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9/5/2016 1 EVOLUTION Biology 145 Lecture 3 – The age of the Earth 1 Theological approaches James Ussher (15811656) Summed generations in Old Testament Creation: 4004 B.C. (October 26 th ) Koran: "a day in the sight of your Lord is like 1,000 years of your reckoning" (22:47). Jewish calendar: 5776. Christian calendar: 6020 Islamic year 1437. 2

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Page 1: EVOLUTION L03 Age of Earth 2016 - Claremont …faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/ppt...9/5/2016 1 EVOLUTION Biology 145 Lecture 3 –The age of the Earth 1 Theological

9/5/2016

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EVOLUTIONBiology 145

Lecture 3 –The age of the Earth

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Theological approaches

James Ussher  (1581‐1656)

Summed generations in Old Testament

Creation: 4004 B.C. 

(October 26th)

Koran: "a day in the sight of your Lord is like 1,000 years of your reckoning" (22:47). 

Jewish calendar:  5776.

Christian calendar:  6020

Islamic year 1437.

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An archaeological approach

Nicholas Steno

Etruscan city of Volterra ~ 3000 years old in AD 1669

Build on sediments of  “The Flood”, hence Flood subsided no later than 1331 BC

Historical records show Lydia (W. Anatolia, Turkey) 1000 years older than Volterra; hence 2331 BC. 

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Sea bed: accumulates sharks teeth

Sea bed lithified into limestone

Limestone  uplifted to form island of Malta

Maltese society develops and quarrying starts

TIME

Malta: not much time for events!

Flood

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Geological Arguments

James Hutton (1726 – 1797) Uniformitarianism

“The result, therefore, of our present enquiry is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”.

“Hutton’s Unconformity”;Siccar Point, Scotland

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Geological arguments (2)

Charles Darwin

Erosion of the WealdenValley, England

300 million years!6

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Beachy Head

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Geological arguments (3)

John Joly 1857 ‐ 1933 

Salination of the Oceans

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Arguments from Physics

William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) 1824 ‐ 1907

The geothermal gradient (~ 1 degree F / 100 ft)

100 million +/‐ factor of 4

Clarence King –USGS – 24 million.10

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Uranium – lead dating

Ernest Rutherford     Nobel Prize 1908; “split” atom in 1917

Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2

1907 – first date.400 – 2200 million

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Uranium – lead dating

4.468∙109 a

238U 4.468∙109 a       218Po  3.1 mins

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Uranium – lead dating

Boltwood:  1640 ma, Archean of Ceylon

λ = decay constant

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Formation of 14C

10n + 

147N                       

11H   +   

146C

Result:  1 part 14C  per trillion parts 12C

Willard Libby  ‐ 1960 Nobel prize.

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

146C                  

147N  + B

‐ + v  + 0.156 MeV

Specific activity in modern atmosphere is  13.56 +/‐ 0.07 disintegrations/minute per gram C

Half‐life is 5730 +/‐ 40 years

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

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0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

14C

TIME (years)

Disintegrations per g C/min

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RADIOCARBON DATING

Decay of 14C

Limit ~ 10 half‐lives, i.e. 1/210= ~ 0.002

Atmospheric abundance ~ 1 part per trillion

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RADIOCARBON DATING

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RADIOCARBON DATING

3000 BP = 1224 BC

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Age of the Universe

Edwin Hubble – 1929

Mt Wilsonmegaparsec = 3.26 million light years 20

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Age of the Universe

Value of Hubble constant H0 changes through time, according to a deceleration parameter, q

If q = 0, then   the reciprocal of H0 = “Hubble Time”;   ie. the time since the Big Bang

4.35×1017 s or 13.8 billion years

CMB estimate = 13.798±0.037

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