Evs Report

7/24/2019 Evs Report

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and fnal outcome o this project required a lot o

guidance and assistance rom many people and we are

extremely ortunate to have got this all along the completion o

our project. Whatever we have done is only due to such

guidance and assistance and we would never orget their

valuable help.

We frst thank the God lmighty or providing all the necessary

help during the course o our project and successul completiono our project.

We thank !epartment o "echanical #ngineering o The

$ational %nstitute o Technology& 'alicut or providing us an

opportunity to conduct this project.

We also show our deepest gratitude to our beloved aculty#nvironmental studies& "r. ( ) "anu& ssistant (roessor or

providing us with support and guidance throughout the days o

our project. *e was there every time to correct our mistakes

and to clariy our doubts. *is sincere support is praiseworthy

and was always encouraging or us.

We also thank our parents or their constant prayers enabling

us to move on.

We also respect and thank all $on+Teaching ,ta-s and our

ellow riends or providing us with all technical assistance and

support.


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PREFACE

The major problem aced by the municipal corporations o manycities is waste treatment and management. The issue which they

ace is lack o proper ethics when comes to waste rejection bycommon man.

#nvironmental 'leanliness in health and social care acilitiesmeans more than just maintaining a clean and sae environment.%t makes a statement to services users and visitors about theattitudes o students& sta-& managers and Trust oards.

To counter this issue& the dministration o $%T 'alicut came upwith multicolored dustbins each labeled /paper waste0& /oodwaste0& /plastic waste0 to be kept at various locations inside thecampus. ,tarting ugust 1234& within a month& the whole campushad multicolored dustbins 5with 6 di-erent labels7 kept togetherat various locations. uthorities and students thought it as alogical way o treating waste as the waste is distinguishable and iseasy to treat.

The classifcation o dustbins is explained below8The dustbins were classifed according to the waste. There were 4major types o waste selected8

1.Putrescible waste (Yellw c!e"# ,olid waste thatcontains organic matter capable o being decomposed bymicroorganisms and o such a character and proportions asto cause obnoxious odors and to be capable o attracting orproviding ood or birds or animals. (utrescible waste includesood wastes& pet wastes& and used diapers etc.


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$. Gree% waste (Gree% c!e"#the vegetative portion o thewaste stream arising rom various sources including wasterom domestic and commercial premises and municipaloperations 5or example& garden or park waste& such as grass

or 9ower cuttings and hedge trimmings7. %t is a part obiodegradable waste and it contains more nitrogenous matterin it.

&. C'bustible waste (lue C!e"# %t is a waste materialwhich can easily catch fre and produce fre. :or example&paper& textile& wood etc.

). N%*C'bustible waste# %t is a non+biodegradable wastethat can be recovered& recycled and ; or reused. The wastematerials like glass& crockery metal etc.

ut no such e-ects have been seen till now and the level ocleanliness inside the campus remains a dilemma.

We propose to do a project in which we fnd reasons why ever

ater placing so many dustbins the $%T' dministration has not

been able to see any signifcant changes.

+Clea%li%ess Matters# ,t is e-er%e/sres0%sibilit %t 2ust t3e clea%er/s4.


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Met3!l5#

We propose to complete the project by doing the ollowingthings8

(roviding di-erent methods to the public o $%T' or waste

disposal

%nvestigating the reasons or the ailure o themethodology used by $%T' dministration


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,%tr!ucti%#nvironmental 'leanliness in health and social care acilities

means more than just maintaining a clean and sae environment.

%t makes a statement to services users and visitors about the

attitudes o students& sta-& managers and %nstitute oard. ll

government bodies have a duty to ensure that high standards o

environmental cleanliness are being met and maintained. ,ervice

users rightly expect that their stay in institute will be as sae and

comortable as possible. *igh standards o environmental

cleanliness are particularly important and there is a public

perception that standards have deteriorated. The key is to ensure

that the highest possible standards o environmental cleanliness

are achieved and to satisy service users that health and social

care acilities are clean and are being kept clean& thereby creating

and sustaining a caring environment that supports the delivery o

high quality health and social care.


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%t is thereore appropriate that this ,trategy is identifed as one o

the key supporting strands o the $%T'>s (revention and 'ontrol

,trategy. The strategy identifes a range o issues that need to be

addressed in order to make our health and social care acilities

saer or services users& visitors and sta-. ,uch issues include the

strengthening o accountability procedures in Trusts& the

capability and capacity o cleaning services& service user

involvement in the measurement o standards and consideration

o the age and condition o the acilities.

