EWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper V1.3

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper

Issue 1.1

Date 2012-07-11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Issue 1.1 (2012-07-11) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2012. All rights reserved.

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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: Huawei Industrial Base

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eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper Contents



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Contents

1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Application Scenarios of Video Surveillance ................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Road Video Surveillance ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 City Video Surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 Unmanned Area Video Surveillance ....................................................................................................... 2

1.1.4 Mobile Video Surveillance ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Necessity of Improvements in the Video Surveillance Solution ...................................................................... 3

2 Solution ........................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Front-end Subsystem............................................................................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Central Management Platform ................................................................................................................ 8

2.1.3 Monitoring Center and Sub-center .......................................................................................................... 8

2.1.4 LTE Wireless Backhaul Network ............................................................................................................ 9

2.2 Networking Solution ...................................................................................................................................... 12

2.2.1 Connection Between Front-end Cameras and Wireless Backhaul Networks ........................................ 13

2.2.2 Connection Between Central Management Platforms and Wireless Backhaul Networks ..................... 13

2.2.3 CPE Management ................................................................................................................................. 13

2.2.4 Front-end Camera Management ............................................................................................................ 13

2.3 Video Surveillance Site Installation ............................................................................................................... 14

2.3.1 Outdoor Video Surveillance .................................................................................................................. 14

2.4 Video Surveillance Business Process ............................................................................................................. 15

2.5 Technical Specifications ................................................................................................................................. 15

2.5.1 Transport Network Capacity Specifications .......................................................................................... 15

2.5.2 Transport Network Performance Specifications.................................................................................... 15

3 Key Technologies ........................................................................................................................ 19

3.1 TDD Uplink and Downlink Subframe Ratio .................................................................................................. 19

3.2 Uplink VMIMO.............................................................................................................................................. 20

4 Promotion ..................................................................................................................................... 21

A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 22

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper 1 Overview



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1 Overview

1.1 Application Scenarios of Video Surveillance

Video surveillance is widely used in various fields including:

1.1.1 Road Video Surveillance

Road video surveillance is mainly applied in intersections, major arteries, and expressways.

Traffic cameras are deployed along busy roads. They transmit real-time videos and images to

the transportation monitoring center. In this way the transport department can timely observe

and monitor traffic patterns including car flows, passenger flows, and road security, which

helps the traffic control personnel to cope with accidents and congestions in time. Road video

surveillance is deployed in the following situations:

Traffic flow steering

The road video surveillance system reports traffic patterns including vehicle queue

lengths and congestions. It enables the transport department to change transport signals

timely to steer traffic flows and ensure free traffic.

Accident management

The road video surveillance system allows the traffic control personnel to be informed of

and cope with traffic accidents in time, which improves transportation in cities.

Accident videos

The road video surveillance system monitors and records accidents, which facilitates

accident management.

1.1.2 City Video Surveillance

City video surveillance is a comprehensive security network involving different regions and

industries. It is deployed in the following situations:

Busy public places (squares, activity centers, schools, hospitals)

Business areas (banks, shopping centers, plazas)

Transportation centers (stations, docks)

Major intersections

High-crime areas

Institutions and residential areas




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City video surveillance is deployed in busy public areas. It helps the security personnel to

notice and cope with accidents in time, which effectively reduces crimes, maintains social

stability and safeguards people's life and property.

1.1.3 Unmanned Area Video Surveillance

Unmanned areas refer to remote, dangerous or preserved areas. Unmanned area video

surveillance is deployed in the following situations:

Wildfire prevention, border security, vegetation preservation, and forest protection

State property (oil fields, dams, power stations, generator rooms) protection

Eco-system monitoring of scenic areas, tourism sites, and natural reserves.

Unmanned area video surveillance monitors wide range targets with high resolution images in

an all-weather, all round and distant way. It transmits images to the monitoring center in real

time, which allows long distant, centralized, and indoor monitoring. The system is also

deployed for real-time monitoring of natural resources, danger prevention, vegetation

preservation and property protection.

