Evs 2 Mark Question and Answers

8/10/2019 Evs 2 Mark Question and Answers

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Environmental Science and Engineering

(Two Mark Question and Answers)

1. Define Environment?

Physical, chemical and biological presence of living and nonliving

things outside an individual species is called as its environment!

According to "#$ %&''%, environment can be defined as,

#urroundings in which an organiation operates, including air,water,land,

natural resources,flora,fauna,humans and inter relation*!

2. What are all the categories of environment?

The main categories of environment are biotic and abiotic

environments! The abiotic environment can further be classified into

atmosphere (air),lithosphere(soil),and hydrosphere(water)! The biotic

environment is called as biosphere!

3. Write the components of environment?

%! Air(Atmosphere)

+! and(ithosphere)

-! .ater(/ydrosphere)

4. Mention any two awareness programme of environmental issses to

stdent?

%! Participating in seminars and courses related to environment issues!

+! 0iscussion with people about the environmental problems!

!. Define deforestation?


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0eforestation refers to the removal of plants in the forest!

". #ist the $ases of deforestation?

%! #lash and 1urn farming!

+! 2ommercial agriculture!

-! 2attle ranching and livestock graing!

&! Mining and petroleum e3ploration!

4! "nfrastructure development!

5! 6uel wood collection!

7! Tree Plantations!

%. Define Srface water?

Precipitation that does not soak into the ground or return to the

atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration is called surface water! "t forms

streams, lakes, wetlands, and artificial reservoirs!

&. What is 'rondwater?

The subsurface area where all available soil and rock spaces are filled by

water is called the one of saturation, and the water in these pores is called

ground water!

(. What is )oc*?

8ock is any material that makes up a large natural, continuous part of

the earth9s crust! #ome kinds of rock, such as limestone (calcium carbonate,

or 2a2$-) and :uartite(silicon dio3ide or #i$+), contain only one

mineral,but most rocks consist of two or more minerals!


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1+. 'ive the classification of Mineral )esorces!

;nergy resources (coal,oil,natural gas, uranium, and geothermal

energy< metallic mineral resources (iron,copper,and aluminium) and

nonmetallic minerals resources(salt,gypsum,and clay, sand, phosphates,

water, and soil)!

11. $lassify food prodction!

There are two types of food production

%! "ndustrialied Agriculture #ubsistence Agriculture

+! Traditional Agriculture

"ntensive Agriculture

12. Define ,raditional -gricltre!

Traditional Agriculture can be classified as Traditional #ubsistence

agriculture and Traditional "ntensive agriculture! Traditional #ubsistence

agriculture produces enough crops or live stock for a farm family9s survival

and in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times! "n Traditional

"ntensive agriculture farmers increase their inputs of human and draft labour,

fertilier, and water to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land to

produce enough food!

13. #ist some of the food resorces availale in the world!

Ma=or food sources available in the world to cater the human9s hunger

are %+ types of seeds and grains, - root crops, +' common fruits and

vegetables, 5 mammals, + domestic fowl, few fishes and other forms of

marine life,etc!


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14. $lassify energy resorces?

Available conventional energy sources can be divided into two categories

%) 8enewable ;nergy #ources

+) >on 8enewable ;nergy #ources

1!. Draw the flow chart of petrolem fractionation process.

6uel gas, Propane ?asoline @erosene 6urnace 0iesel ubricants

Asphalt 1utane li:uefied gas oil /eated crude oil

1". Write the advantages and disadvantages of petrolem as a energy

resorces?

As a source of energy petroleum has many advantages

%) "t is relatively cheap to e3tract and transport

+) "t re:uires little processing to produce desired products and

-) "t has relatively high net and useful energy yield!

/owever it has certain disadvantages also,

%) Produces ;nvironmental pollution

+) $il spills, in ocean cause water pollution and is e3pensive to clean

up!

1%. Write short notes on petrolem gas.

"t is the mi3ture of three hydrocarbons butane, propane and ethane!

The main constituent of petroleum gas is butane! The above gases are in

gaseous state in ordinary pressure but they can be li:uefied under high

pressure! #o it is called as P?! (i:uefied petroleum ?as)!


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A domestic cylinder contains %& kg of P?! A strong smelling

substance called ethyl mercaptian is added to P? gas cylinder to help in the

detection of gas leakage!

1&. What is fission netrons?

The fission process is accompanied not only by the release of energy

also it releases neutrons called as fission neutrons!

1(. /ame the several types of nclear reactors?

%! ight water 8eactor(.8)

+! /eavy water 8eactor(/.8)

-! ?as 2ooled 8eactor(?28)

&! 1oiling .ater 8eactor(1.8)

4! Pressurised .ater 8eactor(P.8)

5! i:uid Metal 6ast 1reeder 8eactor(M618)

2+. #ist some of the renewale energy sorces.