The challenge is to change our thinking and culture so that we all

recogni?e the role we have to play in ensuring that our acilities

are clean and are being kept clean in support o combating

*ealthcare ssociated %nections. %t is no longer valid simply to

say that this issue is solely the responsibility o the environmental

cleaning team. Working in partnership with all health and social

care acility users is the key to making real improvements in

standards.


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Plastic wastes

Plastic wasteinvolves the accumulation o plasticproducts inthe environmentthat adversely a-ects wildlie& wildlie habitat& or

humans. (lastics that act as pollutantsare categori?ed into micro&

meso& or macro debris& based on si?e. The prominence o plastic

pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and

durable& which lends to high levels o plastics used by humans.

*owever& it is slow to degrade (lastic pollution can unavorably

a-ect lands& waterways and oceans. @iving organisms& particularly

marine animals& can also be a-ected through entanglement&

direct ingestion o plastic waste& or through exposure to chemicals

within plastics that cause interruptions in biological unctions.

*umans are also a-ected by plastic pollution& such as through the

disruption o the thyroid hormoneaxis or hormonelevels. (lastic

reduction e-orts have occurred in some areas in attempts to


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reduce plastic consumption and pollutionand promote plastic

recycling.

TYPE6 OF PLA6T,C WA6TE#

There are three major orms o plastic that contribute to plasticpollution8 micro plastics as well as mega+ and macro+plastics."ega+ and micro plastics have accumulated in highest densities inthe $orthern *emisphere& concentrated around urban centres andwater ronts. They are less likely to be ound around remoteislands and the continental shel seabed. oth mega+ and macro+plastics are ound in packaging& ootwear& and other domestic

items that have been washed o- o ships or discarded in landflls.:ishing+related items are more likely to be ound around remoteislands. These may also be reerred to as micro& meso& and macrodebris.

(lastic debris is categori?ed as either primary or secondary.(rimary plastics are in their original orm when collected.#xamples o these would be bottle caps& cigarette butts& andmicro beads. ,econdary plastics& on the other hand& account or

smaller plastics that have resulted rom the degradation oprimary plastics.

1. Micr !ebris#

"icro debris are plastic pieces between 1 Am and B mm insi?e. (lastic debris that starts o- as meso or macro debris canbecome micro debris through degradation and collisions thatbreak it down into smaller pieces. "icro debris is more commonlyreerred to as nurdles. $urdles are recycled to make new plasticitems& but they easily end up released into the environmentduring production because o their small si?e. They oten end upin ocean waters through rivers and streams. "icro debris thatcome rom cleaning and cosmetic products are also reerred to


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as scrubbers. ecause micro debris and scrubbers are so small insi?e& flter+eeding organisms oten consume them. 1224 studyby


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(lastics themselves contribute to approximately 32F o discardedwaste. "any kinds o plastics exist& depending on their precursors

and the method or their polymeri?ation. !epending on theirchemical composition& plastics and resins have varying propertiesrelated to contaminant absorption and adsorption. (olymerdegradation takes much longer as a result o hyalineenvironments and the cooling e-ect o the sea. These actorscontribute to the persistence o plastic debris in certainenvironments.


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other surrounding water sources and also the ecosystem. This cancause serious harm to the species that drink the water.

@andfll areas contain many di-erent types o plastics. %n theselandflls& there are many microorganisms. Which speed up the

biodegradation o plastics. The microorganisms include bacteriasuch as (seudomonas& nylon+eating bacteria& and :lavobacteria.

These bacteria break down nylon through the activity o thenylonase en?yme. When biodegradable plastics are broken down&methane is released& which a very powerul greenhouse gas thatcontributes signifcantly to global warming.

$. Ocea%# %n 1231& it was estimated that there was

approximately 3EB million tons o plastic pollution in the worldsoceans. Hne type o plastic that is o concern in terms o oceanplastic pollution is nurdles. $urdles are manuactured plasticpellets 5a type o micro plastic7 used in the creation o plasticproducts and are oten shipped via cargo ship. signifcantamount o nurdles is spilled into oceans& and it has beenestimated that globally& around 32F o beach litter consists onurdles. (lastics in oceans typically degrade within a year& but notentirely. %n the process& toxic chemicals such as biphenyl and

polystyrene can leach into waters rom some plastics. (olystyrenepieces and nurdles are the most common types o plasticpollution in oceans& and combined with plastic bags and oodcontainers make up the majority o oceanic debris.

