Bellwork 1/12Malaria is a disease caused by a microscopic parasite that attacks blood cells. The parasite is spread to humans through the bite of a mosquito. Malaria causes headaches, muscle pain, coughing, fever, and vomiting. Why is malaria able to cause symptoms in so many parts of the body?

A. Mosquitoes that carry the parasite can bite the skin on all parts of the body.

B. The parasite enters the circulatory system, where it can travel to different parts of

the body.C. The parasite attaches itself to nerves,

controlling the messages sent to different parts of the body.

D. Mosquitoes inject the parasites into skin, where they are able to move to different parts of the body.

EVOLUTION VOCABULARY3.a. Analyze how adaptations to a particular environment (e.g. desert, aquatic, high altitude) can increase an organism’s survival and reproduction and relate organisms and their ecological niches to evolutionary change and extinction. (DOK 3)

These words can be found in sections 1, 2 & 3 of Chapter 8 in the book.1. Species2. Fossil 3. Adaptation 4. Evolution5. Scientific theory6. Natural selection7. Variation8. Homologous

structures9. Branching tree

10. Petrified fossil11. Mold12. Cast13. Relative dating14. Radioactive dating15. Half-life16. Fossil record17. Extinct18. Gradualism19. Punctuated equilibria

These words are not in the book but will be on your vocabulary quiz20. Survival of the fittest – a struggle for life in

which only those organisms best adapted to existing conditions are able to survive & reproduce

21. Bioluminescent – emitting light22. Echolocate – determining the location of

something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it

23. Inbreeding – breed from closely related animals

These words are not in the book but will be on your vocabulary quiz24. Migration – the movement from one

location to another25. Mutualism – a relationship between

organisms of different species in which both organisms benefit from the association

Bellwork 1/13 Give an example of selective breeding

and genetic engineering.

Classwork Assignment You will work with a partner to complete

the note-taking outline for sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 8.

What you do not finish will need to completed for homework.

Bellwork 1/14Which of these would happen to the cell if cellular respiration stopped?A. It would not have the energy it needs to perform its functions.B. It would grow larger because it would not be able to dispose of wastes.C. It would have to access backup energy trapped in the chemical bonds of food.D. It would no longer be able to passively transport materials across its cell membrane.

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Background Information December 1831, the British ship HMS

Beagle set sail from England on a 5 year trip around the world

Charles Darwin on board Became ships naturalist (a person who

studies the natural world) His job was to learn as much as he could

about the living things he saw

What did he find? Observed plants and animals he had

never seen before

Voyage of The HMS Beagle

Darwin’s Observations Diversity of living things The remains of ancient organisms

(fossils) The characteristics of organisms on the

Galapagos Islands

Diversity Scientists have identified more than 1.7

million species of organisms on Earth A species is a group of similar organisms

that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

Diverse Organisms on Earth

Fossils A fossil is the preserved remains or

traces of an organism that lived in the past

Darwin saw fossil bones that resembles creatures living on the islands, but the fossils were different in size

Fossils

Galapagos Organisms Giant turtles/tortoises Land turtles These organisms didn’t live in England Darwin compared the organisms from

the Galapagos Islands to organisms in England & other places

He found many similarities and differences

Galapagos Organisms

Comparisons to South American Organisms Many similarities between South

American organisms and the organisms found on the Galapagos Islands

Birds, including hawks, mockingbirds, & finches, resembled birds in South America

Plants were also similar

Differences Iguanas in South America had small

claws to climb trees where they ate leaves

Iguanas on the Galapagos Islands had large claws that allowed them to grip slippery rocks where they fed on seaweed

Iguanas

Darwin’s Hypothesis From his information, Darwin hypothesized

that a small number of different plant and animal species had come to the islands from South America

They might have been blown out to sea during a storm or set adrift on a fallen log

Once the plants and animals reached the islands, they reproduced

Eventually, their offspring became different from their mainland relatives

Classwork Assignment1. With a partner, list adaptations some

animals have made Animals who live in the desert Animals who live deep in the ocean Animals who live at high altitudes Animals who live in very cold climates

Bellwork 1/15 List some of the similarities and

differences that Darwin observed in the organisms on the Galapagos Islands and England & South America

Comparison among the Galapagos Islands

As Darwin traveled to different islands, he noticed many differences among organisms

Example: tortoises on each island had different shaped shells A government official told Darwin that he

could tell which island a tortoise came from just by looking at the shape of its shell

Galapagos Islands

Adaptations The finches on the islands were noticeably

different as well Most obvious difference: sizes and shapes

of the birds’ beaks Each showed that it was well suited for the

life it led Finches who ate insects had narrow, needle-

like beaks Finches who ate seeds had strong, wide

beaks

Galapagos Finches

Adaptations Beak shape is an example of an

adaptation An adaptation is a trait that helps an

organism to survive and reproduce Other adaptations:

