Evolution and Differentiation of High-Quality …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/5624961.pdfEvolution and Differentiation of High-Quality Development of Marine Economy:

Research ArticleEvolution and Differentiation of High-Quality Development ofMarine Economy A Case Study from China

Bo Li1 Chuang Tian 2 Zhaoyuan Shi 3 and Zenglin Han 1

1Center for Studies of Marine Economy and Sustainable Development Liaoning Normal University Dalian 116029 China2School of Maritime Economics and Management Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 China3School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Chuang Tian tcyeahdlmueducn and Zenglin Han hzllnnueducn

Received 21 April 2020 Accepted 29 May 2020 Published 11 July 2020

Guest Editor Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia

Copyright copy 2020 Bo Li et al -is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

High-quality development is an innovative way to promote the sustainable development of the marine economy -is study usesChinarsquos coastal areas as an example constructing a research framework for the high-quality development of the countryrsquos marineeconomy -e temporal and spatial variation in the high-quality development of Chinarsquos marine economy from 2006 to 2016 isexplored utilizing the nuclear density estimation entropy and mean standard deviation classification methods -e results showthe following (1) the policy orientation of Chinarsquos high-quality marine economic development is obvious and the focus of policyhas changed from the pursuit of growth speed to growth quality (2) a spatiotemporal differentiation is evident with the coastalareas of the Yangtze River Delta continuing to be the hotspots of high-quality development -e Bohai rim and Pan Pearl RiverDelta areas feature a mixture of cold and hot spots with multipolar spatial differentiation (3) in terms of development stageGuangdong Shanghai Shandong Zhejiang and Tianjin are at advanced levels -e intermediate-level areas consist of FujianJiangsu Hainan and Liaoning while Hebei and Guangxi are the primary-level areas

1 Introduction

By the end of the 20th century many Nobel Prize winnershad reached a consensus on the top ten problems facinghumanity in the next half century energy water foodenvironment poverty terrorism and war disease educa-tion democracy and population [1] In fact countriesaround the world have started to focus on oceansrsquo sus-tainability because of survival risks and potential resourcescarcity As a key to implementing national marine strate-gies coastal cities play a significant role in land-sea inter-actions and marine-related human activities -ese cities arefacing multiple threats from high-density agglomerationhigh-intensity development and high levels of pollution andecological risks [2 3] It has been widely recognized bycoastal cities that socioecological models must be explored toimprove the sustainable development [4 5]

-e 21st century has witnessed the comprehensive ex-ploration and utilization of oceanic resources Given the

concept of sustainability and the development of marineeconomy examining how to shift the marine economy awayfrom an extensive type has become a topic of research amongscholars and governments -e common objective now forcoastal countries is to achieve sustainable growth of themarine economy by solving historical environmental issuessuch as ldquoinadaptabilityrdquo and ldquoincompatibilityrdquo [6ndash8]

Many of the existing studies on the growth of the marineeconomy qualitative analysis as the main line and quanti-tative analysis as the research framework [9] mainly causeanalysis of the aggregate economy [10] and comparativestudies [11] -e research focus of the previous literaturetends to switch between the macroscale and the microscaleIn fact research continues to be refined at each scale andamong internal units and is beginning to focus more at-tention on the operations of marine economies at the mi-croeconomic level [12] Based on the changes in the externalenvironment of the marine economy as well as the dynamicevolution of internal structures the comprehensive study of

HindawiComplexityVolume 2020 Article ID 5624961 11 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520205624961

typical regions and specific case analysis have become keyresearch areas Furthermore popular research topics includediagnostic analysis of the threats to the interactive rela-tionship [13 14] risk assessment of the pathological pursuitof economic growth [15 16] coupled and coordinateddevelopment [17 18] threshold and carrying capacity [19]and accounting for resource depletion [20 21] Relatedresearch focuses on how to achieve sustainable developmentof the marine economy though the emphasis has shiftedfrom understanding the rate at which the marine economy isgrowing to the quality of sustainable marine economicgrowth [22]