Hne study estimated that there are more than B trillion plasticpieces 5defned into the our classes o small micro plastics& largemicro plastics& meso+ and macro plastics7 a9oat at sea.

&. Ocea% base! surces 7 cea% 0lastic 0lluti%# lmostI2F o plastic debris that pollutes ocean water& which translatesto B.E million tons& comes rom ocean+based sources. "erchantships expel cargo& sewage& used medical equipment& and othertypes o waste that contain plastic into the ocean. $aval andresearch vessels also eject waste and military equipment that aredeemed unnecessary. (leasure crats also release fshing gear and


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other types o waste. These di-erent ships do not have enoughstorage space to keep these pollutants on the ship& and thus theyare discarded. These plastic items can also accidentally end up inthe water through negligent handling. The largest ocean+based

source o plastic pollution is discarded fshing gear& responsibleor up to I2F o plastic debris in some areas. This equipmentincludes a variety o traps and nets.

). La%!*base! surces 7 cea% 0lastic 0lluti%# littleover 32F o plastic debris in ocean water comes rom land+basedsources& responsible or 2.J million tons every year. source thathas caused concern is landflls. "ost waste in the orm o plasticin landflls are single+use items such as packaging. !iscarding

plastics this way leads to accumulation. lthough disposing oplastic waste in landflls has less o a gas emission risk thandisposal through incineration& the ormer has space limitations.nother concern is that the liners acting as protective layersbetween the landfll and environment can break& thus leakingtoxins and contaminating the nearby soil and water. @andfllslocated near oceans oten contribute to ocean debris becausecontent is easily swept up and transported to the sea by wind orsmall waterways like rivers and streams. "arine debris can also

result rom sewage water that has not been e=ciently treated&which is eventually transported to the ocean through rivers.(lastic items that have been improperly discarded can also becarried to oceans through storm waters.

,%5esti%

Mari%e a%i'als# ,ea turtles are a-ected by plastic pollution.

,ome species are consumers o jelly fsh& but oten mistake plasticbags or their natural prey. This plastic debris can kill the seaturtle by obstructing the oesophagus. ,o too are whalesK largeamounts o plastics have been ound in the stomachs o beachedwhales.


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,ome o the tiniest bits o plastic are being consumed by smallfsh& in a part o the pelagic ?one in the ocean called themesopelagic ?one& which is 122 to 3222 meters below the oceansurace& and completely dark. $ot much is known about these

fsh& other than that there are many o them. They hide in thedarkness o the ocean& avoiding predators and then swimming tothe oceans surace at night to eed. (lastics ound in thestomachs o these fsh were collected during "alaysian>scircumnavigation& a research project that studies the impact oglobal change on the oceans. The most popular mesopelagic fshis the lantern fsh. %t resides in the central ocean gyres& a largesystem o rotating ocean currents. ,ince lantern fsh serve as aprimary ood source or the fsh that consumers purchase&

including tuna and swordfsh& the plastics they ingest becomepart o the ood chain. The lantern fsh is one o the main bait fshin the ocean& and it eats large amounts o plastic ragments&which in turn will not make them nutritious enough or other fshto consume.

ir!s# (lastic pollution does not only a-ect animals that livesolely in oceans. ,eabirds are also greatly a-ected. %n 1224& itwas estimated that seagulls in the $orth ,ea had an average othirty pieces o plastic in their stomachs. ,eabirds oten mistake

trash 9oating on the oceans surace as prey. Their ood sourcesoten has already ingested plastic debris& thus transerring theplastic rom prey to predator. %ngested trash can obstruct andphysically damage a bird>s digestive system& reducing itsdigestive ability and can lead to malnutrition& starvation& anddeath. Toxic chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls 5('s7also become concentrated on the surace o plastics at sea andare released ater seabirds eat them. These chemicals canaccumulate in body tissues and have serious lethal e-ects on a

birds reproductive ability& immune system& and hormone balance.:loating plastic debris can produce ulcers& inections and lead todeath. "arine plastic pollution can even reach birds that havenever been at the sea. (arents may accidentally eed theirnestlings plastic& mistaking it or ood. ,eabird chicks are the mostvulnerable to plastic ingestion since they cant regurgitate like theadult seabirds.