1.1.4 Mobile Video Surveillance

Mobile monitoring is necessary for accidents and special scenarios. It can be deployed in:

Moving cruisers to monitor surrounding areas and supervise security personnel

Fire engines for real time monitoring of fires that people are not accessible to

Journalist cars for real time transmission of interview materials

Financial escort vehicles for real time observation and danger prevention

Ambulances for real time report of patients' conditions

1.2 Challenges

The rapid development of society and economics has lead to a series of problems in social

security, transportation, law enforcement, and environment. Improving administration

efficiency is top of the agenda. New demands in the market and the rapid evolvement of radio

technology necessitate an entire set of solutions for long distance and local monitoring

systems (medium and large sized).

The traditional wired video surveillance, including the analog solution and the DVS solution,

fails to all-roundly cope with medium or large monitoring system including airport

monitoring and long distance application in residential areas, schools, borders, oil fields, and

power stations.

The rising presence of wired video surveillance has already revealed its limitations including:

High cabling costs

Cabling costs of wired video surveillance are too high due to limitations including

transport costs, private lands, and natural conditions.

Limited monitoring areas

It is difficult to monitor in unmanned areas, such as oil fields, dams, forests, and coasts.

No possibility of mobile monitoring




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Wired video surveillance is deployed in fixed areas, which excludes mobile monitoring,

such as moving police cars and journalist vehicles.

1.3 Necessity of Improvements in the Video Surveillance Solution

Only mature network and radio communications technologies can solve problems in long

distant cabling and expansion of video surveillance.

Network, codec and storage technologies are developing constantly. Wireless video

surveillance, based on networks and wireless communications, is playing an increasingly

important role. The digital, intelligent, and wireless video surveillance system will shape the

future. Compared with traditional wired video surveillance, wireless video surveillance better

ensures monitoring in unmanned areas and mobile monitoring. The wireless video

surveillance platform allows long distance monitoring, which is as effective as onsite

monitoring. The advanced software system efficiently analyzes a large number of statistics in

transmission within few minutes. It also provides high resolution images, convenient

monitoring management, and practical maintenance.

As an effective means of monitoring and administration, wireless video surveillance is

promising. It has already been deployed in many fields including transportation, electricity, oil,

and security, demonstrating its potent market potential.

The wireless video surveillance solution in the market adopts wireless backhaul technologies

including WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE. As the next generation radio technology, LTE is certainly

to be the key solution for rotary technologies in wireless video surveillance.

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper 2 Solution



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2 Solution

2.1 Overview

Figure 2-1 Network diagram of the LTE video surveillance solution

Subsystems:

The front-end subsystem includes IP cameras, analog cameras, coders, and LTE CPEs. It

is deployed for onsite recording and wireless backhaul.

The new monitoring network adopts IP cameras. Analog cameras will only be

encountered during the upgrade and capacity expansion of old networks or during the

equipment maintenance.

The central management platform includes front-end access servers, video transfer and

distribute units, storage servers, and client access servers. It is deployed for front-end or

client access and storage and video distribution

The monitoring center and sub-center include decoders (with chips) and TV walls. It is

deployed for daily video surveillance.




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The client subsystem is connected to the central monitoring platform in various ways,

such as USB dongle and fixed bandwidth. It monitors the central management platform

and also the video system (with decoding software) at a different place.

Limitations of the current video surveillance solution:

No support of mobile video surveillance

No support of indoor video surveillance

Only compatible with Huawei video surveillance systems

2.1.1 Front-end Subsystem

The front-end devices mainly include cameras, coders, decoders and safety equipment.

Cameras Analog cameras

The analog camera-based front-end subsystem includes coders, analog cameras, sensors

(optional), alarms (optional), Pan Tilt Zooms, and LTE CPEs. The subsystem collects

information code streams including videos, warning, and smoke signals. It encodes

analog signals into digital code streams in H.264 or MPEG4 format through video coders

and then transmits the digital code streams to CMS through the LTE system.

