PREPARED BY:PUAN RASYIDAH BT KHAMIS

ICTL 2009

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS(7 Stages)

THE EARLY YEARS FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS NEW ERA GENERATION

THE EARLY YEAR

Year Invention200 BC Chinese Abacus (First counting machine)500 BC Egyptian Abacus1620 John Napier invented Napier’s Bone

(Multiplication table carves on bones)1653 Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline1673 Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented Leibniz’s

Rechner (which use first binary mathematics calculating machine)

1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented weaving loom (using punch card technology)

1823 Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculator machine.

1941 Mark 1 was invented in . The first computer which is slow, expensive and unreliable. It uses mechanical switches

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1939-1954)

Use Vacuum Tube Size : Huge Examples :

MARK 1 (1941) ENIAC (1946) UNIVAC (1951)

Problems: The vacuum tubes generated great deal of

heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control.

The tubes burnt out frequently. People operating the computer did not know

that the problem was in the programming machine.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER

(1954 – 1959)

lots of problem created by vacuum tubes.The famous computer scientists during the

second generation era were:1) John Bardeen2) Walter Houser Brattain3) William Shockley

The creation of transistor sparks the production of second generation computers.

Transistor is a small devices use to transfer electronic signal across a resistor.

The advantages of transistor:i. Smaller than vacuum tubesii. Need no warm up timeiii. Consumed less energyiv. Generated much less heatv. Fastervi. More reliable

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER

(1954 – 1959)

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1959 - 1971)

Examples of computer created :a) IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964 -

used for business and scientific programs.b) CDC 7600, c) BZ 500.

New hardware technology: Silicone chip were manufactured in 1961 at the

silicone valley. Integrated circuit technology, which had reduced

the size and cost of computers. It is a complete electronic circuit or a small chip of silicone which is also known as semiconductor.

The magnetic core memory was replaced by microchip.(The first 253 bit RAM, basis for the development of the 1K bit RAM).

Advantages:Silicone chips were reliable, compact and

cheaper.Sold hardware and software separately which

created the software industry.Customer service industry flourished (reservation

and credit checks)Software technology:

More sophisticatedSeveral programs run at the same timeSharing computer resourcesSupport interactive processing

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1959 - 1971)

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 – 1991)

Many types of computer models such as:Apple Macintosh IBMDELLACER

In 1971, Intel created first microprocessor In 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer

In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer (PC)

Among the famous inventors in fourth generations were:

Bill Gates who invented Microsoft Michael Dell who invented Dell Computer

Hardware technology: Microprocessor - a specialized chip developed

for computer memory and logic

- it is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors.

The transistors on this one chip are capable of performing all of the functions of a computer’s central processing unit.

Storage devices (hard disk, diskette)Advantages: 100 times smaller than ENIAC (the first computer) Faster Reliable Greater storage capacity Personal and software industry boomed

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 – 1991)

FIFTH GENERATION(1991 - PRESENT AND BEYOND)

New hardware technology:Silicone chipsProcessorRoboticsVirtual realityIntelligent systemPrograms which translate languages

NEW ERA COMPUTER (Creation of different types of computer)

Super Computers –fastest, most powerful, most expensive. Used in applications such as sending astronauts into space, testing safety and aerodynamic features on cars and aircraft, controlling missile guidance systems, and weather forecasting which required extreme accuracy and immense speed to perform the complex calculation.

Mainframe computers –large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected user simultaneously.use in large organization to handle high volume processing of business transactions and routine paperwork.

Mini computer – medium size computer usually used as servers, with several PCs or other devices networked to access the midrange computer’s resources.

Personal computers – small computer system, designed to be used by one person at a time widely used in small and large businesses Examples: tracking merchandise, billing customer, manage company accounts.

NEW ERA COMPUTER (Creation of different types of computer)

Mobile computers – personal computer that you can carry from place to place

Expert system – teleconferencing, speech recognition system.

NEW ERA COMPUTER (Creation of different types of computer)

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