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ter the initial observation that many o the beaches in $ewLealand had high concentrations o plastic pellets& urther studiesound that di-erent species o prion ingest the plastic debris.*ungry prions mistook these pellets or ood& and these particles

were ound intact within the birds gi??ards and proventriculi.(ecking marks similar to those made by northern ulmars incuttlebones have been ound in plastic debris& such as ,tyrooam&on the beaches on the !utch coast& showing that this species obird also mistakes plastic debris or ood.

n estimate o 3.B million @aysan albatrosses& which inhabit"idway toll& all have plastics in their digestive system. "idwaytoll is halway between sia and $orth merica& and north o the*awaiian archipelago. %t>s a remote location& and the plastic

blockage has proven deadly to these birds. These seabirds choosered& pink& brown and blue plastic pieces because o the similaritiesthey share with their natural ood source. Hn the shore& thousandso bird>s corpses can be seen with plastic remaining where thestomach once was. The durability o the plastics is visibleamongst the remains. %n some instances& the plastic piles are stillpresent while the birds corpse has decayed. s a result o plasticingestion& the digestive tract can be blocked resulting instarvation. The windpipe can also be blocked& which results in

su-ocation. The debris can also accumulate in the animal>s gut&and give them a alse sense o ullness which would also result instarvation.

E8ects % a%i'als# ,imilar to humans& animals exposed toplastici?ers can experience developmental deects. ,pecifcally&sheep have been ound to have lower birth weights whenprenatally exposed to bisphenol . #xposure to ( can shortenthe distance between the eyes o a tadpole. %t can also stalldevelopment in rogs and can result in a decrease in body length.%n di-erent species o fsh& exposure can stall egg hatching andresult in a decrease in body weight& tail length& and body length.


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E8ects % 3u'a%s# !ue to the use o chemical additives duringplastic production& plastics have potentially harmul e-ects thatcould prove to be carcinogenic or promote endocrine disruption.,ome o the additives are used as phthalate plastici?ers and

brominated 9ame retardants. Through bio monitoring& chemicalsin plastics& such as ( and phthalates& have been identifed inthe human population. *umans can be exposed to thesechemicals through the nose& mouth& or skin. lthough the level oexposure varies depending on age and geography& most humansexperience simultaneous exposure to many o these chemicals.verage levels o daily exposure are below the levels deemed tobe sae& but more research needs to be done on the e-ects o lowdose exposure on humans. lot is unknown on how severely

humans are physically a-ected by these chemicals. ,ome o thechemicals used in plastic production can cause dermatitis uponcontact with human skin. %n many plastics& these toxic chemicalsare only used in trace amounts& but signifcant testing is otenrequired to ensure that the toxic elements are contained withinthe plastic by inert material or polymer.

%t can also a-ect humans in which it may create an eyesore thatintereres with enjoyment o the natural environment.

Cli%ical si5%i9ca%ce# !ue to the pervasiveness o plasticproducts& most o the human population is constantly exposed tothe chemical components o plastics. IBF o adults in the Cnited,tates have had detectable levels o ( in their urine. #xposureto chemicals such as ( have been correlated with disruptions inertility& reproduction& sexual maturation& and other health e-ects.,pecifc phthalates have also resulted in similar biological e-ects.

T3ri! 3r'%e a:is# isphenol a-ects gene expressionrelated to the thyroid hormone axis& which a-ects biologicalunctions such as metabolism and development. ( candecrease thyroid hormone receptor 5T


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y a-ecting the thyroid hormone axis& ( exposure can lead tohypothyroidism.

6e: 3r'%es# ( can disrupt normal& physiological levels osex hormones. %t does this by binding to globulins that normallybind to sex hormones such as androgens and estrogens& leadingto the disruption o the balance between the two. ( can alsoa-ect the metabolism or the catabolism o sex hormones. %t otenacts as an antiandrogen or as an estrogen& which can causedisruptions in gonadal development and sperm production.