The image quality of analog cameras deteriorates for one more copying, which is not

caused by transmission distance. Analog cameras send one-way video signals, which

require connecting with monitors or coders for monitoring or recording.

Analog cameras adopt analog box cameras and DVS/DVR. Analog box cameras ensure

real-time recording and high resolution in bad weathers with wide dynamic range and

short delay.

IP cameras

IP cameras, also network cameras, are digital video equipment based on network

transmission. In addition to BNC, they are equipped with network export interfaces,

which connect them to the local area network. An IP camera consists of lens, optical

filters, embedded image sensor, digital converters, coders, and a server only for network

connection. IP cameras can hold SD cards for short-term storage.

In customers' demands and for better application, IP cameras adopt standard definition

format and high definition format. High definition format, with many advantages, is

becoming the mainstream format.

The lower costs and smaller size of IP cameras have made them top choices for network

deployment.

− IP cameras, the combination of analog cameras and DVS (for coding and network

transmission), are getting increasingly popular due to lower costs and smaller sizes.

− IP cameras are assigned with extended SD card slots for image storage. Some IP

cameras support WiFi, an access mode alternative for users.

The IP camera application solution includes IP cameras, alarm collectors, Pan Tilt

Zooms and LTE CPEs. It is deployed for collecting code streams including videos

and alarms, which will be transmitted to CMS through the LTE system.

IP camera model varies by parameter indicators: infrared, color to black and white

transferring, wide dynamic range, precision and speed of motion control, motion

range, image size, video coding model, and bit rate, recording capability in low

luminance, storage capacity, network interface and protocol, environment

specifications, and protection specifications. IP cameras of high definition and

standard definition support H.264 compression algorithm




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Digital Coder Compression algorithm

IP cameras are equipped with coders. However analog cameras require DVR/DVS for

coding.

Compression coding is the core function of IP cameras. The compression mode

determines the performance of network transmission, video storage, and backend

management, which highly influences the image quality.

The most widely used compression algorithms in video services are MPEG-4 and H.264.

According to Huawei solution, MPEG-4 can be adopted in updating old video

surveillance systems. H.264, the latest compression algorithm, will be adopted in

establishing a new surveillance system.

The initial compression coding mode is basically M-JPEG, which processes playing

videos as a series of running images with high resolution. M-JPEG processes a complete

frame of images, which ensures higher resolution and higher quality images. However

M-JPEG only compresses redundant room in a frame instead of redundant time, which is

inefficient and occupies too much bandwidth.

MPEG-4 and H.264 both adopt inter-frame compression, which is more efficient.

MPEG-4 can intelligently identify differences between images and then process

individually, which highly reduces occupation and facilitates video or image

transmission. Video surveillance services mainly adopt H.264. H.264 is a new coding

standard set by JVT, a union of ISO/IEC and ITU-T. ITU-T adopts the name H.264.

However ISO/IEC defines it as MPEG-4AVC, which is the tenth part of MPEG-4. H.264

ensures higher compression rate, clearer images, and more flexible networks. H.264

compression rate is 1.5 to 2 times than MPEG-4 compression rate. H.264 costs 39%

lower transmission code streams than MPEG-4 for same image quality. H.264 is the

most suitable compression code for IP cameras. It provides low bite rate and high quality

image transmission.

Definition and bit rate

Major camera formats are CIF, D1/4CIF, 720p, and 1080p.

The throughput of a camera is determined by the bite rate. The bite rate is determined by

factors including definition, frame rate, compression mode, image complexity, image

contents, and image variation. Before using IP cameras, configure properly with the

definition rate, the frame rate, the compression rate, and the compression mode for a

balance between the image quality and the bandwidth occupation rate.

− Frame rate: The frame rate refers to image fluency, which is in proportion to the bit

rate. Image fluency means 25 frames of images are played one second. The frame rate

is adjustable. You can lower the bit rate by lowering the frame rate. Ten to 15 frames

ensure the balance between the bit rate and image fluency. The bit rate can be

lowered to a larger extent when consecutive frames are not required.

