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Evolution towards Smart Grids: Research and Development in Europe
(Evolução rumo às redes inteligentes: pesquisa e desenvolvimento na Europa)
P.F. Ribeiro, PhD, IEEE Fellow
PAGE 2
The design and operation of life sustainable infrastructures such as electric energy grids can no longer ignore the increasing demands of more and sophisticated users, the scarcity of energy resources and the environmental concerns.
Within this context, the concept of smart grids has surfaced and some significant technological developments are taking place.
However, and due to the great complexity of such systems, which involve a number of interwoven technological systems and societal aspects, engineers and designers concentrate on the methodological side of the engineering design and pay less attention to the ontological, epistemological and ethical aspects.
Introductory Words
Introductory Words
• The electric power grid is a crucial part of society infrastructure and needs constant attention for maintaining its performance and reliability.
• A power systems grid is a widespread, interconnected system and is as strong as its weakest link and/or its control operation strategies during emergency conditions.
• Security and energy sustainability have become major priorities to both customers and electric companies.
• Deployment of sustainable / renewable energy sources are crucial to a healthy relationship of society and the environment.
• An aggressive search of sustainable sources and a sensitive, but firm implementation of solutions is much needed.
• Solutions need to taken into account a sensitive balance of societal needs, environment al concerns and the economics of energy projects.
Unfolding of MeaningAction
MeaningWorldview
Technology
Introductory Words
Reality
Technology
Culture
History
Technology
Culture
History
Introductory Words
Nature
Materials
Parts
Sub-System
Product / System
Aspects
Society
ComplexitiesComplexities
Parts
Transistor
Properly Biased
Properly Specified
Parts
Example
• Arithmetic• Spatial• Kinematic• Physical
Sub-System
Complete Circuit
Functional Sub-System
Interface with other sub-systems
Sub-System
Example
• Logical / Physical• Communications• Economics
Product / System
Electric
Utility
Functions
Design
Specs
Product / System
Example
• Concepts• Specs• Theory• Quantitative Analysis• Practical Considerations• Design Instrumentalities
• Arithmetic• Spatial• Kinematic• Physical• Biotic
• Sensitive• Logical• Historical• Communications• Social• Economics• Aesthetics• Juridical
Aspects
Aspects
Technical
•Scientific•Technological
Business
•Market•Political
Societal
•Juridical•Ethical
Example
Society
Culture
Tradition
Religion
Society
Engineering Design Philosophical Questions
Concept
Specification
QuantitativeAnalysis
Practical Implementation
Operation
OntologicalQuestions
Epistemological Questions
MethodologicalQuestions
MetaphysicalQuestions
Ethics / Aesthetics Questions
Engineering / TechnologyProcess
PhilosophyProcess Questions
Essence
Nature
Scientific
Technological
Market
Political
Juridical
Ethical
ThemesSocietyPolitics
MultidisciplinaryPlatformsBusiness
Technologies
.Multidisciplinary
ResearchBach. stud.
R&D
TU/e Electrical Engineering Department
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OE
D
EC
O
EM
MS
M
SP
S
ES
CS
EP
E
EE
S
Electrical Engineering
Conn. World Care & Cure Sm. & Sust.S.
COBRA CWTe PCTC CSP
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Electrical Energy Systems (EES)Electromechanics and Power Electronics (EPE)Design Methodology for Electronic Systems (ES)Mixed Signal Micro Electronics (MsM)Control Systems (CS)Signal Processing Systems (SPS)Electro-Optical Communications (ECO)Opto-Electronic Devices (OED)Electromagnetics (EM)
TU/e Electrical Engineering Department
Electrical Energy Systems Group (EES)
• Mission:• Generation of knowledge to support the supply and
efficient use of electrical energy
• Call for a sustainable society:• Intelligent networks and their components are needed
to integrate distributed and sustainable generation• Disturbance free design (EMC) is needed to enable an
all electric sustainable society• Pulsed Power Technology is needed for the efficient
recycling of material flows
PAGE 15
Electrical Energy Systems Group (EES)
• 12 professors
• 6 technical staff
• 23 PhDs and post-docs
• 4 guests
• More than 25 master students (EE and SET)
PAGE 16
People involved in education and research
Conn. World Care & Cure Smart & Sust. Soc.
