Computer Evolution(0 to infinity)

Sandeep Kaur

Man's desire to think out of Box

Origin of ComputingWith early man who used fingers,Stones, sticks, marks on walls, sand , etc.

Ancient Computing Devices● Abacus● Napier's Bones● Slide Rule

Abacus

Abacus was developed by Chinese in 3000 B.C. It is built up of wood and beads. It is used in schools and by shopkeepers in Asia.

Napier's Bones ( 1617)Napier's bones were multiplication tables written on strips of bones, ivory, silver, or wood. The invention was used for simplifying multiplication, division, and taking square roots and cube roots.

William Oughtred's Slide rule

Developed in 1622, it was the primary calculator of engineers through 19th and early 20th century.It is based on logarithms.

Mechanical Computers Era(1642 1890)-

Blaise Pascal's Calculator (1642)Numbers are dialed on metal wheels in front of the calculator and solution appears in little window along top.This calculator speed up the arithmetic calculations.

Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner (1694)First Calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations : addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Howeverthere were some design defects in it.

Jacquard's Loom (1801)First automatic draw loom by means of a series of instructions given to the threads by a punched card system.

Charles Babbage's Analytical & Difference Engine (1834)

Analytical Engine consisted of 4 parts : an input device, a mill (processing unit), a storage device, and an output device.

The First Computer ProgrammerAda Byron Lovelace (1815 – 1852) was the world's first computer programmer. In 1842, Ada was asked to write a scientific interpretation of the Analytical Engine and its operations which later became first explanation of computer programming.There's also a computer language, Ada named after her.

Electro Mechanical Computers Era-(1890 1946)-

Hollerith's tabulating Machine (1890)

A mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data.

Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark 1(1944)

Howard Aiken, was supported by IBM to build an electro – mechanical computer which began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships.

The First Computer BugDr. Grace Murray Hopper worked with Howard Aiken from 1944 and used his machine for gunnery and ballistics calculation.One day, the program she was running gave incorrect results and, upon examination, a moth was found blocking one of the relays. The bug was then removed.

Electronic Era (1946 today)-

Thousand of vacuum tubes were used to build it.Space of several floors in big buildings was used.They used magnetic drums for memory. Machine language was used then.

The First Generation (1946 1958) :-Vacuum Tubes

Facts

● 1950- Cloud Computing Introduced.● 1951-1953– IBM sells over 1,000 IBM 650 systems.

● 1952– Dr. Grace Hopper introduces the A6 Compiler.

The Second Generation (1958 1964) :-Transistors

A typical second-generation computer contained 10,000 transistors hand soldered and connected by wires. They used magnetic core technology for memory. Used assembly & high level languages.

Facts

● 1959-Introduction of the removable disk pack, providing users with fast access to stored data.

● 1963-ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) introduced which enables computers to exchange information.

The Third Generation (1965 1970) :-Integrated Circuits

In this, fabrication of various circuit elements was done in a single chip.Magnetic hard disks were developed for storage purposes. Simple programming languages like BASIC were introduced.

Facts

● 1965—Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the first minicomputer.

● 1969—Introduction of ARPANET and the beginning of the Internet.

● 1960- UNIX was developed, a multitasking & multiuser OS.

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built on to a single silicon chip.Operating systems based on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) like Microsoft Windows1.0(1985) were developed.

The Fourth Generation (1972 1984) :-Microprocessors

Facts

● 1977- Apple Computer Inc. Founded.● 1981- Introduction of the IBM PC.● 1981- Xerox Star introduced first graphical User interface window.

The Fifth Generation (1984 today) :-Artificial Intelligence & Robotics

Artificial intelligence(AI) is the ability of machines to have human capabilities, such as the five senses(to See, hear, feel, taste, smell), plus, understanding, communication, reasoning, learning, learning from past experiences, planning, and problem solving..

Facts

● 1993-2000—Intel, Linux and Microsoft lead the way in computer upgrades.

● 1997--Internet and WWW users estimated at 50 million.

● 3D, 5D Technology introduced.

Future ( Yet to come)Molecular computers expected, Composed of millions of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) strands in plastic tubes. THERE IS A POWERFUL computer hidden inside humans beings. It's not the brain but it’s DNA. Learning capability.

Why Artificial Intelligence?What are the threats it may pose?

Are we ready for this?What is going to happen in next 5

years & in far future>?

Future is still ours..&

Its gonna be more magical ! :)

Thank You>