− Compression mode: The bit rate of H.264 is 70% of MPEG-4 for the same image

quality. The frame rate is in proportion to H.264 compression rate.

− Image quality: The image quality (compression rate) of network cameras and H.264

video servers are adjustable. The higher the image quality is, the higher the bit rate is.

Configurations vary by customers' demands. The parameter of image quality has not

been standardized. It is defined by its producer.

− Image complexity: The bit rate is in proportion to image complexity. For instance, the

bite rate is low when the camera is recording a white wall; but it will be several times

higher when the camera is recording a piece of floral land.




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− Image variation: The bite rate is in proportion to the image variation. For instance, the

bit rate is low when the camera is recording static targets; but it may be even than ten

times higher when the camera is recording moving crowds.

Huawei bit rate

Huawei cameras of high definition and standard definition both support H.264. If the

transmission speed is 30 frames per second, for images of all formats the transmission

bandwidth and recommended bite rate after compression are listed as follows:

Table 2-1 Relationship between image capacity and transmission bandwidth

Video Quality Image Format

Definition Frame Rate (Number of Frames per Second)

Recommended Bit Rate

High quality 1080p 1920x1080 30 4 Mbit/s,

6 Mbit/s,

or 8 Mbit/s

High quality 720p 1280x720 30 4 Mbit/s

High quality D1/4

CIF

704x576 25 1.5 Mbits or 2

Mbits

General quality CIF 352x288 25 512 kbit/s

Generally the frame rate, definition and compression code of IP cameras are adjustable.

DVR/DVS

Digital Video Recorder (DVR) records with hard disks compared with analogue cameras.

DVR/DVS is a computer system for image storage. It is deployed for long time

recording, sound recording, and long distance monitoring. DVR is the combination of

VCR, video multiplexer, lens controller at pan and tilts, alarm controller, and network

transmission. It is also cost effective.

DVRs with PC platforms and embedded DVRs are popular in the market. However

DVRs will gradually dominate as they are more stable, reliable, and user friendly. DVRs

with PC platforms have advantage in versatility and expansion. They still share a market

as they monitor the host computer in video surveillance system.

Digital Video Server (DVR), also known as Network Video Server, is a network

transmission device for compressing and processing video data. It consists of video

compression and codec chips, input and output channels, audio and video interfaces,

RS485 serial interface controllers, protocol interface controllers, and software

management. It is deployed for video compression and decompression and data

collection and undo. The image data compression based on MPEG-4 or H.264 transmits

and processes video data through wide area network.

DVRs, supporting encoding and network access, and DVS, supporting large storage, are

converging. Analog cameras with DVR/DVS already cover functions of IP cameras, but

there are still differences. In video surveillance system based on IP cameras, videos are

stored in far-end servers.




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2.1.2 Central Management Platform

The central management platform is deployed for control, management, and media stream

storage and transfer. It mainly handles registration requests from the front-end devices, the

client, and other systems.

The media service layer is deployed for the transfer and storage of media streams, which are

part of the media services that the monitoring system provides. The system sends schedule

mandates of media streams through the service control layer.

Servers in the central management platform are listed as follows:

Front-end access servers

− Receiving and transferring head end alarms

− Head end registration management

− Receiving and transferring real-time monitoring requests

− Receiving and transferring messages of lens controller at pan and tilts

Client access servers

− Management portal

− Client management

− Service activation

Platform management servers

− Management of networks, logs and systems

− Monitoring subsystems

− Service management and service control

Media distribution servers

− Video distribution: copying video streams for visitors.

− Video transferring: collecting video streams and transfers them to clients.

Storage server

− Receiving video streams and recording them in hard disks

− Video management

− Video playback management

These servers are not mandatory. Users can either independently choose servers or streamline

servers by combing their functions, which saves the costs.

