Evolutionary History Review1. The Three Domains:

b.Archaea:1.Euryarchaeota: Methogens & halophiles2.Crenarchaeota: Thermophiles

2.Peptidoglycan (cell wall): sugars crosslinkedwith peptides.

-Some prokaryotes have a capsule which is sticky and help adherence to surfaces.-Pili: conjugation and adherence to surfaces.

3.Prokaryotic motility: flagella, sirochetes, slimy threadsa. Taxis: movement towards/away from a

stimulus.5.Plasmids: smaller ring of DNA6.Binary fission: prokaryotic reproduction7.Transformation: prokaryotic cell takes up

genes from environment.

9.Bacterial Transduction: Viruses transfer genesbetween prokaryotes.

10.Endospores: Resistant cells; durable outerwall; dormancy for centuries

11.Antibiotics: Chemicals released by prok. Thatinhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Human use

12.Photoautotrophs: light energy to synthesizeorganic molecules.

13.Chemoautotrophs: Chemicals to synthesizeorganic molecules.

14.Photoheterotrophs: Light energy to generateATP, but must obtain carbon from diet.

15.Chemoheterotrophs: consume organic molecules for energy and carbon.

16.Saprobes: decomposers17.Parasites: absorb nutrients from a living host.

chemoheterotrophs

18. Nitrogen fixation:

23.SSU-rRNA = Signature sequenceSSU-rRNA stands for “small subunit of rRNA.

Similarities in sequences can help lead to phylogenetic classification of prokaryotes.

26.Extreme halophiles: Saline environmentsa. Bacteriorhodopsin: purple-red pigment

scum created by colonies of halophiles.

28.Clades of bacteria:a. Proteobacteria: Photo/chemo/heterotrophs

anaerobic and aerobicb. Chlamydias: Parasite, blindness and STDc. Spirochetes: Lyme diseased. Gram-Positive: Botulism, strep throate. Cyanobacteria: Photoautotrophs

30.Symbiosis:a.Mutualism: +,+b.Commensalism: +,0c.Parasitism: +, -

31.Opportunistic: normal residents of a host;can cause illness

32.Koch discovered the bacteria that causes anthrax and tuberculosis.a.Find same pathogen in diseased individuals.b.Isolate & grow microbes in a culturec.Induce the disease in experimental animalsd.Isolate the pathogen again in experimental animals

33.Exotoxins: proteins secreted by prokaryotesthat cause disease (botulism)

34.Endotoxins: components in membrane of prokaryotes that cause sickness (Salmonella)

35.Bioremediation: use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants from water, air, & soil.Example: Sewage is treated with anaerobic prokayotes that decompose sewage into lessharmful substances.

36.Protists: most diverse of eukaryotesa.Photoautotrophs: contain chloroplastsb.Heterotrophs: obtain Carbon from nutrientsc.Mixotrophs: photosynthetic and hetero-trophic (Ex. Euglena)

41. Origin of Eukaryotes:

a.Endosymbiosis: Mitochondria and chloro-plasts were smaller prokaryotes living inlarger cells. (chloroplasts = cyanobacteria,

b.Secondary endosymbiosis: increased thediversity of algae.

42.Diplomonadida and parabasala: Multipleflagellaa. Giardia: Human intestinal parasite; causes

severe diarrhea; found in streams & rivers

b. Trichomonas: vaginal lining and maleurethra

43.Euglenozoa: a. Trypanosoma: African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma change the molecular structure of their coats which preventsimmunity.

44.Alveolata: contain membrane bound cavitieswith unknown role.a. Dinoflagellates: Part of plankton on water

surface; foundation of aquatic food web.

b.Apicomplexans: Parasites1. Plasmodium (malaria)

c.Ciliophora (Ciliates): Freshwater, use ciliato move1. Conjugation: exchanging of genes

45.Stramenopila: Heterotrophic and photo-synthetica.Oomycotes: molds and mildewsb.Heterokont algae: Photosyntheticc.Diatoms: unique glasslike walls (silica), part of aquatic plankton

d.Crysophyta (Golden Algae): yellow and brown carotene; part of plankton; mixotrophic

e. Brown Algae: Largest and complex algae

46.Alternation of generations in algae:

53.Red Algae:

55.Pseudopodia: Cellular extensions to feed andto movea.Amoebas:

b.Actinopoda:

56.Mycetozoa: Slime molds; use pseudopodiafor movementa.Plasmodial Slime Mold: single cell, life cycle is mostly diploid.

b.Cellular Slime Mold: single cell and life cycle is mostly haploid.

57.Four main groups of land plants:

a.Bryophytes: Liverworts, hornworts, mosses(Nonvascular)

b.Pteridophytes: Seedless, vascular plants;ferns

c.Gymnosperms: “naked seed”; cone-bearingplants

d. Angiosperms: “covered seed”

58.Vascular plants: cells joined into tubes totransport water and nutrients

59. & 68. Seed

Food supply = endosperm

60.5 derived characteristics unique to land plants:a.Apical Meristem: produces plant tissues

b.Multicellular, dependent embryos: zygotes develop within a female parentc.Alternation of generations: not in ancestral charophyceans; evolved independently

Alternation of generations

d.Walled spores: sporangia produce spores e.Multicellular Gametangia: gametophytes

where gametes are made.Ex. Archegonia – eggs, Antheridia - sperm

63.Other adaptations:-Flavonoids: Absorb harmful UV rays-Phenolics: deter pathogens-Lignins: harden cell walls

64.Evidence that land plants evolved from Charophycean algae:a.Chloroplast (chloroplast DNA compared)b.Cellulose walls most similarc.Peroxisomes (no other algae)d.Phragmoplasts: alignment of cytoskeleton and vesicles at cell division

e.Flagellated spermf. Molecular similarities: rRNA, cytoplasmic

proteins

65.Bryophytesa.Gametophytes: dominant generation in life cycleb.Rhizoids: long, single cell, filaments = anchor the plants

66.Pteridophytes: seedless vascular plants; fernsa.Evolution of leaves and roots:

-Microphylls:-Megaphylls:

70.Gymnosperms:

Ginko

Cycads

Gnetophytes

Conifers

71.Angiosperms: Floweringa. Monocotsb. Dicots

Fruits:

73.Double fertilization:

77.Fungi: multicellular eukaryotes-absorb nutrients from decomposing organisms or by symbiosis (mycorrhizae)

79.Exoenzymes: enzymes that break downlarge nutrient molecules into smaller ones; itis secreted by fungi to help them absorbenutrients.

80.Body of fungi:-Hyphae: filaments; tubular walls-Mycelium: underground root system

82. Heterokaryon: fusion of two hyphae

83.Diversity of fungi:

(aquatic)

84.Specialized lifestyles in fungi:a.Mold: rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus; saprobes

b.Yeast: unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats, including plant sap and animal tissues.

c.Lichens: symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mesh of fungal hyphae(Ascomycota fungus)

d.Mycorrhizae: mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.

-The extensions of the fungal mycelium from the mycorrhizae greatly increases the absorptive surface of the plant roots.-The fungus provides minerals from the soil for the plant, and the plant provides organic nutrients.

Plant growth without and with mycorrhizae