Re!ucti% e8rts# *ousehold items made o various types o

plastic. #-orts to reduce the use o plastics and to promote plasticrecycling have occurred. ,ome supermarkets charge theircustomers or plastic bags& and in some places more e=cientreusable or biodegradable materials are being used in place oplastics. ,ome communities and businesses have put a ban onsome commonly used plastic items& such as bottled water andplastic bags.

i!e5ra!able a%! !e5ra!able 0lastics# The use obiodegradable plastics has been shown to have many advantagesand disadvantages. iodegradables are biopolymers that degradein industrial composters. iodegradables do not degrade ase=ciently in domestic composters& and during this slowerprocess& methane gas may be emitted.

There are also other types o degradable materials that are notconsidered to be biopolymers& because they are oil+based& similarto other conventional plastics. These plastics are made to be

more degradable through the use o di-erent additives& whichhelp them degrade when exposed to C) rays or other physicalstressors. *owever& biodegradation+promoting additives orpolymers have been shown not to signifcantly increasebiodegradation.


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lthough biodegradable and degradable plastics have helpedreduce plastic pollution& there are some drawbacks. Hne issueconcerning both types o plastics is that they do not break downvery e=ciently in natural environments. There& degradable

plastics that are oil+based may break down into smaller ractions&at which point they do not degrade urther.

,%ci%erati%# Cp to E2F o used& plastic medical equipment isincinerated rather than deposited in a landfll as a precautionarymeasure to lessen the transmission o disease. This has allowedor a large decrease in the amount o plastic waste that stemsrom medical equipment. % plastic waste is not incinerated anddisposed o properly& a harmul amount o toxins can be released

and dispersed as a gas through air or as ash through air andwaterways. "any studies have been done concerning the gaseousemissions that result rom the incineration process.

Plic

gencies such as the #nvironmental (rotection gency and the:ood and !rug dministration oten do not assess the saety o

new chemicals until ater a negative side e-ect is shown. Hncethey suspect a chemical may be toxic& it is studied to determinethe human reerence dose& which is determined to be the lowestobservable adverse e-ect level. !uring these studies& a high doseis tested to see i it causes any adverse health e-ects& and i itdoes not& lower doses are considered to be sae as well. This doesnot take into account the act that with some chemicals ound inplastics& such as (& lower doses can have a discernible e-ect.#ven with this oten complicated evaluation process& policies have

been put into place in order to help alleviate plastic pollution andits e-ects. Government regulations have been implemented thatban some chemicals rom being used in specifc plastic products.%n 'anada& the Cnited ,tates& and the #uropean Cnion& ( hasbeen banned rom being incorporated in the production o babybottles and children>s cups& due to health concerns and the highervulnerability o younger children to the e-ects o (. Taxes have


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been established in order to discourage specifc ways omanaging plastic waste. The landfll tax& or example& creates anincentive to choose to recycle plastics rather than contain them inlandflls& by making the latter more expensive. There has also

been a standardi?ation o the types o plastics that can beconsidered compostable. The #uropean $orm #$ 36461& whichwas set by the #uropean 'ommittee or ,tandardi?ation 5'#$7&lists the standards that plastics must meet& in terms ocomposability and biodegradability& in order to o=cially belabelled as compostable.

Cllecti%# The two common orms o waste collection includecurb side collection and the use o drop+o- recycling centres.

bout JM percent o the population in the C.,.. 51M6 millionpeople7 have access to curb side and drop+o- recycling centres. %ncurb side collection& which is available to about E6 percent o theC.,.. population 53I6 million people7& people place designatedplastics in a special bin to be picked up by a public or privatehauling company. "ost curb side programs collect more than onetype o plastic resinK usually both (#T# and *!(#. t drop+o-recycling centres& which are available to EJ percent o the C.,..population 5136 million people7& people take their recyclables to a

centrally located acility. Hnce collected& the plastics are deliveredto a materials recovery acility 5"


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Plastic 0lluti% i% t3e Paci9cGre

(Case 6tu!"

%n the (acifc Gyre& specifcally 12O$+42O$ latitude& large bodies o

9oating marine debris can be ound. "odels o wind patterns andocean currents indicate that the plastic waste in the northern(acifc is particularly dense where the ,ubtropical 'onvergenceLone 5,T'L7& 16O$+6MO$ latitude& meets a southwest+northeastline& ound north o the *awaiian archipelago.

