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Data Rate, Traffic Density
Reliability, Latency, Synch
Sensing Accuracy
Uplink, Energy, Cellular mmWave
Perspective on 6G Drivers, KPIs & Use Case Requirements
Digital Economy
Energy and Cost Efficiency
Developing Industry Use Cases
Wireless Sensing
Network AI
Digital plus AI Economy
Green and Sustainable Society
Developed Industry Use Cases
Internet of Sense
Internet of AI
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
Evolved 5G
Intelligent Connection Capability
Energy, EMF & Battery Efficiency
Sensing Precision, Resolution
Semantic Interaction Capability
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
DriversKPIs
Drivers
KPIs
Peak Date Rate1 Tbps, 50X
User Data Rate20 Gbps, 200X
Traffic Capacity10 Gbps/m2, 103X
Traffic Volume 100 Gbps/m3, NA
Moving Speed8 km/s, 57X
Air Interface Latency
< 0.5 ms, > 8X
Connection Density100 Devices/m2, 100X
Battery Life20 yr, 2X
TN Coverage MCL3 dB, 2X
Deterministic Sync0.2 s, 5X
Location PrecisionOut/Indoor < 10/1 cm, 100X
Energy Efficiency
> 10X
…X: 6G vs 5G Times
6GAny Traffics
Connected Intelligently
Reliability> 7-nines, > 100X
Sensing Resolution
300m, NA
More than Evolved 5G
Holographic InteractionPersonalized SensesWearable Robotics
…
Vision on 6G Network Architecture
PHY-C PKT-C PKT-C HUB-C
Data Pre-processing Data Analysis
Data DiscoveryData Exposure
Case Analysis Decision making
Knowledge RecognitionIntent Engine
Network Resource Management Network Function Management
Performance ManagementOrchestration
To B Operation To C Operation
Digital Twin MRIntent Access
Resource Plane
Enforcement Plane
Control Plane
Data Plane
Intelligence Plane
Management plane
Operation Plane
System
Resource
Function
PHY-E PKT-E PKT-E
感
Kno
wled
ge Native
智
AI n
ative
信
Trust N
ative
CommunicationComputing
Storage
6G Enablers – Evolved & Paradigm-Shift in Parallel
Flexible Spectrum 1
Holographic MIMO 2
THz Communication & Sensing 3
Computing Network 4
AI-Native Air Interface
Space-Air-Ground-Sea Convergence
Joint Communication & Sensing
Cognitive SBA Network
Paradigm-Shift EnablersEvolved Enablers
6G Enablers
Architecture
1
2
3
4
Paradigm-Shift Challenges towards 6G Wireless Architecture
Evolution Coverage
• Programmable Air Interface
• Programmable Propagation
• Link and Propagation Separation
• Deterministic Channel
• Wired-like Wireless
• Spectrum & DoF as a Service
• UE / Site and Cell Separation
• DL Cell and UL Cell Separation
• Virtual Cell follows UE
• No Cell Edge
• Independent Function Evolution
• Feature Plug and Play
• AI Model & Computing as a Service
• Topology follows Service
• Over-the-air Deployment
Radio
Intelligent
6G
Flexible Spectrum Challenges
Full DuplexDynamic TDDSpectrum SharingFlexible Duplex
Cognitive Spectrum Block Chain Sharing NSA Coexistence Flexible Licensing
< 1 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz 10 GHz 24-37 GHz 37-52.6 GHz 57-71 GHz 71-76 GHz 81-86 GHz 100 GHz 200 GHz 300 GHz 450 GHz > 450 GHz
FCC: 95-275, Un 21.2 GHz
OFCOM 100-200 GHz116-123,174.8-182,185-190,244-246
ITU THz Study: 160 & 53 GHz
252-275, 275-296, 306-313, 318-333, 356-450296-306, 313-318, 318-356 st. EESS Protection
WRC19: 13.75 GHz