In China 43 of the countryrsquos population live in coastalareas forming more than 55 of the gross national product(GNP) Coastal areas have absorbed approximately 80 ofdirect investment and received more than 90 of the totalimport and export trade allowing it to become a powerfulengine for the development of the national economy -usthe development of coastal cities has an influence on therunning situation of the entire country Chinarsquos focus on thetransformation of themarine economy is shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development given the in-creasing pressure to preserve resources and the environmentin coastal areas in order to be innovative in realizing thesustainable development of the marine economy [23]

Existing literature on the growth of the marine economyfocuses more on the magnitude of growth with little researchbeing conducted on the quality of growth Traditional marineeconomic growth emphasizes the speed of growth whilehigh-quality development emphasizes the advantages anddisadvantages of growth -e negative effects of the externalenvironment such as shrinking demand and diminishingdemographic dividend have forced the development of themarine economy under the constraint of a structural slow-down crisis to shift to the long-term perspective in terms ofspeed structure and power changes in time and space so asto achieve sustainable growth and improve human welfare[24] It aims to optimize the structure of marine industriespromote marine social welfare and enhance the marineecological environment based on the improvement of thecomprehensive strength of the marine economy [8 22 25] Inparticular the human-ocean system and its subsystems arethe main areas where high-quality development can improvethe marine economy while carriers that support the devel-opment of the marine economy are areas that can improvemarine economic activity at all levels Relevant carriersachieve the coordination and healthy development of thesystems via the exchange of substance and information on thehuman-ocean system [24]

-is study uses Chinarsquos coastal areas as an exampleconstructing a research framework for the high-qualitydevelopment of the countryrsquos marine economy -e tem-poral and spatial variation of the high-quality developmentof Chinarsquos marine economy from 2006 to 2016 is explored byutilizing the nuclear density estimation entropy and meanstandard deviation classification methods We identify thedevelopment stages and specific research sample types inorder to contribute to the sustainable development of thenational marine economy

-e high-quality development of Chinarsquos marine econ-omy mainly relies on guidance from the national macro-economic marine policy and the supplementary promotion oflocal targeted maritime laws and regulations -e release ofcoastal policies has changed over time from a brief andscattered pattern to a systematic and intensive pattern whilethe focus of the policies has shifted from the growth rate to thequality of marine economic development (Figure 1)

2 Method

21 Variable Selection and Processing Based on the analysisof the features that define the quality of marine economicdevelopment (Figure 2) an index system for the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy was constructed asshown in Table 1 -e variable for maritime comprehensivestrength reflects the material basis for the high-quality de-velopment of the marine economy and mainly includes thescale and indicators of the economic expansion of themarine economy -e structure of marine industries is anindicator for the proportion and output of three sectors ofthe maritime economy and reflects their level of structuraloptimization as well as the internal structure and growthpattern of marine economic development Marine socialwelfare is reflected in the indicator for the benefits broughtto the public through the high-quality development of themarine economy such as employment livelihood scienceand technology and income these also reflect the goals ofmarine economic development Marine ecological envi-ronment represents the indicator for the protection anddestruction of the marine environment which mainly re-flects the price paid for achieving the high-quality devel-opment of the marine economy Due to the limitation of themarine data the areas studied in this paper include 8 coastalprovinces 1 autonomous region and 2 municipalities(excluding Hong Kong Macao and Taiwan) in China

Specifically the calculations are as follows

(i) Marine resources are a weighted sum of marinespatial resources (eg sea area coastline andseabed) marine biological resources (eg volumeof marine aquaculture and amount of marinefishing) marine chemical resources (eg sea salt)marine mineral resources (oil and natural gas) andmarine tourism resources (eg star hotels incoastal areas)

(ii) Index of market organizations in coastal area-s total industrial output of coastal areastotalnumber of coastal industries

(iii) Fiscal self-financing rate in coastal areas revenuewithin general budgets of local governments incoastal areasexpenditure within general budgetsof local governments

(iv) -e level of support by national policies is rated asldquo3rdquo ldquo2rdquo or ldquo1rdquo according to the frequency ofoccurrences of the arearsquos name and the number ofsupporting policies in national marine policies andregulations