%! #olar energy

+! .ind energy

-! /ydro energy

&! ?eothermal energy

4! $cean thermal energy

5! 1iogas

21. Write short notes on ,idal energy.


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Tides, the alternate rise and fall of sea water possess lot of energy! The

identified tidal power potential in "ndia is around ''' M.! 2urrently

6rance, 8ussia, china and 2anada are effectively utiliing the tidal energy to

produce + to -B of their energy demand!

22. /arrate the advantages and disadvantages of the 0ydel power.

/ydel power has the following advantages!

%! 2lean #ource of energy

+! Provides irrigation facilities

-! Provides drinking water to the people living around

"t also has some environmental and socioeconomic problems like

submerged forests and agricultural land, loss of biodiversity, water logging

and silting etc!

23. Define Soil Erosion!

#oil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially surface

litter and top soil, from one place to another! The two main movers are

flowing water and wind!

24. Write short notes on Desertification!

"t is a problem where by the productive potential of arid or semiarid

land falls by %'B or more and is caused mostly by human activities!

0esertification is classified into three categories

%! Moderate /aving %' to +4B drop in productivity

+! #evere /aving +4 to 4'B drop in Productivity

-! Cery #evere /aving 4'B or more, creating huge gullies and sand

dunes!


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2!. #ist some ways to protect soil.

%! .hen the buildings are constructed, all the trees shall be saved!

+! #etting a composite bin and it shall be used for producing mulch

and soil conditioner for yard and garden planets!

-! $rganic methods can be used for growing vegetables!

&! #trictly enforcing laws and policies that minimies soil erosion, salt

buildup and

water logging!

2". What is eitale se of resorces?

The ;:uitable use of resources is a concept that deals with the rational

use of resources so that a harmony between man9s resource re:uirement and

its availability can be established!

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1. Define ecosystem.

;cosystem has been defined as a system of interaction of organisms

with their surroundings! >umerous dynamic interaction are occurring with in

an ecosystem and these are comple3!

2. #ist any for characteristics of ecosystem.

(i)! ;cosystem is the ma=or ecological unit

(ii)! "t contains both biotic and abiotic components!

(iii)! The boundary of the ecosystem is not rigidly defined and it is

fle3ible!

(iv)! Through the biotic and abiotic components nutrient cycle and

energy flow occur!

3. What are the different types of ecosystem

%! >atural ;cosystem

+! Artificial ;cosystem

-! "ncomplete ;cosystem

4.What are the iotic components of an ecosystem?

%! Producers (Autotrophs)

+! 2onsumers (/eterotrophs)

-! 0ecomposers

!. What are the atotrophs?


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Producers or Autotrophs are organisms that are capable of making

their re:uired food themselves! (Auto Dself, trophDfeeder)! ?reen plants,

grasses, mosses, shrubs, etc!, are some of the e3amples of autotrophic

components!

". Define heterotrophs?

Those organisms which depend on others (ProducersAutotrophs) for

their energy re:uirements are known as 2onsumers or /eterotrophs! #ince

the animals are not having chlorophyll, they are unable to produce their own

food!(/eteroDother,trophDfeeder)!

%. #ist the aiotic components of an ecosystem.

%! 2limatic factors#olar radiation, Temperature, .ind, .ater

current, rainfall, etc!

+! Physical factorsight, 6ire, pressure, etc!,

-! 2hemical factors E Acidity, #alinity, "norgaanic nutrients, etc!,

&. Differentiate etween 5inetic energy and 6otential energy.

@inetic energy is the energy possessed by virtue of its motion from

one place to another! This is measured by the amount of work done in

bringing the body to rest!

(. Define ecological sccession.

;cological succession is defined as the process in which communities

of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a

series of different and often more comple3 communities!


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1+. Define primary sccession.

The succession taking place in areas that have not already been

occupied by any community is known as primary succession!

11. Define secondary sccession.

0evelopment of a new community in an area where the previously

e3isting community was removed and the ecological conditions are

favourable is termed as secondary succession!

12. What do yo *now aot atogenic sccession and allogenic

sccession?

Allogenic succession (AlloDoutside, genicDrelated) is the type of

development occured in the ecosystem due to the interaction of e3ternal

physical forces acting on it! Autogenic succession (AutoDinside, self

propelling) is the type of development occured in the ecosystem due to the

developmental process generated with in the system!

13. What are the characteristics of pioneer species?

%! "t has less population!

+! "ts nutrient re:uirement is very less!

-! The rate of growth should be as low as possible!

&! "t should be more dynamic to face interspecific and intraspecific

competitions!