Facilities in the “Corona” building
PAGE 17PAGE 17
Power quality and RES laboratory
EMC laboratory
High-voltage laboratory - Pulsed power- EMC- Intelligent test methods
Further outside facilities with companies
PAGE 18
The evolution towards smart grids
Residence
Factory
Wind
Microturbine
Commercial
Central Generation
Fuel Cell
Flywheel
Substation
Photovoltaic
Battery
Power & Communications LinkMicroturbineHyper car
Flowbattery
Pumped Storage Dispatchable DSM
Smart grids onderzoek: uitdagingen en resultaten
• Wat zijn relevante thema’s voor Universitair onderzoek
• Wat denken we daarmee te bereiken
• Wat zijn onze partners, wie is onze klant
• Waar staan we over 10 jaar
PAGE 19
Roadmap for research (example EU project)
PAGE 20
2010- 2030 Research roadmap(same example EU project)
PAGE 21
TU/e EES
Scope
PAGE 22
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures
Handling Power Quality Issues
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks
Short
circ
uit c
ontri
butio
m
Suppl
yof
P a
nd Q
Short
circ
uit c
ontri
butio
m
Suppl
yof
P a
nd Q
Short circuit detection
Responce
time / SelectivityRid
e-th
roug
hbe
havi
or
Ride-
thro
ugh
beha
vior
Intelligent Design
Intelligent Design
Tuning
System behavior
Model of decentralgeneration Protection
Research on smart grids
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (overview)
• Finished thesis work of Frans Provoost on “Intelligent Distribution Network Design”
• Finished thesis work of Roald de Graaff on “Flexible distribution systems through the application of multi back-to-back converters”
• Finished thesis work of Edward Coster on “Distribution Grid Operation Including Distributed Generation”
• Ongoing research of Else Veldman on “Flexible and Efficient Electricity Distribution Grids”
• Ongoing research of Panagiotis Karaliolios on “Short-circuit behaviour of distribution networks with high penetration level of DG”
• Ongoing research of Petr Kadurek on “Intelligent and Decentralized Management of Networks and Data”
PAGE 23
IntelligentNode
≈= ≈= outin
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results)
PAGE 24
V1set
V1 V2
2
1
V2set
21
Concept of an Intelligent Node(Research of Provoost theoretical, De Graaff practical)
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results)
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.450.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
time (msec)
Gen
erat
or t
erm
inal
vol
tage
(p.
u)
CHP
no DG
DFIG
PAGE 25
Voltage profile at the MV busbar during and after a 100ms s/c event in HV grid (research of Coster –CHPs and Karaliolios –DG in general)
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results)
PAGE 26
households with
normal electricity use
houses with 5 m2
solar panel
electric vehicles heat pumps micro-CHP boilers
combination 1 800 400 100 125 200
combination 2 800 100 400 - 200
0 5 10 15 20-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Time (hour)
Pow
er (
kW)
normal electricity use, without any new load elementscombination 1, in summercombination 2, in summercombination 1, in wintercombination 2, in winter
Daily load profiles for different combinations of residential load elements (Research of Veldman)
~ Distributed GenerationLoadMeasuring places
Legend
MV/LV Smart
Substation
2 2 2 1
~2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1
~
~
~
~
NOP
~
HV
MVLV
HV/MV Substation
MV/LV Substation
4
5
6
55 5
3
3
3
3
5
67
8
9
Future Smart Grid?