2 Complexity

(v) Fluctuations of marine economic growth (growthrate of marine economy in the same year minus growthrate of marine economy in the previous year)growth rate of marine economy in the previousyear

(vi) Index of upgrading of marine industries outputof marine tertiary industryoutput of marine sec-ondary industry

(vii) Location quotient of marine industries (outputof marine industries in the regiongross output of

1949~1978

(i) Extensive development

period

1979~1990

(i) The initial stage of reform and

opening up the growth of marine

economy is the main part

supplemented by the development

and protection

(i) Establishing the concept of sustainable

development in the field of

marine economy

(i) Deepen the development of

both quantity and quality and promote the

common development of

marine economy and ecology

(i) lsquoNew normal of economyrsquo

(ii) Marine economy develops to high

quality on the basis of land and sea coordination

1991~2000 2001~2010 2011~Now

Figure 1 Chinarsquos marine policy stage

Time scale

External environment Internal structure Dynamic mechanism

Regional marine economy B

Regional marine economy A Active subject

Economic climate

Activity space

Development results

middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot

Marine social system

Marine economic

system

Marine ecosystem

Spatial transfer

Marine policyMarine cultureGeorelationship

Globalization

Marine industryRelated employmentMarine investment

Marine ecology

Political spaceCapital power

Labor divisionMarine Technology

High-quality development of marine economy

Growth rate of marine economy

Economic climate

Activity space

Development results


Materia

l cycle

Synergistic effect Benign

feed

back

Dynamic equilibrium

Macrosca

le

Middle-sca

le

Microsca

le

Figure 2 -e features of the high-quality development of marine economy

Complexity 3

Tabl

e1

Evaluatio

nsystem

ofthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

Firstlevelind

exSpecificindicators

Indexinterpretatio

nWeigh

t

Com

prehensiv

estreng

thof

marineecon

omy

Gross

oceanprod

uct(G

OP)