24.25-27.5, 37-43.5, 66-71Some: 45.5-47, 47.2-48.2 GHz
WRC19: 10 GHz
Fixed and SatelliteSharing
WRC15: 6.81 GHz
1.427-1.518, 3.3-3.7, 4.8-4.99R1/3: 470-698, R1: 694-790 MHz
WRC23: 0.5-1.2 GHz
R1 6.425-7.025, 7.025-7.125R2 10.0-10.5 GHz
Inter-RAT / StakeholderSingle / Multiple Tiers Dual / Multiple Connectivity Local / Global & T / R
Holographic MIMO Architecture & Challenges
Knowledge Base: Goal, User, Data, Network, Deployment Behaviors
• mmW/THz Coverage
• Sub6GHz Deep Coverage
• Channel Estimation
• Joint MIMO
• Invisible Deployment
Reconfigurable Programmable
• Cognitive Channel Modeling
• Reflecting & Transmitting
• Diffuse Scattering
• Intelligent DoF
• Information Metamaterial
Metasurface MIMO1
UE2UE1
Target1 Target2
Metasurface MIMO2
M/D-MIMO2
Metasurface MIMO3Computing Network
Computing Devices
Holographic MIMO
M/D-MIMO1
Global Computing
Global Learning
Global KB
M/D-MIMO3
Harmonized Physicals towards AI-native Air Interface
NTN SiteTN Site
UE UE
UAV, HAPS, LEO, MEO, GEO
Unlicensed, MBMS
TN Site
UESidelink
Constellation Aggregation Multiplexing
Forward Compatibility
NTN SiteISL
IABNTN
AUV, Ocean, Desert, Arctic
Satellite
IAB, UAV
mmW Ultra eMBB
eMBB, mmW FWA
Surveillance, Positioning
HEO, Moon, Mars, Space
THz eFWA, eSensing Auto-Driving
Gene Medical
Auto-Logistic
Wearable Robotics
UESidelink
Meta-Cell / Cell-free / New DoF Structure
Physical
Scenario
…
Essential
Orchestration
Backward Coexistence
Sub6G to Above100G
… …
To be harmonized over Intelligence, Control & Data Planes
Semantic Communication: Scenarios & Architecture
LocalKnowledge
Semantic Generation
LocalKnowledge
Semantic Reconstruction
Channel Encoder
MIMOPrecoder
Semantic Channel
Semantic Noise
Global Knowledge
Semantics Machine/
Human
Inference& Training
Inference& Training
Environment, Baseband / RF Sensing
ModulationWaveform
RFChannel
MIMOEqualization
DemodulationWaveform
Channel Decoder
Baseband Sensing
AI-AIAI-MIMOAI-Modem AI-DecoderAI-Networking AI-DPDAI-Coder
Single Domain AI AI CollaborationCross Domain AI Federated AI Network AI
AI for Communication & Sensing
Communication, Sensing and Networking for AI
Semantic Encoder
Semantic Decoder
AI for Networking
E2E AIResponsible AI …Human-in-the-loop
Baseband Sensing
Networking – MAC, HARQ, RRMAccess, Mobility, ID/Security Magnt
Semantic Error
Networking – MAC, HARQ, RRMAccess, Mobility, ID/Security Magnt
AI-Networking
Semantic Accuracy
Scenarios: Human-involved Consumer and or Industry Robotics in Smart City & Utilities, Smart Factory, Smart Hospital, Smart Home
Machine/
Human
Joint Communication & Sensing (JCS): Scenarios & Challenges
Anchor
CommunicationSensing
Target UE
MI
Active, Passive Sensing Uu
UU
Domain AI
Independent JCS
JCS
Target UE
Anchor
N2/3
JCS-UU
Cross-Domain AI
Converged JCS
Anchor
SensingA
TargetAUE
N2/3
Communication
Cooperative AI
Collaborated JCS
AnchorA
JCS
Target/UE
AnchorB
JCS
Target/UE
N2/3 N2/3
N26
JCS-UU
Federated AI
JCS Service Continuity
Scenario: Auto-Driving: Location, Path, Safety; Smart City & eHealth: Consumer Robots for Sports; Industry IoT: Non-destructive Quality Inspection
Challenges: Performance Bound, Architecture, Waveform, Antenna Array, Clutter/Interference Suppression, Sensing Estimation/Ambiguity, Pattern Analysis, Networked Sensing, Sensing-assisted Communications, Communication-assisted Sensing, AI