%n the (acifc& there are two mass build ups8 the western garbagepatch and the eastern garbage patch& the ormer o- the coast o

Papan and the latter between *awaii and 'aliornia. The twogarbage patches are both part o the great (acifc garbage patch&and are connected through a section o plastic debris o- thenorthern coast o the *awaiian %slands. %t is approximated thatthese garbage patches contain 322 million tons o debris. Thewaste is not compact& and although most o it is near the suraceo the pacifc& it can be ound up to more than 322 eet deep inthe water.

E8ects % a%i'als# (lastic pollution has the potential to poisonanimals& which can then adversely a-ect human ood supplies.(lastic pollution has been described as being highly detrimentalto large marine mammals& described in the book %ntroduction to"arine iology as posing the Nsingle greatest threatN to them.,ome marine species& such as sea turtles& have been ound to


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contain large proportions o plastics in their stomach. When thisoccurs& the animal typically starves& because the plastic blocksthe animals digestive tract. "arine mammals sometimes becomeentangled in plastic products such as nets& which can harm or kill

them.

E%ta%5le'e%t# ,ea turtle entangled in a ghost netentanglement in plastic debris has been responsible or thedeaths o many marine organisms& such as fsh& seals& turtles& andbirds. These animals get caught in the debris and end upsu-ocating or drowning. ecause they are unable to untanglethemselves& they also die rom starvation or rom their inability toescape predators. eing entangled also oten results in severe

lacerations and ulcers. %n a 122E report known as (lastic !ebris inthe World>s Hceans& it was estimated that at least 1EM di-erentanimal species have su-ered rom entanglement and ingestion oplastic debris. %t has been estimated that over 422&222 marinemammals perish annually due to plastic pollution in oceans."arine organisms get caught in discarded fshing equipment& suchas ghost nets.


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ac;5ru%! 7 N,TC WasteDis0sal

high quality environment is essential or the delivery o healthand social care services and needs to be supported by highstandards o environmental cleanliness. There are publicperceptions that the standards o cleanliness in *ealth and ,ocial,ervice 5*,,7 Trust acilities are not to an acceptable standard

and have strongly associated this with concerns surrounding thecontrol o *ealthcare ssociated %nections 5*%7.

,ervice users are entitled to expect everything in Trust acilities tobe clean + not just 9oors& suraces& urniture and toilets but alsoequipment& *ostels& @abs& 'lassroom. They have a right to expecta welcoming environment at all times with equipment which issae and ft or purpose. The key is to ensure that the highestpossible standards o cleanliness are achieved and to satisyservice users that trust acilities are clean and kept clean.

The publication o this #nvironmental 'leanliness ,trategyacknowledges the close association between cleanliness andinection prevention and control whilst acknowledging that thereare important distinctions to be made.


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What is common is the service user perspective o the importancethat cleaning has in the prevention and control o inectionthereby creating and sustaining a caring environment thatsupports the delivery o high quality health and social care. y

ensuring that this is the case& not only are service user and publicperceptions o a quality service enhanced& but also the preventionand control o *% can be improved.

%t is recogni?ed that environmental cleaning services may beprovided in a number o ways and that $%T' require thisoperational 9exibility& but uniorm environmental cleanlinessstandards and ways o measuring them are needed to allowdelivery o visible year+on+year evidence to satisy service usersthat %nstitute acilities are clean and being kept clean. This

strategy thereore outlines a practical& incremental approach tothe setting and measurement o uniorm standardsK it is notintended to replace existing good practice initiatives alreadyimplemented by $%T' administration. These initiatives havecontributed positively to the standard o environmentalcleanliness in individual Trusts and it is this good work that needsto be built upon to urther improve our approach in this importantoperational area.

Accu%tabilit < Culture 7r E%-ir%'e%talClea%li%ess

There is a need or $%T' admin to be able to demonstrate strong

and clear leadership at the highest level o management that

encourages a culture that recogni?es that clea%li%ess 'atters

and that clea%li%ess is e-er%e/s res0%sibilit %t 2ust

t3e clea%ers. dministration must have in place clear

accountability arrangements or environmental cleanliness

standards& linked to inection prevention and control and to

corporate& clinical and social care governance arrangements. %t is

absolutely vital that all sta-& not only cleaning sta- but also

students& sta-& managers and %nstitute oard are clear about their

role and personal responsibilities.


