Evolution of Bluetooth from 4.0 to 5 · Dec 2016 6 years 5. Laird Confidential Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth at v5 6 Power Consumption t BLE ... A pple WWDC 2017. Laird Confidential

Laird Confidential

Evolution of Bluetooth from v4.0 to v5.0Brian Petted & Mahendra TailorNovember 15, 2017

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Laird Confidential2

Meet Your Presenters:

Mahendra TailorTechnology Leader

[email protected]

Brian Petted Technology Leader

[email protected]

Laird ConfidentialLaird Confidential3

The Evolution of BLE from v4.0 to v5.0

• Agenda / Topic Enumeration

• BLE Feature Additions

• BLE Top Level Changes

• BLE Signaling (v4.0) (v5.0)

- High Rate (2.0 Mbps)

- Long Range (500 kbps, 125 kbps)

- BLE Signal Spectra (v4.0)(v5.0): Compliance Considerations

• Q&A Forum

Laird Confidential

Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth & Wi-Fiat the Time of v4.0 .

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Power Consumption

Thro

ugh

pu

t

BLE< 50kbps

Classic Bluetoothabout 2mbps

Wi-Fi> 100mbps

Laird Confidential

BLE Specification Timeline

5

First introductionJun 20104.0

Any Role TopologyDec 20134.1

Secure ConnectionsPacket Length ExtensionDec 20144.2

4 x Range, 2 x Speed8 x Advert PayloadDec 2016

56 years

Laird Confidential

Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth at v5

6

Power Consumption

Thro

ugh

pu

t

BLE

Classic Bluetooth

BLE v5

Around 1mbps

Laird Confidential

BLE Throughput Evolution in iOS v11

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Write With Response

Write Without Response

Packed CE Length

Larger MTU

EDL (Extended Data Length)

L2CAP + EDL

L2CAP + EDL + 15ms Int

2.5 kbps

5.2 kbps

37 kbps

48 kbps

135 kbps

197 kbps

394 kbps

Source: Apple WWDC 2017

Laird Confidential

One Reason for Throughput Improvement Came in v4.2

8

39 bytes

255 bytes

Duty Cycle increased to as high as 70%

Duty Cycle as low as 6%

LE Data Packet Extension!

Laird Confidential

v4.2 : Security Enhancements

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• LE Secure Connections (LESC)

Secure Connections based on a long term

key derived from a pairing based on a

Diffie-Hellman exchange.

Laird Confidential

Recap of where we are with v5

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Laird ConfidentialLaird Confidential

Physical Layer

• 2 Msps modulation

• 3 dB reduced sensitivity

• 29% range reduction

Throughput increased to 1.4 Mbps

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High Speed

Source: Nordic Semiconductor

Laird Confidential

Long-Range

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Physical Layer• Standard 1 Msps modulation

Link Layer Header• From 8 to 18 bytes

2 Coding Schemes: S=2: 4.5 dB increased sensitivity• 68% range increase

S=8: 12 dB increased sensitivity• 400% range increase

Laird Confidential

LE CODED: Coding Scheme

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Forward Error Correction• 2 bits for every input bit

Pattern Mapper• S=2:1 symbol per input bit• S=8: 4 symbols per input bit

S=2 - 2 symbols per bit• 500 kbps

S=8 -8 symbols per bit• 125 kbps

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LE CODED : Increased range but reduced throughput

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Increased Power Consumption

Laird Confidential

Advertising Extensions in v5

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Laird Confidential

Advertising on Data Channels

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These are sent in primary channels

This is sent in data channels


Longer packets and coding• Congested advertising channels

Reduces contention and duty cycle

Laird Confidential

Advert Extensions : Chained Data

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Laird Confidential

Advert Extensions : Synchronous Data

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Laird Confidential19

Physical Layer Considerations


The Evolution of BLE v4.0 to v5.0

Bluetooth Low Energy Hybrid Digital Transmission System / Frequency Hopping:

• 40 channels versus 79 channels on 2 MHz channel spacing versus 1 MHz

• Primarily a single-carrier system Hybrid Digital Transmission System (DTS) / FH

• Many protocol transactions occur on a single channel

• Frequency hopping only required for longer data sequences and rarely utilizes all channels in a hop sequence