UUActive, Passive
Sensing Uu
SensingB
TargetB
MI
N2/3
Cognitive SBA Network: Architecture & Challenges
Physical Resource Orchestration - Metacell Chain
PHY Domain Packet Domain E2E Domain
AI-native Service based Architecture: SBA RAN+CN
SSB Metacell
PUCCH Metacell
PRACH Metacell
PUSCH Metacell
+ +
PDCCH Metacell
PDSCH Metacell
+ +
Default Metacell Chain
Dedicated Metacell Chain
Flexible Orchestration of Physical ResourcesCustomization, Elasticity of Coverage and Capacity
SSB Metacell
PUCCH Metacell
PRACH Metacell
PUSCH Metacell
+ +
PDCCH Metacell
PDSCH Metacell
+ +
PHY-C PKT-C HUB-CControl Plane
Network AIAI-AI E2E AI
PHY-I PKT-I HUB-IIntelligence Plane
RF DataPHY-E PKT-EEnforcement Plane
Timeline from Evolved to Paradigm-shift Transition
Function Intelligence Wisdom
Information Semantic Goal
Random Programmable Cognitive
2020+ 2025+ 2030+ 2035+
Connected Any Things
Intelligent Traffic
Intelligent Traffic+
Collaboration
Com & Sensing
Reconfigurable
Connected Any Things+
Interface
Tentative Timeline for Evolved & Paradigm-shift Enablers
Rel-19Rel-18
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
WRC23 B5G/6G Requirements WRC27 6G Spectrum
Proposal
China System, Spectrum & Trial 6G Vision, Enabler & Verification
ITU-R Specs
Rel-17 Rel-20 Rel-213GPP
Point Cloud, 6DoF, Light FieldMPEG
6G Vision & Techs
Feasibility Study 6G Phase 1 6G Phase 2Sub52.6GHz Sub71GHz Sub115G Sub200G Sub300G
Transparent NTN Holographic MIMO Non-Transparent NTN JCS Converged AI-AI, SBA-RAN, Metacell
Evolved 5G 6G Study & Specs
6G KPI, Evaluation Requirements
ZTE’s Innovation Instances towards 6G Enablers
AI-LDPC/DPD/MIMO-CSI
Reliability
Power/Spectrum Efficiency
THz Channel Modeling
Digital Map-based Hybrid
Scalability
IES & SVC
Efficient & UE Centric
Coverage+, Capacity+
eMUSA
10X Connection Density
10X Spectrum Efficiency
SBA-RAN & Metacell
Intelligent Evolution
Operator Agile, Elastic PHY
H-MIMO
Sensing
JCS
SAG
HPP
NTN
SSB Metacell
PUSCH Metacell
PRACH Metacell
PUSCH Metacell
+
+
PDCCH Metacell
PDSCH Metacell
+
+
AI-AICognitive SBA NW Holographic MIMO Space-Air-Ground-Sea THz/Joint Com-Sensing
• 6G Drivers come from Digital + AI Economy, Sustainable Society, Internet of Sense, Industry & AI
• New capabilities: AI Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Sensing Resolution and Semantic Accuracy, etc
• Evolved and Paradigm-Shift Enablers in Parallel towards 6G
• Evolved Enablers: Flexible Spectrum, Holographic MIMO, THz Communication & Sensing, Computing Network
• Paradigm-shift Enablers: AI-Native Air Interface, Space-Air-Ground-Sea, JCS with converged air interface, and Cognitive SBA Network with Physical Resource Orchestration.
• ZTE’s innovation instances: SBA-RAN & Metacell, Holographic MIMO, eMUSA, AI-MIMO-CSI, THz Channel Modeling
• Wireless Signatures of 6G & beyond: Cognitive SBA Network, Multi-Mode Convergence, AI-AI, Programmable Propagation, Semantic Communication, which would contribute some root features for 3GPP Rel-20 and Rel-21.
• ZTE will contribute more innovations towards 6G enablers together with the global industry & academic ecosystem.
Wrap-up