X
Design, Control and Protection of Distribution Networks (some results)
PAGE 27
LV and MV voltages measured at smart substation. Impact of voltage control with smart transformer(Research of Kadurek)
Handling Power Quality Issues(overview)
• Finished thesis work of Sjef Cobben on “Power Quality: Implications at the Point of Connection”
• Finished thesis work of Cai Rong on “Flicker Interaction Studies and Flickermeter Improvement”
• Almost finished thesis work of Peter Heskes on “Minimizing the Impact of Resonances in Low Voltage Grids by Power Electronics based Distributed Generators”
• Ongoing research of Sharmistha Bhattacharyya on “Power Quality Requirements and Responsibilities at a Customer's Point of Connection in the Network”
• Ongoing research of Vladimir Ćuk on “Power Quality Modelling Techniques”
PAGE 28
Handling Power Quality Issues(some results)
PAGE 29
-0.66
UnbalanceVoltagelevel
Dips Flicker Harmonicdistortion
1
0.66
0.33
0
-0.33
-1
PQ classification system developed by Cobben
Handling Power Quality Issues(some results)
PAGE 30
PQ responsibilities sharing among different parties in the network (Research of Bhattacharyya)
Handling Power Quality Issues(some results)
PAGE 31
Harmonic current interaction – AC/DC converter and industrial lamps (Project of Ćuk)
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (overview)
• Finished thesis work of Phuong Nguyen on “Multi-Agent System based Active Distribution Networks”
• Almost finished thesis work of Jasper Frunt on “Analysis of Balancing Requirements in Future Sustainable and Reliable Power Systems”
• Ongoing research of Ioannis Lampropoulos on “Evaluation and assessment of local balancing resources”
• Ongoing research of Khalil el Bakari on “Operation and Design of Smart Grids with Virtual Power Plants”
• Ongoing research of Greet Vanalme a.o. on “Transition Roadmap for the Energy Infrastructure in the Netherlands”
• Starting research of Frits Wattjes on “Concept of an Integrated Smart Grid where both System/Network operators and market parties create value”
• Starting research of Ballard Asare-Bediako on “Intelligent Energy Management System at Household Level”
• Starting research of Helder Ferreira on “Reliability analyses on distribution networks with dispersed generation”
PAGE 32
PAGE 33
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
The use of agents for power routing and power matching (research of Nguyen)
DG
Power matching
Prosumer agents
Grid agents
PV
Pow
er routing
Ancillary services
Energy trading
PAGE 34
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
Aggregation of DERs under the VPP concept (Research of El Bakari)
Windmills(solo)
micro-CHP(Households)
Solarpanels
230-400 V
10-50 kV
110-150 kV
220-380 kVInterconnections
Windfarms
(bio-)CHP
(Industry)
Wind farms(Offshore)
CHP(Industry
)
G
GPower Plants
Load
Load
Load
TSO
VPPOperators
Other renewableControllable loadsStorage devices
Operator: Large Scale Virtual Power Plant (LS-VPP)
Intelligentdevices
Intelligentdevices
Operator: Virtual Power Plants (VPP)
Smartmeter
s
Intelligent devices
Intelligentdevices
Intelligentdevices
Intelligentdevices
Intelligentdevices
DSO
VPPs can be operated by
commercial market players as well as system operators
PAGE 35
Projected load profiles for 2.45m flexible devices (of each type which means 30 % of the households having these) for 5 days
Covered prediction errors between 1h-ahead and 15min-ahead forecasts of 2.5 GW wind production in assuming 30 % of active households for DSM (research of Lampropoulos)
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
PAGE 36
Functional overview Smart Home Installation (research of Asare-Bediako)
PAGE 37
Scenarios Profile generatorElectricity (E) + gas (G): demand + supply
New gas network
New electricity network
Gas model
Electricity model
Steady state
Transient state
Steady state
Transient state
CHP
Optimization criterion
Economic-techn. model
Social layer
Old gas network
Old electricity network
G-profile E-profile
Technical boundary conditionsBottlenecksPossible solutions
Eco
nom
ically op
timize
d ne
two
rk
Incen
tives
+ price new techniques+ costs existing network/ renovation/extension
Customer needs/desiresPolicy governmentTechnical possibilities
Steady state
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
