LIFE99 ENV/FIN/000224

Internet-based GIS System for Environmental Risk Management of Hazardous and Oil Material Transportation : A Pilot Case in Central Region Finland.

LIFE II Finland 1999 1999 2001 558,384 269,101 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE99 ENV/D/000408

LISA (Low Isocyanate Solventfree Adhesives) Procedure for the development and production of solventless adhesives with extremely low contents of monomeric isocyanates

LIFE II Germany 1999 1999 2001 3,991,252 500,154 International enterprise

No




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Start year

End year

Total budget (EUR)


Beneficiary type


LIFE00 ENV/IT/000213

Development of a clean coating technology pvd for decorative applications on metal components in place of the traditional (galvanic) coating technologies

LIFE III Italy 2000 2001 2004 4,604,744 1,004,923 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE00 ENV/S/000851

Low solvent lacquers based on new binder combinations

LIFE III Sweden 2000 2000 2004 473,422 456,845 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

Yes

LIFE00 ENV/S/000864

The new coolant technologies for metalworking

LIFE III Sweden 2000 2001 2004 1,200,000 345,000 Development agency

No


Biocontrol instead of pesticides for sustainable horticultural production

LIFE III Netherlands 2002 2002 2005 655,845 152,279 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE02 ENV/E/000255

Demonstration title of the progressive elimination of Methyl Bromide in the processed rice fumigation, due to the substitution of the vacuum packed rice, minimised the environmental impact and the emission of gases into the atmosphere

LIFE III Spain 2002 2002 2006 1,571,708 623,581 Research institutions

No

LIFE03 ENV/B/000021

Green chemistry developing an integrated and durable approach aiming at replacing heavy metal stabilizers for PVC with non toxic compounds.

LIFE III Belgium 2003 2003 2006 4,200,358 1,198,135 International enterprise

No




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Start year

End year

Total budget (EUR)


Beneficiary type


LIFE03 ENV/D/000040

Demonstration of bio-degradable, non-toxic, renewable eco-plasticisers that fully replace potentially hazardous phthalates thus reducing the impact on and risk to human health caused by these large-volume chemicals to zero

LIFE III Germany 2003 2003 2005 1,008,877 298,463 International enterprise

No

LIFE03 ENV/S/000594

Phasing Out Very Dangerous Substances from the Construction Industry

LIFE III Sweden 2003 2003 2006 1,488,333 741,416 International enterprise

No

LIFE04 ENV/FI/000300

Risk assessment and risk management procedure for arsenic in the Tampere region

LIFE III Finland 2004 2004 2008 1,594,000 797,000 Public enterprise

No

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911

Volatile Organic Compouns Free Decals - Eliminating toxic, harmful and/or dangerous chemical substances from the manufacturing of industrial decal transfers.

LIFE III Extension

Italy 2005 2005 2008 623,034 46,163 SME Small and medium sized enterprise

No

LIFE05 ENV/S/000401

Advanced Reactor Technology for Sustainable Production in the Chemical Industry

LIFE III Extension

Sweden 2005 2005 2008 3,977,800 1,017,240 International enterprise

No

Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities Financed under the LIFE Programme. Part 4: Thematic analysis - Chemicals


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Table 2 Overview of projects in Chemicals by year, 1996-2006.

Generation Year Number of projects

Total budget (EUR million)

Total LIFE co-financing budget (EUR million)

Average duration (years)

Average LIFE funding per project (EUR million)

LIFE II 1996 1 1.2 0.2 2.0 0.20

1997 1 2.2 0.6 3.0 0.59

1998 2 3.5 1.2 3.5 0.61

1999 2 4.5 0.8 2.0 0.38

Total 6 11.5 2.8 2.6 0.45

LIFE III 2000 3 6.3 1.8 3.3 0.60

2002 2 2.2 0.8 3.5 0.39

2003 3 6.7 2.2 2.7 0.75

2004 1 1.6 0.8 4.0 0.80

Total 9 16.8 5.6 3.4 0.63

LIFE III extension

2005 2 4.6 1.1 3.0 0.53

2006 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00

Total 2 4.6 1.1 1.5 0.27

Grand total 17 32.8 9.5 2.5 0.45

Comparative figures for all ENV projects

1076 1947.7 615.9 3.4 0.70



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Table 3 Overview of projects in Chemicals 1996-2006 by country

Country No. of projects

In % of total


In % of total

LIFE contribution (EUR million)

In % of total

EU-15 (old Member States)

Austria Belgium 2 12% 5.7 17% 1.9 20% Denmark Finland 2 12% 2.2 7% 1.1 11% France Germany 2 12% 5.0 15% 0.8 8% Greece Ireland Italy 2 12% 5.2 16% 1.1 11% Luxembourg Netherlands 3 18% 3.9 12% 0.9 10% Portugal Spain 1 6% 1.6 5% 0.6 7% Sweden 5 29% 9.3 28% 3.2 33% United Kingdom Sub-total 17 100% 32.8 100% 9.5 100%

New Member States

Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sub-total 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0%

Grand total 17 100% 32.8 100% 9.5 100%



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Table 4 LIFE projects in Chemicals 1996-2006 according to beneficiary type

Beneficiary type

No. of projects

In % of total


In % of total

LIFE contribution (EUR million)

In % of total

Public entities

National authority 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Regional authority 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Local authority 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Development agency 1 6% 1 4% 0 4% Intergovernmental body 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Park-reserve authority 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Sub-total 1 6% 1 4% 0 4% Public and private enterprises International enterprise 6 35% 17 51% 4 46% Large enterprise 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% SME Small and medium sized enterprise 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

Mixed enterprise 1 6% 2 5% 1 8% Public enterprise 7 41% 10 31% 3 29% Sub-total 14 82% 29 87% 8 83% NGOs and research NGO-Foundation 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Research institutions 2 12% 3 9% 1 13% University 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Training centre 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Sub-total 2 12% 3 9% 1 13% None indicated 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Grand total 17 100% 33 100% 9 100%

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Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities …ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/publications/life...Ex-Post Evaluation of Projects and Activities Financed under the LIFE Programme