2.1.3 Monitoring Center and Sub-center

The monitoring center monitors far-end images through PCs or TV walls. PCs allow 16

far-end images on one screen; TV walls allow 64 far-end images on the screen at one time.

Images are displayed on the monitors in turn.

Digital Coder

Digital decoders are programs or devices that decode encoded digital videos.

Decoders include software decoders and hardware decoders. Software decoders encode video

data through software. Hardware decoders include DVD players, blue-ray players, digital set

top boxes, and digital high-definition players. Huawei provides all kinds of hardware

decoders.




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The monitoring center decodes through hardware decoders (based on H.264 algorithm) after

receiving image data streams from LTE and then displays images on TV walls. It can also

encode through software decoders installed on client PCs and then display images on PCs or

TV walls.

Software decoders decode through software, which is slower as the encoding occupies CPU

resources. Hardware decoders decodes through hard disks, which is faster because CPU

resources are not occupied.

The latency of hardware decoders is lower than that of client software decoders. It is even

lower when hardware decoders decode and display images on TV walls.

Multi-screen Display Controller

Multi-screen display controllers are exclusively designed for multi screens. They support

display systems with display walls that are consisted of projectors.

Huawei provides multi-screen display controllers of all types. For example, the Huawei Iraq

project adopts the SMV2000.

2.1.4 LTE Wireless Backhaul Network

The LTE wireless backhaul network is a data transmission medium, which transmits images to

central management platforms. The LTE communications network is highly suitable for video

data transmission for its flexible bandwidth, large capacity, and short delay.

Served as the access network for video backhaul, the LTE network provides bearer channels

and ensures higher security.

LTE wireless backhaul network supports two modes: TDD and FDD. The choice of

modes depends on frequency band resources that customers are accessible to. FDD

adopts asymmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real frequency

occupation combined is 40 MHz), which achieves larger uplink capacity compared with

TDD. TDD adopts symmetry frequency bands (If the bandwidth is 20 MHz, the real

frequency occupation is 20 MHz). Larger cell uplink capacity is available by adjusting

subframe rate.

The LTE wireless backhaul network mainly includes:

− Wireless CPE terminal

− eNodeB

− eCNS

− M2000

− ACS (optional)

− Firewall (optional)

Wireless CPE Terminal

Wireless CPE terminals, access equipment of wireless networks, connect front-end devices in

long distance to management networks. They are widely used in various areas and reduce the

complexity and costs of network access.




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Figure 2-2 CPE

eNodeB

E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB) is the wireless access equipment of LTE system. It is deployed

for radio access functions, including air interface management, access control, mobility

control, and user resources distribution. The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

Network (E-UTRAN) consists of eNodeBs.

The basic function modules of the DBS3900 are baseband control unit (BBU) and remote

radio unit (RRU), which can be configured flexibly for different capacity and applications.

The DBS3900 is characterized by small size, low power consumption, flexible installation,

and quick deployment.

Figure 2-3 DBS3900




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eCNS

The eCNS600 integrates the authentication management functions of the SAE-HSS, the MME

functions, and the S-GW/P-GW functions. Installed in a basic subrack, the eCNS600

implements the EPC functions and has the following characteristics:

Large capacity

Supporting 20,000 CPEs and large-size data transmission

Easy deployment

Integrating logical NEs of the EPC, simplifying the network and maintenance, reducing

costs, and allowing easy deployment

Low power consumption

Reducing maintenance costs because the power consumption is 900 W for an eCNS600

using one board

Figure 2-4 eCNS600 deployed in an enterprise network

M2000

iManager M2000 (M2000) centrally manages Huawei mobile network devices including

LTE/EPC network devices. M2000 provides basic network management functions and

optional functions including configuration management, performance management, fault

management, security management, log management, topology management, software

management, and system management.

A typical M2000 system includes the M2000 server, M2000 clients, alarm box, and network

devices. A system configured with one server is a single-server system. Figure 2-5 shows its

structure.