Interaction Gas and Electricity Network Development (TREIN project)
Prices for energy and AS
Cleared volume and
price for energy and AS per PTU
TSO
PX market AS market
BRP1BRPm
Prosumers Prosumers
Communication and interfaces in ahead energy markets (research Frunt and Lampropoulos)
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
PAGE 38
Request to reserve capacity
Bilateral contracts & capacity bids
Bilateral contracts
Bid curves for energy and AS
…
Transition towards new Electrical Infrastructures (some results)
PAGE 39PAGE 39
0 5 10 15 20
12
14
16
18
20
Time [h/day]
Po
wer
[G
W]
Schedules
Production ScheduleLoad
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2349.9
49.95
50
50.05
Time [h/day]
Fre
qu
ency
[H
z]
Frequency
Measurement
Interaction between Market and System(research of Frunt)
LAB-SETUP at ECN
Mini Testgrid
Laboratory equipment
• Triphase development system o Rapid prototyping of power electronics
applicationso Controlled by pc (Matlab-Simulink)
• Mini test grid 20 kVA @ 50 Hz o Motor / synchronous generatoro RLC-loadso DER simulator
Lab equipment (converters)
Mini testgrid • 20kVA• 40-60 Hz
Triphase Development System • www.triphase.com
Triphase Development System
“Network Operation” - Sub Program partners
Overview - Approach in EERA SG-SP1• Potential problems in the future grid
o Onset of grid instability • Background of frequency stability
o Variable generation and the swing equationo General characteristics of potential control measures
• What does literature tell us?• Research field - EERA SG SP1 "Network Operation"
o Objective: Need for a universal "Primary" Smart Grid Control structure
o Main Problems Addressed • Conventional and Future Grid Control
o Central Grid Controlo State-of-the-art in Smart Grid controlo Local Grid Control
Future grid problems & their principal cause(simplified grid layout)
Onset of grid instability
General order of instability events:• First Voltage instability
o Indicates failure in power delivery • Then frequency instability (if things go really
wrong)o Indicates significant power imbalance
A stable grid starts with a stable frequency
Objective: Need for a universal "Primary" Smart Grid Control structure
A universal and relatively simple "primary" control structure for Smart Grids is to be developed to a mature concept
• Basic grid operation is guaranteed by giving the primary control structure precedence over all other algorithms
• ICT-layers for purposes like energy trading and grid asset management may be added depending on local needs
Main Problems Addressed
• Developing and choosing effective new control structures
• Grid integration of new control structures o Normal operation o Emergency situations and micro gridso Flexible control centre cycles
Central Grid ControlSubdivision of control time scales -- conventional control algorithms & techniques
Control time scale
Control algorithm Associated technique
Communication signals
Aim
Synchronising torque ✱ Rotating inertia ✱ Voltage phase angle
Short term imbalance energy buffer
System balancing by grid operator
30 sec – 15 min Primary control ✱ Frequency-Power
✱Voltage-Reactive power
✱ Local controller ✱ Droop control
✱ system frequency Instant balancing
25 sec – 15 min Secondary control ✱ Load-Frequency
Control
✱ Inter-area controller
✱ droop curve shifting
✱ Inter area power flow
Inter area balancing by grid operator
10 min – 1 hour Tertiary control ✱ 15 min set points
from Day-ahead market
✱ Electronic message one day ahead
✱ Generated power ✱ Day-ahead
generation schedule
Scheduling / Energy trading
1 ms – 30 sec
Synchronous machine response
State-of-the-art in Smart Grid control• Supply and Demand Matching algorithms • Electrical energy storage• Virtual Synchronous Machine algorithms • Micro grids • (…)
One algorithm and associated techniques alone cannot stabilise the future Smart Grid• each algorithm and associated technique has its own
operational time frame• The electrical system however operates in real-time
across all conceivable time frames
Control time scale
Control algorithm Associated technique
Communication signals
Aim
Synchronising torque ✱ Virtual inertia ✱ Voltage phase angle
Short term imbalance energy buffer
System balancing by grid operator