14. Define seral stage.


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#eral stage is defined as the development of secondary community

from the pioneers! ;ach seral stage appears, grows and finally disappears as

the environmental changes occur! ;ach seral stage has its particular

community called seral community!

1!. What are the three theories related to clima7 commnities?

%! Mono clima3 theory

+! Poly clima3 theory

-! 2lima3 pattern theory!

1". What do yo *now aot food chain and food we?

A food chain is a picture or model that shows the flow of energy from

Autotrophs to a series of organisms in an environment! The network like

interaction of organisms is called as food web!

1%. /ame three types of food chains.

a! ?raing food chain

b! 0etrius or 0ecomposer food chain

c! Parasitic food chain

1&. Define ecological pyramids.

The representation of amount of energy stored in the bodies of living

thing is 2alled as ;cological pyramids!

1(. What is a forest?


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A forest is a living community of various species of trees and smaller

forms of vegetation! This type of biome contains moderate to high average

annual rainfall!

2+. 0ow can yo classify forests?

%! Tropical rain forests

+! Temperate forests

-! Polar (or) 1oreal forests

21. What do yo *now aot grasslands?

?rasslands are grassy, windy, partlydry biome! Almost one fourth of

the ;arth9s land area is covered by grassland! Any more, the land would

become a forest! Any less, the land would become a desert! The grasslands

mostly separate forests from deserts! Most of the grasslands are found in the

interiors of continents and rain shadows!

22. What are the types of grasslands?

%! Tropical grasslands (#avannah)

+! Temperate grasslands

-! Polar grasslands (Tundra)

23. #ist the three types of savannahs?

a! 2limatic savannah

b! ;dapic savannah

c! 0erived savannah!

24. What are ma8or hman impacts on grasslands?


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%! 2onversion of grassland to cropland

+! $vergraing of grassland by farm animals!

-! 0amage by oil production, air and water pollution and vehicles

movement!

2!. 0ow do the desert plants adopt to the climate?

Most of the plants have the ability to lack of rainfall! They have

widespread

roots which are close to the surface! This enables the roots to absorb water

:uickly, before it evaporates! Plants like F2actus9 survives because of their

thick wa3y layer on the outside of its stems and leaves! This helps to retain

water and protect tissues severe sunlight!

2". What are the different types of desert iome?

%! /ot and dry deserts

+! #emiarid deserts

-! 2oastal deserts

&! 2old deserts!

2%. Define freshwater.

6reshwater is defined as water with less than %B salt concentration!

Plants and animals live in freshwater are ad=usted to its low salt

concentration!

2&. 0ow can yo differentiate ponds and la*es?


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Ponds are small fresh water bodies surrounded by land and lakes are

large fresh water bodies surrounded by land! Most of the ponds are seasonal

and e3ist for =ust few months of a years or more!

2(. What are the different 9ones of ponds?

%! ittoral one,

+! imnetic one, and

-! Profundal one!

3+. What are estaries?

The place where freshwater streams or rivers connect together with

the salt water are called estuaries!

31. #ist the importance of estaries.

GThese are important as nursery sites for many kinds of fish and

crustaceans like flounder and shrimp

GMi3ing of many pollutants in the ocean is prevented by the action

of trapping of sediments which are carried by the river!

32. What are coral reefs?

2orals are animals, which contain algae called ooanthellae and

tissues of animal polyp! A reef is a rocky outcrop rises from the sea floor

which is made up of calcareous material, concealed by the coral animals

themselves and by red and green algae! #ince reef waters tend to be

nutritionally poor, corals obtain the re:uired energy from the photosynthetic

algae that live in the reef!


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33. What are the three asic forms of coral reef?

%! 6ringing reefs

+! 1arrier reefs

-! Atolls

34. Define io diversity.

1iodiversity is defined as Frichness of species (micro organisms,

plants and animals) occurring in a given habitat9! "t is the sum of genes,

species and ecosystems!

3!. What are the three types of iodiversity?

%! ?enetic evel or ?enetic diversity

+! #pecies evel or #pecies diversity

-! ;cosystem evel or ;cosystem diversity!

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1. Define -ir polltion.

Air pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in

e3cessive :uantity and duration to cause adverse effects on plants,

animals, human beings and materials!

2. What are the different sorces of air polltion?

The two main sources of air pollution are

a! >atural #ources

b!Man made or anthropogenic sources

>atural sources include dust storms, volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke,

forest fires, ect! The man made sources are agricultural activities, industrial

growth, domestic wastes, automobile e3hausts, etc,

3. What do yo *now aot particlate?

"n general the term Fparticulate9 refers to all atmospheric substances that are

not gases! They can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mi3tures of

the two! Particulates can be composed of materials ranging in sie from

%''mm down '!% mm and less! The chemical composition of particulate

pollutants is very much dependent upon the origin of the particulate!