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Figure 2-5 M2000 hardware structure (single-server system)

2.2 Networking Solution

A typical network consists of the following devices:

Front-end devices are connected to LTE TDD networks through IP cameras with CPEs or

IP cameras integrated with CPE functions. Integration-site schemes are adopted

outdoors.

Backend subsystems include central management platforms and controlling centers.

Figure 2-6 Video surveillance networking solution diagram




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A typical networking scheme of the video surveillance system supports the connection

between head-end cameras and backend central management platforms. Wireless backhaul

networks control video surveillance and transmit service data.

In large scale video surveillance, cross-area and leveled monitoring centers will be deployed.

They provide high fidelity video conference systems. In addition, users can connect to

backend servers through the Internet in long distance. These different applications are part of

the end-to-end scheme. They have no relationship with wireless backhaul networks. Therefore

no further analysis will be given.

Except near-end configurations or maintenance, accesses to all front-end cameras should be

initiated from the central management platform.

2.2.1 Connection Between Front-end Cameras and Wireless Backhaul Networks

A wireless CPE provides a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet interface, which is connected to an external

device through a network cable. A wireless CPE is connected to a single device, for example,

a camera and an RTU, through a power adapter. It is connected to multi devices also though a

power adapter, but the devices should be previously connected to the power adapter through

hubs or switchers.

2.2.2 Connection Between Central Management Platforms and Wireless Backhaul Networks

Gateway routers of central platforms are connected to P-GW through 1 G/10 G Ethernet

optical interfaces or 1 G electrical interfaces. The number of 1 G or 10 G ports is determined

by the planned bandwidth and the usage of equipment. Optical fibers are used for the optical

interface. Select multi-mode or single-mode optical fibers according to the distance. Use

multi-mode optical fibers when the distance is less than 10 kilometers.

2.2.3 CPE Management

Wireless CPE is part of the wireless backhaul network. It is managed by the wireless backhaul

network.

Fixed broadband networks adopt TR069-based Automatic Control Server (ACS) for network

management. ACS manages wireless CPEs. The interface connecting ACS and CPE is a

southbound interface and the interface connecting ACS and management systems is a

northbound interface. Southbound interfaces are defined in the TR069 protocol. eWBB2.1

adopts ACS for network management.

2.2.4 Front-end Camera Management

Cameras are front-end devices of the video surveillance system. They are managed by servers

in the system.

Cameras support parameter configurations in the near end before being connected to

networks. The parameter configurations include server addresses, URL addresses, IP

addresses, location information, and authentication information.

After cameras being connected to networks, backend servers will authenticate the access

and configure service parameters.




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The basic network management functions for cameras which are network devices are similar

to those of CPEs. The functions include parameter configurations, version management,

accident management, and performance monitoring.

2.3 Video Surveillance Site Installation

For installation of eNodeBs and eCNS, see installation guide books for network elements. The

following describes the installation of video surveillance sites including wireless CPEs and IP

cameras.

Wireless CPEs in most application scenarios are fixed, which requires planning and

adjustment of installation locations to ensure the best accessibility on the air interface.

2.3.1 Outdoor Video Surveillance

IP cameras and outdoor CPEs are installed on poles or wall-mounted.

CPEs are to some extent lightening resistant. When CPEs are installed in high positions, for

example, on poles, lightening rods are required.

Unified power schemes are given for IP cameras and CPEs.

Power supplies include commercial power supplies, photovoltaic power supplies and

hybrid power supplies. When commercial power supplies are not available, adopt

photovoltaic power supplies.

In nights or bad weather, adopt photovoltaic storage batteries, which guarantee 60 hour

power supply or commercial power storage batteries, which guarantee 12 hour power

supply.

POE interfaces of 48VDC are provided to connect CPEs and Ethernet interfaces are

provided to connect IP cameras. IP cameras are connected to the CPEs Ethernet through

power boxes

Figure 2-7 Schematic drawing of outdoor video surveillance installation (solar powered)




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2.4 Video Surveillance Business Process

1. LTE access modules connect all monitoring terminals to LTE data domains and register

the terminals on monitoring platforms.

