Evolution Timber Frame

8/6/2019 Evolution Timber Frame

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Miles Lewisthe evolution of the timber frame

Entramado en Madera, Su Evolucin

Universidad de ChileNovember 2007


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Troy VI, c1800-1200 BC; Hattusas, c 1250 BC; Altintepe; Persepolis

Base plan: Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1967), p 35

1 Troy

2 Hattusas3 Altintepe

4 Persepolis

pillared halls

Recintos sobre Pilares


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Building C, Troy VI (c1800-1200 BC)with central timber columns / con columnas al centro

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24


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Hattusas: remains of building D,Restos del Edificio D

Bykkale, c 1250 BC: view & planVista y planta

Miles LewisAkurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 300


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building D, Bykkale,Hattusas, C13th

plan of surviving foundationsplanta de fundaciones an existentes

reconstruction plan with columnsPlanta reconstruida con columnas

reconstructed interior viewReconstruccin de vista interior

Kurt Bittel, A Guide to Bogazky(Ankara,no date), p 27

presumed

cross-heads


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Urartu Temple at Altintepe, Turkey, C8th,reconstruction by M Akok / reconstruccin por M. Akok

Temizer, Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, p 122


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Persepolis: aerial viewStierlin, Monuments de l'Antiquit, no page


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Persepolis

Plan / planta

Frankfort, Ancient Orient,

p 219


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Persepolisconstruction of a columnfrom the Treasury /

Construccin de una Columna delTesoro

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 221


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Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis, reconstructed viewSaln de las Cien Columnas, Perspolis, vista reconstruida

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, pl 186


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PersepolisHall of the Hundred Columns, reconstruction of a column

double-headed bull capital / reconstruccin de unacolumna con capitel de doble cabeza de toro

Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 222Middle Eastern Studies, no 27


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House Mill, Bromley-by-Bow,

Newham, London, 1776C A Hewett, English Historic Carpentry

(London 1980), p 255

industrial timberConstruction / Construccin

Industrial en Madera

square posts /Columnas de Seccin cuadrada

chamfer-stopped arrises /aristas chanfleadas

spreaders /barras

beams (later barrups) /

vigas


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Portarlington Flour Mill, Australia,

by Andrew McWilliams, 1857detail of chamfer-stopped post,spreader & beam (later wedges)

Detalle de poste con capitelchanfleado, barra y viga (cuas

posteriores)Miles Lewis 1987


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scarfed and braced joints, USA, 1859

Uniones en ngulo y de machi-hembradoW E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(Philadelphia 1859), plate 13


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general framing for a heavy barn /

Entramado general para un graneroW A Radford, Framing: a Practical Manual(Chicago 1909), p 240


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a pioneering example of the shed principleEjemplo pionero del principio shed

the Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company's cotton mill near Bombayby William Fairbairn, and Sons, before 1863: sections

William Fairbairn, Mills and Mill-Work(4th ed, London 1878 [?c 1860]), pl XV


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Dennys Lascelles woolStores, Geelong, Australia

Jacob Pitman's section &roof plan / corte y planta de techo

modern view of the show floorVista actual del rea de exhibicin

Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4,

from Melbourne University Archives

Miles Lewis 1984


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Dalgety Wool Stores, Gheringhap Street & Western Beach, Geelong: the 1901 portionMiles Lewis 1985


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Dalgety Store, 1901 building, show floor,showing cross-heads, trussed beams (barrups) and a sawtooth roof

mostrando capiteles, cerchas y techo en forma de serruchoSelenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives


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the Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, 1850-1the roofing system, showing queen post barrups

Complejo de Techumbre, mostrando vigas maestras

Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43


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trussed beams(barrups)Cerchas

G L Sutcliffe [ed], The ModernCarpenter Joiner and Cabinet-Maker(8

vols, London 1903), IV, pp 396, 387

C F Mitchell, Building Construction and

Drawing(5th ed, London 1900), p 87


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No 8 wharf Warehouse, Walsh Bay, Sydney:detail of roof framing

Detalle del entramado de techoBalint, Warehouse and Woolstores, p 73


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Sunshine Harvester Works, Devonshire Road, Sunshine: view in 1906Science Museum of Victoria


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Sunshine Harvester Works, details of trussed beam and droppersDetalles de cerchas y elementos intermedios

Miles Lewis 1987


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Class C housing, Sewell, Chile,showing timber pillars and

cross-headsMostrando pilares delentramado y capiteles

ICOMOS recommendations on Sewell, April2006

square timber pillars

cross-heads

angle braces


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earthfast constructionConstruccin con elementoshincados en suelo