• Frequency hopping sequence generation complexity lowered


The Evolution of Bluetooth v4.0 to v5.0

• Bluetooth Low Energy Hybrid Digital Transmission System / Frequency Hopping:


• BLE Specification declaration of changes from v4.0 to v5.0:

- Slot Availability Mask (SAM)- 2 Msym/s PHY for LE ✓- LE Long Range✓- High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising- LE Advertising Extensions- LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2

• PHY Baseline Discussion: BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic• PHY Discussion: BLE v5.0 evolution from BLE v4.0 • PHY Discussion: BLE v5.0 PHY Details

- R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder- Pattern Mapper

• PHY Discussion: Spectrum and Compliance Considerations

The Evolution of BLE v4.0 to v5.0


PHY Baseline Discussion BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic

• PHY Baseline Discussion: BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic (Non-Enhanced Data Rate [EDR])

• Bluetooth Classic:- Modulation Type GFSK (Gaussian Filtered Frequency Shift Keying)- Baseband Filter: Gaussian Pulse Shaping BT Product: BT=0.5- Data Rate: 1 Mbps- Modulation Index: 0.28 – 0.35 (Sub MSK condition of 0.5)- Channelization of Carrier Frequencies: 2402 + k*1 [MHz] k=0,1,…,78- Frequency Hopping Selection over 79 channels down to 20 channels (Adaptive Frequency Hopping)

• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE – v4.0 v5.0)

- Modulation Type GFSK (Gaussian Filtered Frequency Shift Keying)- Baseband Filter: Gaussian Pulse Shaping BT Product: BT=0.5- Data Rate: 1 Mbps- Modulation Index: 0.45 – 0.55 (MSK condition of 0.5 +/- 10% , Stable Modulation Index 0.5 +/- 0.1%)- Channelization of Carrier Frequencies: 2402 + k*2 [MHz] k=0,1,…,39- Frequency Hopping Selection over 40 channels – Selection not considered here


PHY Discussion: BLE v4.0 to BLE v5.0 Additions:

• Additional Uncoded Data Rate: 2 Mbps

• Additional Coded Data Rate: 500 kbps

- Convolutional Encoder Rate-1/2, Constraint Length k=4- 2 coded bits per source bit- Coding Gain, Reduced Receiver Bandwidth

• Additional Coded Data Rate: 125 kbps

- Convolutional Encoder Rate-1/2, Constraint Length k=4- Manchester Pattern Mapper (4:1 Rate buffer, 4 signal elements per coded bit)- Coding Gain, Further Reduced Receiver Bandwidth


Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps

+

z-1

+

+

z-1

+

g0(x)= 1 + x+ x2 + x

3

g1(x)= 1+ x2 + x

3

+

z-1

+

Convolutional

Encoder R=½, k=4

PATTERN MAPPER

P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1]

P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 1][0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0]

PATTERN DE-MAPPER

P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1]

P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0][0 1]

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

Viterbi Decoder R=½,

k=4 State Trellis

c=[c00 c01, c10 c11 …]

Rdc= 500 kbpss=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …]

Rs= 500 kbps

Rse= 500 kse/s

Rs= 125 ksps

s=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …]

Rs= 500 kbps

Rse= 500 kse/s

Rs= 125 ksps

c=[c00 c01, c10 c11 …]

Rdc= 500 kbps


Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps• R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi decoder, Hard Decision –MatlabSimulation• Coding Gain : dBdBdBGc 5.4489.899.12

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 2010

-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

X: 8.489

Y: 0.00107

S/N (dB)

Bit E

rro

r R

ati

o

Bit Error Ratio - Uncoded and Coded data

X: 12.99

Y: 0.0008176

coded

uncoded


Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps• R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi decoder, Hard Decision –MatlabSimulation

• Coding Gain : dBdBdBGc 5.4489.899.12

• Bandwidth Reduction Ratio, pattern mapping (Split Phase Manchester): dBB

B

kbps

kbps01.32log10

250.0

5.0log10 1010

125

500

5 dB

7 dB

• Expected Sensitivity Improvements: Coding Gain + Bandwidth Reduction, Manchester Coding Gain[1]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

t (nTb)

d(t

)

Coded / Rate Buffered Data Waveform

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

t (4nTb)

s(t

)

Pattern Mapped (Manchester) Waveform

• 4 signal elements per bit, Tse = Tb

[1] Bluetooth Core Specification, Bluetooth Special Interest Group, December 6, 2016.