2. Front-end subsystems collect videos and encode videos.

3. The LTE data domain, which serves as the bearer channel for video streams, transfers

videos back to the central management platform.

4. The central management platform stores and transfers media streams.

5. Users monitor far-end images through PC monitors or TV walls in monitoring centers.

2.5 Technical Specifications

Video surveillance covers two specifications, and wireless video surveillance is based on the

second specification.

E2E performance specification

Specification of the transport network that bears video services

2.5.1 Transport Network Capacity Specifications

The number of cameras in the video surveillance system is determined by the scale of

monitoring networks and the network layout density. The number and bit rate of cameras

equipped with wireless CPEs are closely related to real scenarios.

The bit rate is a key factor that determines the costs of video surveillance. A higher bit rate

brings clearer images and higher costs.

Generally the bit rate is determined by video surveillance requirements and investment scales.

Users should choose a suitable bit rate instead of a higher one. Bit rates may vary by

surveillance sites. Users can raise the bit rate at a certain video surveillance site for clearer

images.

The transport network capacity indicates how many cameras it can bear. It includes the entire

network capacity, the single BBU capacity, and the single sector capacity. The single sector

capacity is number of cameras in the sector. It is in inverse proportion to the bit rate of

cameras.

The single sector capacity indicates the access capability of transport networks. The single

BBU capacity and the network capacity indicate the convergence capacity of transport

networks. The single sector capacity is a key factor which is limited by geographical

environments. In wireless backhaul networks, the single sector capacity is a key factor.

However the number of users and the throughput of BBUs and CNs should also be ensured.

The single sector capacity is related to network parameters including radio access systems,

frequency bands, modulation technologies, transceiver antennas, resource ratios, air interface

situations, moving speed of terminals and the bandwidth requirements.

2.5.2 Transport Network Performance Specifications

The transport network performance specifications mainly include the delay, the jitter, and the

packet loss rate. LTE wireless backhaul networks ensure differentiated performances

according to different QoS.




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Delay

No delay specification has yet been defined by the video surveillance industry. According to

Huawei UC&C project, few customers define specific testing scenarios or testing methods of

the delay value. The delay value is not important for camera types and the encoding

parameters for the delay value are not provided by manufacturers. The delay of LTE wireless

backhaul networks meets the demand of video surveillance systems.

The video surveillance delay refers to the delay on camera access, the delay on control plane,

the delay on transmission of video data, and the delay on handover of cameras. The delay on

uplink data transmission is a key factor in video surveillance. It is the time span from image

collection to image display after backend decoding.




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Access delay

The access delay of wireless CPE terminals is around 150 ms when networks are not

overloaded. It is even within second added with the entire access time, which brings

users more convenience.

Delay on the control plane

When cameras are registered and accessed to the central management platform,

monitoring personnel can configure the cameras at any time. The delay on the control

plane is less than one second, which brings users more convenience.

Delay on video data transmission

The delay on video data transmission is influenced by efficiency of coding and decoding,

networking, network load, and transfer efficiency of distributor platforms. Errors may

occur due to differences in testing methods.

The delay on access from cameras to video surveillance clients is only around 400 ms to

600 ms when the radio environment is favorable.

Delay on the camera switch

Cameras are equipped in specific LTE cells for constant video data transmission. Camp cells

where users have camped on ensure transmission bandwidth through network planning. The

camera handover may lead to decline in video surveillance quality, which requires network

planning for restriction. Cameras are allowed to be switched to other cells only when camp

cells are unavailable.

When Cameras are switched through S1 interfaces, switch delay is less than 200 ms.

Jitter

The delay jitter of video surveillance is mainly caused by the air interface, transport networks,

and network overload. The delay jitter is little when load on the air interface is balanced. The

jitter delay based on IP transport networks is required to be shorter than 8 ms.

Delay reduction methods

Because some customers require specific delay testing, strict testing networks and testing

methods should be defined. Delay reduction methods include the direct connection

between cameras and monitoring clients, hardware decoders, and so on. The methods

vary by application occasions.