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W3at is t be ac3ie-e! a%! w3 is res0%sible 7r t3esta%!ar! 7 clea%i%5=

There is some way to go beore a real clean culture is

created.

%nstitute cleaning is generally seen as the responsibility o

the cleaning sta- and not an %nstitute+wide responsibility.

Cnclear and undefned responsibilities or cleaning our

environment.

Prcesses

W3at is re>uire! t 'eet t3e %ecessar sta%!ar!s=

'leaning specifcations have ailed to keep pace with

changes in activity and do not re9ect current cleaning

requirements.

'leaning specifcations have not been updated.

'leaning specifcations are poorly defned

@inks between cleaning and inection control teams have not

been established

(oorly defned or managed cleaning contracts


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@ack o co+ordination between cleaning and other services

Outc'es

?w ! we e%sure t3e sste' is wr;i%5=

The level o monitoring varies across %nstitutes& is subjective

and is not guided by $ational ,tandards

M%itri%5 a%! Au!it

W3at is bei%5 'easure! i%ter%al a%! e:ter%al t t3e

r5a%i@ati%=

There are signifcant variations in the cleaning approach

adopted by individual %nstitutes.

The cost o cleaning varies across %nstitutes and colleges.

,%-l-i%5 a%! liste%i%5 t ser-ice users a%! sta8*****

n integral part o developing a /cleanliness matters0 culture is

taking account the views o service users and sta- on the

quality o environmental cleanliness. These views should be

integrated into the planning& implementation and monitoring

process or environmental cleanliness standards.


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RECYCL,NG OF FOOD WA6TE

,NTO ,OGA6


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iogasrenewable energy 5electricity7 through naerobic !igestion

5!7 rom ood waste and ood processing residues. iogas is a

mix o gases produced by anaerobic digestion. naerobic

digestion converts organic matter into useul products in the

absence o air Q typically in sealed tanks 5digesters7. %nside thedigester& materials experience a series o stages in which

di-erent types o bacteria break them down and convert them

into useul outputs. The gases produced typically consist o E2 F

methane and 42 F carbon dioxide 5'H17. :or commercial use& this

is oten upgraded to pure methane by removing the 'H1. %n

addition to biogas& the process also yields a nutrient+rich

digestant. #very ton o ood waste recycled by anaerobic

digestion as an alternative to landfll prevents between 2.B and3.2 ton o 'H1 entering the atmosphere.

,NPT6

iogas inputs 5known as eedstock7 come rom a wide variety o

organic sources. :arm crops 5known as biomass7 are a common

eedstock& they are either crops traditionally grown or ood 5such

as mai?e and corn7 or crops specifcally developed or energy

purposes. nimal manure is another common eedstock. ,o is

ood waste& either rom commercial operators 5e.g. ood

processing actories& restaurants and retailers7 or rom domestic

households. *uman sewage can be used but is typically limited to

the captive operations o wastewater management companies.

OTPT6

The biogas can be burnt to create electricity& which can be ed

into the grid. This process also generates heat& which can be

captured and used locally 5e.g. or heating and drying7.

lternatively& bio+methane can be distributed through a gas pipe


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network& e-ectively being used in the same way as natural gas

rom ossil uels. The digestant is a valuable ertili?er or armers

and is particularly useul in countries where soil quality has

become degraded through over+intensive arming.

ENEF,T6

iogas replaces the use o ossil uels and helps to reduce the

emission o methane into the atmosphere. s a greenhouse gas&

methane is 12Q1B times more harmul than 'H1. !igestant

production avoids the environmental ha?ards associated with

industrially produced ertili?ers.

Csing biomass to create biogas creates a carbon neutral cycle& in

which the carbon emitted rom burning the gas is absorbed by

new crops grown as eedstock. 'reating biogas rom ood waste

means that ewer waste treatment acilities are needed and less

organic matter goes into landfll sites 5which typically release

methane into the atmosphere over time7.


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6RBEY AT N,T CAL,CT

survey was conducted among $%T' students regarding their

view on cleanliness in the campus. 32M participants participated

in the survey.