Additional Data RatesAdditional Signal SpectraCertification Impacts

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

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-40

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-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]

BLE Signal Spectral Density dBm/1 kHz

• 500 kbps 1 Mbps• Bandwidth Change• PSD Change

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

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-60

-50

-40

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-20

-10

0

10

20

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frequency [Hz]S

(f)

[dB

m/1

kH

z]


-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

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-60

-50

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0

10

20

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frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]


-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

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-60

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0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/3 k

Hz]


• 125 kbps 1 Mbps• Bandwidth Change• PSD Change

• 1 Mbps 2 Mbps• Bandwidth Change• Band edge Change


PHY Discussion: BLE Evolution from v4.0 to v5.0

• Increased RX Sensitivity longer range• Lower coded data rates: Lower Throughput• Higher uncoded data rates: Higher Throughput• Spectrum has discrete components in 500 kbps and 125 kbps cases FCC PSD, BW re-test• Higher uncoded rates: FCC PSD re-test

2 Msym/s PHY for LE ✓ LE Long Range✓

High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising LE Advertising Extensions LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

Laird Confidential

Q&A / Wrap-Up

30

Laird ConfidentialLaird Confidential

Bluetooth 5 Offerings from Laird

31

BL652Bluetooth 5 Low Energy (BLE) + NFC Module

• Features new Nordic nRF52 with ARM Cortex M4F (512K Flash / 64K RAM) for hostless operation

• On-board Chip Antenna or IPEX MHF4 connector options available, certified with multiple antenna options

• Features innovative, event driven programming language to significantly simplify BLE module integration

• Ultra-small 10 x 14mm

SaBLE-x-R22.4 GHz Bluetooth 5 Low Energy (BLE) Module

• Built upon the latest generation BLE Silicon (TI CC2640RF2 Wireless MCU)

• Features dedicated ARM Cortex-M3 processor for host applications, M0 processor for BLE core, and Sensor Processor Engine

• On-board trace Antenna or U.FL connector options available, certified with multiple antenna options

• Drop-In Replacement for SaBLE-x for seamless BT5 upgrade path

Laird Confidential


APPENDIX A: Bluetooth Basic Rate to BLE Evolution


The Evolution of Bluetooth Basic Rate and EDR to BLE

• Bluetooth (Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate) Bluetooth Low Energy

• Orthogonal Frequency Hopping supports many half-duplex links• Communication Link support full duplex digital audio (hands-free)• Wireless Speakers (Advanced Audio Profile)• Battery System usually rechargeable


• Bluetooth (Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate) Bluetooth Low Energy [1]


• Modulation Type GFSK (Gaussian Filtered Frequency Shift Keying)• Baseband Filter: Gaussian Pulse Shaping BT Product: BT=0.5• Data Rate: 1 Mbps• Modulation Index: 0.28 – 0.35 (Sub MSK condition of 0.5)• EDR2: 2 Mpbs π/4 DQPSK, EDR3 8 DPSK• Channelization of Carrier Frequencies: 2402 + k*1 [MHz] k=0,1,…,78• Frequency Hopping Selection over 79 channels down to 20 channels

(Adaptive Frequency Hopping)



Source: Near Communications



• Frequency Hopping Spectrogram for Two Frequency Hopping Links

frequency index

tim

e i

nd

ex

Frequency Hopping Spectrogram

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100



• Frequency Hopping Spectrogram for Adaptive Frequency Hopping relative to a single carrier wide-band signal

Frequency Hopping Spectrogram

frequency index

tim

e i

nd

ex

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100



• Bluetooth (Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate)Master/Slave Frequency Hopping [1]




APPENDIX B: Bluetooth BLE v4.0 to v5.0 Additional Slides


The Evolution of Bluetooth from v4.0 to v5.0

• Data Channel Selection [1], hop increment 5-16, “Used Channels”=Currently Assigned Channel Set:• unmappedChannel=(lastUnmapped Channel + hopIncrement)mod 37