Neolithic buildings in EuropeEdificios neolticos en Europa

Palisades / Empalizadas

stave churches / Iglesias en base a duelas

huts in / cabaas en Africa, Bangladesh,Gilbert Islands, South China Sea &c


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the forested areas of Northern Europe

reas boscosas del norte de EuropaVaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku(Prague 1980), p 562


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palisadeconstruction,

Denmark

Construccin deEmpalizadas enDinamarca

Gorm Benzon, Gammelt

Danske Bindingsvrk(Copenhagen 1984), p 19


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early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, SwedenEdificio antiguo en base a duelas

MUAS 5,284


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reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of Kln-Lindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC

Reconstruccin de una casa alargada tpica

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History ofTechnology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires(Oxford 1954), p 309

palisade construction earthfast post & wattle construction


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reconstruction of a Neolithic house at Haldon, England

Crossley, Timber Building in England, p 75


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house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BCsectional perspective reconstruction by Price & Schwarz

(earthfast post and wattle construction)Corte en perspectiva reconstruido

Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief(Berkely [California] 1982), p 82


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House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawingFrank Sear


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Takayuka hut,Kyushu

South China Sea,

AD 200

J H Acland, MedievalStructure: the Gothic Vault

(Toronto 1972), p 11


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Hut / cabaa in the South Camerouns, AfricaMUAS 12,068


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initiates' hut, Gilbert

Islands, PacificOcean

John Hockings, TraditionalArchitecture in the Gilbert Islands(St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p

126


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construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara


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a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara


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evolution of the box frame

the mortice & tenon / caja y espigathe ground sill / sobrecimiento

the brace / abrazaderafachwerkbau

half timbering / media madera


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earthfast versus ground sill constructionConstruccin empotrada vs de solera de asiento

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology,vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires(Oxford 1954), p 320


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the failure of an unbraced frame: the need for triangulation

La falla de un marco no arriostrado: la necesidad de triangulacin


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the mortice & tenon joint

Unin de caja y espiga


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Glastonbury, England, c 200 BCoverlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one

presumably for a corner post

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, volI, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires(Oxford 1954), p 320


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interpretation of a structurefrom Valkenburg, Netherlands,

of the Roman period

framing and wattling intrenches

E M Jope [ed], Studies in BuildingHistory(London 1961), p 21


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interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,of the Roman period

framing and wattling in trenches

E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History(London 1961), p 21

decay

DECAY


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excavation of a structure at Valkenburg,Netherlands, of the Romanperiod, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates

Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21


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reconstructionof a structure at

Valkenburg,with framingand wattling on

sole plates

Jope, Studies inBuilding History, p

21


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the rediscovery of the ground sillconjectural reconstruction of a Saxon Hall, say 10th century

El redescubrimiento del sobrecimiento,reconstruccin supuesta de un saln Sajn, s.X

MUAS 15,858


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sulehaus frameDenmark

Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindingsvrk, p

199


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building frame, (supposedlyNoahs ark)

from the Bedford Hours, early

C15thSistema de entramado(supuestamente del Arca de No),

extraido de Bedford Hours

Donald Matthew, Atlas of MedievalEurope(Oxford 1983), p 145


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English box frame house, cutaway viewEntramado ingls de una casa, vista interior

MUAS 10,207

masonryplinth

box frame

jetty(or corbel)

secondbox frame


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English half-timbered box frameshalf-timbered house in Hildersham,

Cambridgeshire; House inWinchester, C16th; Speke Hall,

LancashireEjemplos de entramado en media

madera

MUAS 8,381, 637, 10,949


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Compound farmstead/ Conjunto rural from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg,C16th-18th, now in the Bokrijk Museum

Marc Laenen, no 94


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Granary/graneroBokrijk

MuseumBelgium

Marc Laenen

no 71


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French half timbered pigeon houses/Palomares en media madera francs

Midi-Pyrnes region; border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments

Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region(Albi 1994), pp 11, 25


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English box

frame house,cutaway viewVista interiorentramado

ingls

MUAS 10,207


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eighteenth century timber framing and nineteenth century trussed partitionEntramado y cerchas siglo 18 y 19

Francis Price, The British Carpenter(London 1753), plate CR S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231

the roles of the brace and the stud in a box frame


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El rol de la abrazadera y el pilar en el sistema deentramado de cajn

the frame is like a truss, and the diagonals are important members el marco es

como una cercha, y las diagonales son elementos importantesthe studs merely fill in the panels in between