The questionnaires along with the responses are shown below8

B6F

4MF

D u t3i%; ur ca'0us is clea% e%u53=

Res $o


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DE

&&E

Are .u 7aci%5 a%. 0rble' i% !is0si%5 waste i% .ur ca'0us=

Res $o


30/36

62F

M2F

D u 7eel 7ree t t3rw waste % ra!si!es=

Res $o

)

$

D u carr waste al%5 till u 9%! a !ustbi%=

Res $o


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Certai%lH $)E

O%l i7 a-ailableH E

NH IE

D u 7llw cate5risati% 7 !ustbi%s (0lastics1 0a0er1 7!waste etc." be7re !is0si%5=

'ertainly Hnly i f available $o

1BF

MBF

,s t3ere a%. i'0r-e'e%t i% N,TC a7ter cate5risati% 7 !ustbi%s=

Res $o


32/36

There were subjective questions as well and these are analy?ed

below8

J# 6u55est 0laces w3ere 're %u'ber 7 !ustbi%s are

re>uire! i% t3e ca'0us.ter analy?ing the responses o the participants& it was ound out

that the ollowing areas need more number o dustbins8

3.


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6. ccording to most o the participants& the classifcation o

dustbins is insignifcant until there are a plentiul o them

available. (eople ollow the classifcation only when dustbins

are present.

4. #very three out o our participants think that the conditiono cleanliness has not changed in the campus even ater the

classifcation o dustbins.

WA6TE6 GENERATED ,N N,TC ME66E6

AND CANTEEN

(CA6E 6TDY" case study was done regarding the wastes generated in the

"esses and canteen o $%T'. The main canteen and #& (G1 and

mess were part o this case study.

6u''ar#


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%t was ound out that about B2 kg o waste is generated daily in

each o this places. This includes vegetable waste& ood waste ;

letover and plastic waste.

%n case o messes& the ood waste is given to local animal armsand decomposed in pits. Whereas& plastic waste is taken by the

garbage collection van

%n case o main canteen& the ood waste and vegetable waste&

instead o being simply decomposed& are used to produce bio gas

and E2 F o their uel requirement is ulflled by bio gas. The

plastic waste is as usual collected by the garbage collecting van.

%t was ound out that the garbage collection van is regular in its

duty.

,uggestion8 %t can be suggested that the messes& instead o just

decomposing the vegetable wastes& should also start producing

biogas. This will beneft the environment. This will also drastically

reduce their cost o uels which includes frewood and @(G and

reduce the lead time o acquiring uel. ut installing bio gas

producing systems may take time. Till then& these wastes can be

provided to places like main canteen where bio gas is alreadyproduced.

F,NAL CONCL6,ON

The major problem aced by the municipal corporations o manycities is waste treatment and management. The issue which they


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ace is lack o proper ethics when comes to waste rejection bycommon man. #nvironmental 'leanliness in health and social careacilities means more than just maintaining a clean and saeenvironment. %t makes a statement to services users and visitors

about the attitudes o students& sta-& managers and Trust oards.

The project was successully completed and the ollowingobjectives were met8

!i-erent methods o waste disposal were thoroughly studied

and understood

/#nvironmental 'leanliness0& /Types o wastes 5(lastic

waste70& /!ecomposition o wastes0 and /#-ect o harmulwastes on the #nvironment and nimals0 were thoroughlystudied and understood.

!i-erent reasons or the ailure o the method used by the

$%T' dministration was ound out

*ow cleaning is carried out in $%T' was deeply studied and

understood

new way or proper arrangement or waste disposal was

recommended

%mportance o iogas and its uses were researched upon

survey was conducted among $%T' students regardingtheir view on cleanliness in the campus

case study on the plastic pollution in the (acifc Gyre was

done

,urvey was properly analy?ed and interpreted or

conclusions

$%T' 'anteens and "esses were taken as protagonist and

their cases was researched upon

%t is recogni?ed that environmental cleaning services may beprovided in a number o ways and that $%T' require thisoperational 9exibility& but uniorm environmental cleanlinessstandards and ways o measuring them are needed to allowdelivery o visible year+on+year evidence to satisy service usersthat %nstitute acilities are clean and being kept clean. Thisstrategy thereore outlines a practical& incremental approach to


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the setting and measurement o uniorm standardsK it is notintended to replace existing good practice initiatives alreadyimplemented by $%T' administration. These initiatives havecontributed positively to the standard o environmental

cleanliness in individual Trusts and it is this good work that needsto be built upon to urther improve our approach in this importantoperational area.

Documents

Evs Report