Some plants are poisonous or have a bad taste

Some plants have bright colors to attract insects

Evolution Darwin spent 20 years after his return from

the voyage consulting with other scientists and gathering information

Darwin’s reasoning: That plants and animals that arrived on

the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland. The species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new conditions

How did evolution occur? Darwin did not understand how evolution occurred He studied other examples of changes in living

things to help him better understand Offspring of animals produced by selective breeding

He bred pigeons with large, fan-shaped tails By repeatedly allowing only those with many tail

feathers to mate, breeders had produced pigeons with 2 or 3 times the usual number of tail feathers

Darwin thought that a similar process occurred in nature But what process

Natural Selection The process by which individuals that

are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species

Darwin described this theory in his book The Origin of Species.

Factors that identify natural selection

1. Overproduction2. Competition3. Variations

TURN TO PAGE 257: Look at the picture at the top of the page

Overproduction Most species produce far more offspring

than can survive In many species, so many offspring are

produced that there are not enough resources – food, water & living space –for all of them

Example – many female insects lay thousands of eggs; if all newly hatched insects survived, they would soon crowd out all other plants and animals

Variations As you learned in genetics, members of a

species differ from one another in many of their traits

Any difference between individuals of the same species is called a variation

Example – certain insects may be able to eat foods that other insects of their species avoid; the color of a few insects may be different from that of most other insects in their species

Competition Since food and other resources are limited,

the members of a species must compete with each other to survive

Competition does not always involve direct physical fights between members of a species

Instead, competition is usually indirect Example – many insects do not find enough

to eat; others are caught by predators Only a few insects will survive

Selection Turn to page 258: look at the picture at the top of

the page Some variations make individuals better adapted to

their environment Those individuals are more likely to survive and

reproduce Their offspring may inherit the helpful characteristics The offspring, in turn, will be more likely to survive

and reproduce, which passes on to their offspring After many generations, more members of the

species will have the helpful characteristics

Selection The environment has “selected”

organisms with helpful traits to become parents of the next generation

Darwin proposed that, over a long time, natural selection can lead to change. Helpful variations may gradually accumulate in a species, while unfavorable ones may disappear

Environmental Change A change in the environment can affect

an organism’s ability to survive, and can lead to selection

Example: monkey flowers are a type of plant. Most monkey flowers cannot grow in soil that has a high concentration of copper. However, because of genetic variation, some varieties of monkey flower now grow near copper mines, in spite of the copper in the soil

Environmental Change How could this have happened?

When the soil around a mine first became contaminated, a small number of monkey flower plants may have been able to survive in the high level of copper.

These plants grew and reproduced After many generations, most of the seeds

that sprouted in the soil produced monkey flowers that could withstand the copper

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

Does natural selection occur today?

Yes Example: what happens when pesticides are used to kill

harmful insects such as cockroaches? When a pesticide is first used in a building, it kills almost all the

insects. But a few insects have traits that protect them from the

pesticide These insects survive The surviving insects reproduce & some of their offspring

inherit the pesticide protection Every time the pesticide is used, the only insects that survive

are those that are resistant to the harmful pesticide The development of pesticide resistance is one type of

evidence that supports Darwin’s theory of evolution

Interpreting the Evidence Fossils, patterns of early development,

and similar body structures all provide evidence that organisms have changed over time

Similarities in Early Development

Scientists also make inferences about evolutionary relationships by comparing the early development of different organisms

Suppose you were asked to compare an adult fish, salamander, chicken, and opossum

You would probably say they look quite different from each other

However, during early development, these 4 organisms are similar

Early Development Turn to page 263: Look at the early

development of the opossum, chicken, fish and salamander

During the early stages of development all 4 organisms have a tail and a row of tiny slits along their throats.

These similarities suggest that these vertebrate species are related and share a common ancestor

Similarities in Body Structure This is how Darwin cam to understand

that evolution had occurred on the Galapagos Islands

An organism’s body structure is its basic body plan

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have a similar body structure An internal skeleton with a backbone

Similarities in Body Structure

Similarities in Body Structure This is why scientists classify all five

groups of animals together as vertebrates

All of these groups probably inherited a similar structure from an early vertebrate ancestor that they shared

TURN TO PAGE 264: Look at the picture at the top of the dolphin, bird & dog

Similarities in Body Structure Sometimes scientists find fossils that

support the evidence provided by homologous structures

Example: scientists recently found fossils of ancient whale-like creatures The fossils show that the ancestors of today’s

whales had legs and walked on land This evidence supports other evidence that

whales and humans share a common ancestor What do you think?