4. What are the prime sorces of particlate matter?

i! 2oal fired power plants

ii! Automobiles

!. Define sspended particlate matter?


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#uspended Particulate Matter(#PM) is a comple3 mi3ture of small

and large particles with sie less than %''u varying origin and chemical

composition!

". Differentiate etween Mist and :og.

Mist

Mist is made up of li:uid droplets generally smaller than %'um which

are formed by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial

operations!

:og

6og is similar to mist but the droplet sie bigger(H %'u) and water is

the li:uid!6og is sufficiently dense to incomprehensible vision!

%. What are gaseos polltants?

These are to3ic and poisonous gases such as carbon mono3ide,

chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate, sulphur dio3ide, nitrogen o3ides and

carbon dio3ide!

&. What are the ma8or sorces of air polltion from atomoiles?

The ma=or sources of air pollution from automobiles are

;3haust pipe H7'B

2rank case emission H+'B

;vaporations from fuel tank and 2arburettor H%'B


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(. What are effects of air polltion on animals?

Animals take up fluorides of air through plants! Their milk production

falls and their teeth and bones are affected! They are also prone to lead

poisoning and paralysis!

1+. #ist some of the effects of air polltion on physical properties of

atmosphere.

G0ecrease in the visibility

Greduction of #olar radiation

G;ffects on weather conditions

G;ffects on atmospheric constituents

11. ;riefly descrie aot the impacts of caron mono7ide on hman

health.

At lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral

function whereas in higher doses they can cause heart pain and even death!

.hen inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of blood and

reduce its ability in transfer of o3ygen to the brain, heart, and other

important organs! 1ut carbo3yaemoglobin contents of blood depend on the

2$ contents of the air inhald, time of e3posure and the activity of the person

inhaling! "t is particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease!

12. 0ow air polltion can e controlled at sorce?

GProper use of the e3istion e:uipment

G2hange in process

GModification or 8eplacement of e:uipments

G"nstallation of controlling e:uipments


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13. What are the gaseos control eipments?

G.et and dry adsorption

G2ombustion or 2atalytic incineration

14. What are the particlate control eipment?

G?ravitational settling chambers

G2yclone separators

G6abric filters (or) 1ag filters

G;lectrostatic precipitators

G.et scrubbers (or) .et collectors

1!. What are ag filters?

1ag filters are the woven or nonwoven fabrics used to filter the

particulate laden gases! These generally of tubular shape or envelope shape!

"ts efficiency is about B and it can be used to remove particular small as

'!'mm

1". What are the factors to e considered in selection of type or farie in

farie filters?

GTemperature of the gas

G2ostiveness or abrasiveness of the particles! !

1%. /ame dome of the types of wet scrers?

G#pray towers

G2entrifugal scrubbers

GCenturi scrubbers and


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GPacked bed columns

1&. Define water polltion.

.ater pollution is defined as any physical,chemical or biological

change in :uality of water that has a harmful effect on living organisms or

makes the water unsuitable for needs!

1(. 0ow can yo differentiate point? Sorce from nonpoint sorce of

polltion.

Point sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe

lines, sewer lines, or ditches into water bodies!

>on point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area! These

sources have no specific location!

2+. What are the effects of in organic sstances in water?

GMakes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes!

G2orrosion of metals e3posed to such waters!

G2auses skin cancers, damages to spinal,2>#, liver and kidneys!

G8educes crop yield!

21. 0ow do the ntrients from agricltral fields affect the watershed?

;nrichment of nutrients (;utrophication) from surrounding watershed

affects the penetration of light through the water, causing damage to the

characteristic of water and a:uatic life!


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22.Define soil polltion.

#oil pollution is defined as the introduction of substances, biological

organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil :uality,

which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endargering public

health and the living environment!

23. Define marine polltion.

Marine pollution is defined as "ntroduction by man, directly or

indirectly, of substances or energy in to the marine environment (including

estuaries) resulting in such destructive effects harm to living resources,

haard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing,

impairment of :uality for use of seawater, and reduction of amenities!*

24. What is the case of noise polltion?

o 8oad traffic noise

o Air traffic noise

o 8ail traffic noise

o 0omestic noise

o "ndustrial noise

o "ncompatible land use

2!. 0ow can yo define thermal polltion?

Thermal pollution can be defined as Fthe e3cessive raising or lowering

of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams,

lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents

in to such water9!


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2". What are solid wastes?

The wastes generated and discarded from human and animal activites that

are normally solid are called as solid wastes!


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Evs 2 Mark Question and Answers