The Evolution of Bluetooth from v4.0 to v5.0

• Data Channel Selection [1], 37 used channels, hop increments 5-11:


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

hop index

freq

uen

cy in

dex

BLE 4.0 frequency index

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

hop index

freq

uen

cy in

dex

BLE 4.0 frequency index


Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps

LINK LAYER

DATA

SOURCE

24-bit CRC GENERATION DATA WHITENING

gCRC(x)= x24

+ x10

+ x9 + x

6 + x

4 + x

3 + x + 1 gw(x)= x

7 + x

4 +1

+

z-1

+

+

z-1

+

g0(x)= 1 + x+ x2 + x

3

g1(x)= 1+ x2 + x

3

+

z-1

+d=[do d1 d2…]

Rd= 1 Mbps

Convolutional

Encoder R=½, k=4

PATTERN MAPPER

P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1]

P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 1][0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0]

GAUSSIAN PULSE SHAPING FILTER

BT=0.5

N=2

OSF=4,8

dxkt

t

f 0

tjey

tje

dt

dx ˆ

FM Modulator

Df=a*kf

h=0.5=Df/(Rb/2)

FM DemodulatorBaseband LPF

Hard Decision

PATTERN DE-MAPPER

P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1]

P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0][0 1]

GAUSSIAN PULSE MATCHED FILTER

BT=0.5

N=2

OSF=4,8

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

Viterbi Decoder R=½,

k=4 State Trellis

c=[c00 c01, c10 c11 …]

Rdc= 500 kbpss=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …]

Rs= 500 kbps

Rse= 500 kse/s

Rs= 125 ksps

s=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …]

Rs= 500 kbps

Rse= 500 kse/s

Rs= 125 ksps

c=[c00 c01, c10 c11 …]

Rdc= 500 kbps

LINK LAYER

DATA SINK

24-bit CRC CHECKING

gCRC(x)= x24

+ x10

+ x9 + x

6 + x

4 + x

3 + x + 1

d=[do d1 d2…]

Rd= 1 Mbps

DATA DE-

WHITENINGgw(x)= x

7 + x

4 +1

TX

RX

• R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi decoder

• Coding Gain Bound: 362

1

freec rdg dBrdG freec 77.43log106

2

1log10log10 101010

• Pattern Mapper: Rate Buffered (4:1) NRZ to 4 signal element Split Phase Manchester Encoding


Transmitter Spectrum

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]


• +10 dBm 2 Mbps Uncoded Data Spectrum:• Matlab (FFT), Litepoint VSA• Power Spectral Density (dBm/1 kHz), dBm/10 kHz)



-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]


-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]

BLE and BTC Signal Spectral Density dBm/1 kHz

BLE

BTC

• +10 dBm 1 Mbps Uncoded Data Spectrum:• Matlab BLE (FFT), Matlab BTC (FFT) ,Litepoint BLE VSA• Power Spectral Density (dBm/1 kHz), (dBm/1 kHz), dBm/10 kHz)



-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/1 k

Hz]


• +10 dBm, 500 kbps Coded Data Spectrum: Convolutional Code, Matlab (FFT)• Litepoint VSA• Power Spectral Density (dBm/3 kHz), dBm/10 kHz)



-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 106

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

frequency [Hz]

S(f

) [d

Bm

/3 k

Hz]


• +10 dBm ,125 kbps Coded Data Spectrum: Convolutional Code, Pattern Mapper (Manchester)• Matlab (FFT), Agilent Spectrum Analyzer, Litepoint VSA• Power Spectral Density (dBm/3 kHz), (dBm/3 kHz), dBm/10 kHz)


PHY Discussion: Evolution of BLE from v4.0 to v5.0• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE – v4.2 v5.0)• Preamble: 8 bits of 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 or 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 depending on leading bit in access address or synch.• 2M sends 16 bit 1-0-1-0 patterns • Coded LE sends 80 bits 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 • Link Layer Packet for Coded LE: (CI=Coding Indicator, TERM=Termination Sequence (all zeros to initialize

Convolutional Encoder).

Documents

Evolution of Bluetooth from 4.0 to 5 · Dec 2016 6 years 5. Laird Confidential Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth at v5 6 Power Consumption t BLE ... A pple WWDC 2017. Laird Confidential