30 sec – 15 min Primary control ✱ Frequency-Power
✱Voltage-Reactive power
✱ Virtual inertia ✱ Droop control
✱ system frequency ✱ SOC of local
stores
Instant power balancing
5 min – 30 min Secondary control ✱ Load-SOC Control
✱SDM control ( SDM = Supply and Demand Matching)
✱ SOC of local stores (SOC=State of Charge)
Short term storage balancing
10 min – 1 hour Tertiary control ✱ 15 min set points
from Day-ahead market
✱ Electronic message one day ahead
✱ Generated power ✱ Day-ahead
generation schedule
Scheduling / Energy trading
1 ms – 30 sec
Synchronous machine response
Local Grid Control Subdivision of control time scales -- Smart Grid control algorithms & techniques
Complementary actions of:• Conventional control
o Inertia and P-f droop control• Instant power balancing
o Virtual inertia and P-f droop• Short term storage
balancingo SDM control
(SDM = Supply and Demand Matching)
16-11-09
Local grid operation
Instant Power balancing0-10 minutesStabilisation of:✱Frequency
✱ Voltage
Short term storage balancing5-30 minutes✱Restoration of local balance
Normal operation
Severe Disturbance
Local Grid
Main Grid
Synergetic benefits of Instant Power Balancing & Short Term Storage Balancing• Instant Power Balancing with Virtual Inertia:
o Stabilises local grid up to 10 minutes under unbalanced conditions=> Low bandwidth communications system sufficient• Short Term Storage balancing with Supply and Demand
Matching:o Restores local system balance continuously
=> Limited energy store sufficient
Together:• Builds business case for future grids
Statements (for discussion)• The reliability of the Future Grid may be:
o low in a classical top-down control structureo enforced by using loosely connected micro-gridso weakened by a too heavy ICT footprint
• For a Future Grid we need algorithms that:o stabilise interconnected local-grids o offer a local stabilising equivalent to:
Primary control Secondary control
o Reduce the ICT footprint• Key to the success of Future Grids is:
o A gradual transition from the conventional top-down control structure to peer-to-peer local-grid control structure
Technologies for Sustainable Smart Grids
Barriers
CostUnreliabilityT&D IncompatibilityLoad Flow ControlVoltage ControlProtectionPower Quality IssuesPoliticsRegulations
Intelligent / Sustainable
CitiesBuildings, Houses,
Transportation, Electric Grid
Distributed (Renewable)
Energy Sources
Regionally Optimized
Portfolio /Mix of Renewable Energy
Integration with Macro and Micro
Grids
Normative Practices
Economics, Market, BusinessPolitical Will
For Caring and Just Communities
Smart LivingAttractively /
Aesthetically / Ecologically Friend /
StableEnvironment
Intelligent / Sustainable
CitiesBuildings, Houses,
Transportation, Electric Grid
Distributed (Renewable)
Energy Sources
Regionally Optimized
Portfolio /Mix of Renewable Energy
Integration with Macro and Micro
Grids
Political WillFor Caring and Just
Communities
The Big Picture – Smart Living
Identity, Functions and Structure
Smart-Grid Fundamental Functions
Highest Subject Functions
Qualifying Functions
Working Functions
Generation Physical Physical Physical Physical
Distribution Physical Physical Physical Physical
Customers Loads
Social SocialEconomical
Physical Physical
Market Economical Economical SocialEconomical
Economical
ICT Physical Physical Physical Physical
Concluding Remarks
Distributed generation, micro grids, super-grid, and renewable energy sources offer many benefits (including increasing the security of supply and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, etc.).
Although these benefits are clearly identified, DG and Renewables, etc. are not always economically viable. Their viability depends heavily on energy prices, stimulation measures and the consideration of all societal aspects and not only the technical side.
Technical difficulties and customer responses should not be trivialized - though they offer an opportunity for engineering creativity.
A vigorous political initiative with regard to stimulation measures for DG and Renewables is necessary to encourage serious investments by the market.
Smart-Sustainable-Micro-Grids can provide the required integration and higher reliability, security, flexibility and more sustainable electric energy for smarter living.