Bellwork 1/16 – turn in when finished and study for vocabulary quiz

A plant with smooth seeds is crossed with a plant with wrinkled seeds. All of the offspring have a smooth appearance. Which statement explains why this occurred?

F. The offspring only received the genes from the parent with the genotype for smoothness.

G. The offspring only received the genes from the parent with the phenotype for smoothness.

H. The offspring received the genes from both parents, but the genotype for smoothness dominates.

J. The offspring received the genes from both parents, but the phenotype for smoothness dominates.

Bellwork 1/201. Jared investigated chemical reactions

based on smell, color change, and release of bubbles. What type of evidence would support any conclusion Jared makes?

F. An observationG. An estimationH. A calculationJ. A measurement

Review Darwin’s theory of evolution:

Natural selection Survival of the fittest Adaptation to environment Variation in species

Natural selection: over time advantageous traits will be found in more of the population

Biological theory of evolution: characteristics of simpler life-forms can be found in more complex life-forms

Trilobite fossils from different periods show small changes in appearance in response to environmental change

Review Organisms which are more favored in an

environment are more likely to survive Adaptations in desert:

Small animals burrow into the ground during the day to avoid the sun’s heat and emerge only at night when temperatures are lower

Some plants have long taproots, enabling them to penetrate the water table deep within the ground

Many mammals have long tubes in their kidneys and produce highly-concentrated urine to conserve water

Adaptations in aquatic environment Plants have broad leaves that float near the surface

to access sunlight

Review Adaptations that allow birds to fly:

Feathers, wings, hollow bones Adaptations of crocodiles:

New sets of teeth grow in to replace lost teeth Adaptations to survive in the taiga:

Needles do not need to be replaced every spring, increasing the amount of energy available for the short growing season

Adaptations of deep ocean organisms: Able to withstand the high pressure of the water at

extreme depths, so when brought to the surface, their bodies cannot cope with the relatively low pressure

Review Adaptation of camels in the desert:

2 rows of long eye lashes Adaptation of giraffes:

Longer necks Adaptation of mating in birds:

Females generally choose to mate with the “showiest” males

Adaptation of plants in areas with little sunlight: Large leaves

Review Sponges are unable to move and can

reproduce sexually or asexually Bacteria can display the most significant

adaptations to their environment in the shortest period of time

What will likely happen to a species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment?

Adaptation is a term that describes a specially developed characteristic that enables an organism to live in a specific environment

Review Asexual reproduction is one way

organisms can increase their rate of survival

Example of asexual reproduction in plants: A plant produces tiny plants around the

edges of its leaves that fall to the ground, take root and become new plants

Most common negative result of asexual reproduction in organisms who normally reproduce sexually is ______

Study Guide Answers1. A group of similar

organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.

2. A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

3. The process by which species gradually change over time.

4. Theory: not proven right or wrong; law: proven true

5. Any difference between individuals of the same species.

6. Body parts that are structurally similar in related species; provide evidence of a common ancestor.

7. A struggle for life in which only those organisms best adapted to existing conditions are able to survive and reproduce.

8. Emitting light

Study Guide Answers9. The movement from one

location to another.10. The relationship between

organisms of different species in which both organisms benefit from the association.

11. Breeding 2 organisms with desirable traits.

12. Taking a gene for a specific trait from one organism and injecting it into another organisms DNA

13. Breeding chickens to be larger, breeding horses for farm work, breeding dogs for hunting.

14. More meat from animals, faster/stronger animals, larger crops.

15. Animal discomfort, loss of genes, inbreeding.

16. Mouse with human ear, pig with human organs, crops with pest resistance.

17. Medical advantages, crops being weed and pest resistant, more meat

Study Guide Answers18. Playing God,

accidental gene transfer

19. They are not live viruses

20. By choosing the seeds from a hearty crop to replant the next year

21. Accidental gene transfer

22. Characteristics of simpler life forms can be found in more complex life forms.

23. Natural selection24. Environmental

changes25. Dark moths were

more favored for survival in that environment.

26. Deep in the ocean

Study Guide Answers27. Camel, nocturnal

animals, plants with long roots, animals with long tubes in kidneys

28. Broad leaves that float toward surface

29. White30. Natural selection

31. Grow new set of teeth

32. They cannot move on their own

33. Bacteria34. Tiny plants on edges

fall to ground and become new plants

35. They do not lose their needles

Study Guide Answers36. They are adapted

to high pressure37. 2 rows of eyelashes38. Helpful: increases

survival rate; harmful: lack of variation

39. To watch for predators

40. Become extinct