Los pie derechos son elementos intermedios en los paneles

the diagonals are at least as large as the studs, often much largerLas diagonales son al menos del mismo largo que los pie derechos, casi

siempre ms largos

where a diagonal meets a stud, the diagonal is continuous and the stud is cutEn el encuentro entre un pie derecho y una diagonal, la diagonal es continua y

el pie derecho es el que se corta


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English barn design, 1781Diseo de granero ingls

William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory;containing the Best Methods of Framing Timber Buildings

... with the Plan and Sections of a Barn(London 1781),plates i & iid


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timber barn, 1807Granero en madera

Robert Lugar, The Country Gentleman's Architect(London 1807), plate 20


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'Barwon Bank', Riversdale Road, Chilwell (Geelong),by T R Yabsley, 1852-3: detail of hall partition wall / detalle del tabique

Miles Lewis 1981


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Australasian Steam NavigationCo, 5 Hickson Road, Sydney,

by W W Wardell, 1883:details of a partition

on the upper floorDetalle del tabique en el piso superior

Miles Lewis 1991


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'Glenown', Glenmaggie, Victoria, c 1871

Miles Lewis 1994


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'Glenown', view of rear wall / vista del muro traseroMiles Lewis 1994


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'Glenown', top corner joint in the rear wall, showing the square corner stud and the housingof the brace, compared with a butting joint on display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia

Miles Lewis 1994 & 1992


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'Glenown', the bracing of the rear wall, and the base,showing stud and brace descending below floor level

Miles Lewis 1994


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house at the Bokrijk Museum, Belgium

Marc Laenen, no 59


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'Elevation of two studd workcottages of the smallest size,with brick gables', byNathaniel Kent, 1776

Elevacin de dos cabaaspequeas, con frontones de

ladrillo

Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen ofLanded Property(2nd ed, London 1776),

facing p 263

house at the Bokrijk Museum


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'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by

Nathaniel Kent, 1776Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property(2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263


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balloon frame of a1 storey house,USA, c 1845-1859

sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]

puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100]corner posts undefined

ribbon x x 1 or 6 x 1[100 x 25 or 150 x 25]

W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5

Bells balloonframe house


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frame housesills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]

studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x

100]

Kents

studd-workecottagesstuds 3 x 5 [77 x 125]

puncheons 5 X 6 [235.


Kent, Hints to Gentlemen ofLanded Property


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balloon frame of atwo storey house,USA, c 1845-1859

sills 3 X 10 [75 X 250]



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Bells balloon frame 1 storey house

sill 8 x 8 [200 x 200]

stud 2 x 4 in[50 x 100]

puncheon 4 x 4

[100 x 100]

ribbon 4 x 1 [100 x 100] or 6 x 1 [150 x 25]

? corner post unspecified

characteristics of the US balloon framefrom Europe


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from EuropeCaractersticas europeas existentes

en el Balloon-frame de USA

close studding / pie derechos prximos entre s

the horizontal girt / el trabe horizontal

new industrial characteristicsnuevas caractersticas industriales

smaller sizes of timber / dimensiones menores de la maderastandardised sizes of timber / piezas estandarizadas

simplified timber joints / uniones simplificadas

extensive use of nails / abundante uso de clavos

balloon frame,


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I.C.S. Reference Library,'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in[vol 14] Carpentry Joinery

Stair Building &c(Scranton[Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72

,

USA

factors responsible for the balloon frame inthe USA


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Factores de la aparicin del Balloon Frame enUSA.

high cost of labour / altos costos de mano de obramakes complicated joints and shapes impractical

efficient sawmills / aserraderos eficientes

make smaller and standardised timber sizes moreeconomic than larger and more varied ones

cheap cut and wire nails / clavos a bajo costo

make nailed joints cheaper than traditional onesthe social acceptability of timber / aceptacin de la

construccin en madera

makes two storey timber houses common


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details of an American balloon frame(simplified joints and skew nailing)

R S Burn, Building Construction(London 1877), pp 90, 91


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the American balloon frame& Haddons illustration of

the Australian stud frame, 1908

G E Woodward, Woodward's Country Homes, 1869reproduced in Sigfried Giedion, Space,

Time and Architecture: the Growth of a NewTradition(4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345

Robert Haddon, Australian Archi-tecture(Melbourne, no date [1908]), p 327


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Documents

Evolution Timber Frame