− Set different levels of wireless end-to-end delay counters for different QoS through

networking optimization. Delay counters of different services should be considered

comprehensively because network resources are limited. The shorter the end-to-end

delay is, the more resources are consumed. More resource consumption may have

impacts on the performance of other services.

− Cameras are connected to monitoring clients directly instead of being forwarded by

bit streams, which reduces the delay. Weather cameras are connected to monitoring

clients directly or through forwarding bit streams, it is determined by project

requirements. Bit rate stream forwarding is the mainstream method.

− The delay of hardware decoders is shorter than that of the client software decoders.

The delay is even shorter when images are displayed on TV walls after being decoded

by hardware.




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Packet Loss Rate

According to statistics from commercial network, average packet loss rate on air is less than

0.5%.

QoS of LTE Bearer Network

The bearer network's QoS must meet specific requirements of LTE services to guarantee the

wireless network's KPIs. If the QoS cannot meet the demands, the network quality will

decline.

Table 2-2 QoS of LTE bearer network

Indicator Best Recommended Worst

S1 interface Delay 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms

Jitter 2 ms 4 ms 8 ms

Packet loss rate 0.0001% 0.001% 0.05%

X2 interface Delay 10 ms 20 ms 40 ms

Jitter 4 ms 7 ms 10 ms

Packet loss rate 0.0001% 0.001% 0.05%

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper 3 Key Technologies



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3 Key Technologies

3.1 TDD Uplink and Downlink Subframe Ratio

The TDD LTE supports flexible uplink and downlink subframe ratios. When the subframe

ratio is 0 (uplink subframe to downlink subframe is 3:1), the uplink and downlink throughput

reach the maximum amount. For networks focusing on video surveillance, subframe ratio can

be set as 0 to expand uplink camera capacity.

Figure 3-1 TDD uplink and downlink subframe ratio

The timeslot ratio is 0, which must be compatible with eNodeBs and terminals, and be

supported by TDD eNodeBs of eRAN3.1 for eWBB2.1.

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper 3 Key Technologies



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3.2 Uplink VMIMO

In VMIMO mode, the same frequency resources are multiplexed by many terminals, which

raises the uplink throughput of cells. The system gain of VMIMO is determined by Signal to

Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of terminals sharing same resources and the relevance

between user channels.

When the SINR of two users is high and the relevance between channels is low, the

interference can be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO can fully make use of channels to

increase cell capacity.

When the SINR of two users is low and the relevance between channels is high, the

interference cannot be easily cleared. Virtual MIMO may lead to decline in the system

throughput.

Figure 3-2 Uplink VMIMO

The pairing of VMIMO highly consumes hardware resources. Huawei only supports the

paring between two users. A single cell can use a maximum of 32 RBs. Uplink VMIMO can

not apply with timeslot ratio as 0.

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4 Promotion

The advantages of eWBB video surveillance are as follows:

Low costs and wide coverage

The LTE wireless transmission shortens networking construction and reduces

investments. This solution is suitable for areas where the cabling is difficult or expensive

and remote areas, especially unmanned areas including oil fields, dams, forests, and

coasts.

Flexible expansion

The flexible networking allows operators to expand terminals at any time. The network

capacity expansion is convenient, which reduces maintenance costs.

Mobile surveillance

The mobile surveillance allows mobile monitoring and expands video surveillance fields.

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper A Acronyms and Abbreviations



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A Acronyms and Abbreviations

B

BBU Base Band Unit

C

CN Core Network

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

E

eNodeB evolved NodeB

eCNS evolved Core Network System

F

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

LTE Long Term Evolution

TDD Time Division Duplex

O

ODU Outdoor Unit

Q

QoS Quality of Service

eWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper A Acronyms and Abbreviations



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R

RRU Remote Radio Unit

V

VMIMO Virtual MIMO

Documents

EWBB Video Surveillance Solution White Paper V1.3