Reflectingthematerialb

asisprovided

bythescaleexpansionof

marineecon

omyforthe

high

-qualitytransformationof

marineecon

omy

0041

Actualu

tilizationof

foreigncapital

Reflectingtheimpactof

openingup

ontheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marinee

cono

my

0046

Internationalc

ontainer

traffi

cRe

flectingthecontribu

tionof

marineinfrastructure

constructio

nto

thehigh

-qualityof

marineecon

omy

0058

Econ

omic

density

ofcoastline

Reflectingtheprod

uctio

nvitalityof

marineecon

omyin

coastala

reas

0065

Marineresource

cond

ition

sRe

flectingtherelatio

nshipbetweenmarinespacebiology

mineral

resourcesandhigh

-qu

ality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0054

Marketo

rganizationindex

Reflectingthem

arketh

interla

ndrsquosabilityto

accept

theh

igh-qu

ality

structureprod

uctsand

services

ofthemarineecon

omy

0042

Fixedassets

investment

Reflectingtheservicestreng

thof

searelatedcapitaltomarineecon

omywith

high

quality

0043

Marineprofessio

nala

ndtechnicalp

ersonn

elRe

flectingthesupp

ortin

groleof

marinetalentsinthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0043

Financialself-sufficiency

rate

Reflectingthefi

nancialsup

portofgovernmentfi

nancetotheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0010

Nationalp

olicysupp

ort

Reflectingtheguidance

ofnatio

nalp

olicyenvironm

enttothehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarineecon

omy

0114

Fluctuationof

marineecon

omic

grow

thRe

flectingtherestrictionof

theflu

ctuatio

nrisk

forthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0009

Marineindu

strial

structure

Con

tributionrateof

marinesecond

aryindu

stry

andtertiary

indu

stry

Internal

indu

strial

structurerequ

irem

ents

reflectinghigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0044

Value

addedfrom

major

marineindu

stries

Reflectingtheflo

atingdegree

ofmajor

marineindu

stries

intheprocessof

high

-quality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0039

Advancedindexof

marineindu

stry

Reflectingtherelatio

nshipbetweentheadvanced

degree

ofmarineindu

strialstructureand

thehigh

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0038

Locatio

nentrop

yof

marineindu

stry

Reflectingtheim

pactof

thechange

ofmarineindu

strialstructureandland

linkage

onthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0061

Con

versionrateof

nonfi

sherymarineindu

strial

structure

Reflectingtheinflu

ence

oftheop

timizationspeedof

marineindu

stry

compo

sitionon

the

high

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0063

Marinesocial

welfare

Marine-relatedem

ployment

Reflectingtheem

ploymentwelfare

brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0062

Marinefishing

yield

Reflectingthelifewelfare

brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0065

Disp

osable

incomeof

coastalu

rban

resid

ents

Reflectingtheincom

eand

welfarebrou

ghtb

yhigh

-qualitydevelopm

entofm

arinee

cono

my

0033

Num

berof

marinescientificresearch

institu

tions

Reflectingthescientifi

cand

techno

logicalbenefitsbrou

ghtb

ytheh

igh-qu

ality

developm

ent

ofmarineecon

omy

0033

Marineecological

environm

ent

Num

berof

marinenature

reserves

Environm

entalp

rotectionforhigh

quality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0031

Directe

cono

mic

loss

ofmarinedisaster

Reflectingtheenvironm

entalc

osts

paid

forthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0007

Noteindexdataarec

ollected

bythec

itiesin

thec

oastalareasandtheo

riginaldataa

redimensio

nlessp

rocessedC

hinarsquosmarined

ataa

remainlyfrom

ChinarsquosMarineS

tatisticalYe

arbo

okw

hileotherresearchdata

arefrom

thegovernmentw

orkrepo

rtssocialdevelopm

entstatisticsb

ulletin

sdepartmentalpoliciesanddo

cumentsof

coastalcities-

roughthep

urchasecollectionprocessin

gandcomparisonof

marined

ata

wefoun

dthat

themarinedata

fortheresearch

areasarerelativ

elycompleteandsufficientas

wella

sscientificandob

jectivefortheperiod

2006

to2016thereforethisresearch

cyclewas

chosen

4 Complexity

all industries in the region)(output of marineindustries in the countrygross output of all in-dustries in the country)

(viii) Ratio of structural changes in marine industries(except fisheries)

1113936ni1((Ni minus G)2 times Ki)G

1113969

whereNi is the output of marine industries (except fisheries)G refers to the average annual growth rate of gross oceanproduct and K represents the proportion of the output ofmarine industries (except fisheries) in the gross oceanproduct

22 Entropy Method -e entropy method is a mathe-matical method used to judge the dispersion degree of anindex -e greater the degree of dispersion the greater theimpact of this index is on the comprehensive evaluation Itis an objective weighting method adopted to determine theweight of the relevant indicators in order to improve theaccuracy and validity of the score for the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy [26 27] By stan-dardizing the original data [28] and then calculating theweight of relevant indicators (which can be used to evaluatethe high-quality development of the marine economy inspatial samples) we can then calculate the total score forChina

23 Kernel Density Estimation Kernel density estimation(KDE) is used to estimate the probability density functionof a random variable in the probability theory which canreveal the evolution of the high-quality development of themarine economy in a temporal dimension [22 29] Timeseries analysis of the waveform position and kurtosis of aKDE curve can reveal the pattern of dynamic changes of thehigh-quality development of the marine economy on thetime scale For data x1 x2 x3 xn its KDE can beexpressed as

^fh(x) 1

nh1113944

n

i1K

x minus xi

h1113874 1113875 (1)

where the kernel function K is a weight function h refers tothe bandwidth and x minus xi represents the distance between xand xi Commonly used kernel functions include uniformtriangle gamma and Gaussian kernel functions Accordingto the density of the selected data Gaussian kernel functionwas adopted for this study

Gaussian 12π

radic eminus (12)t2

(2)

-e bandwidth hwas selected as h 09SN minus 08 based onSilvermanrsquos rules and S was the standard deviation of theobserved value of the random variable [30]

3 Results

31 Characteristics of Temporal Evolution -e entropymethod was used to calculate the score for the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy and the temporal

variation of the development was investigated using the KDE(Figure 3(a)) In terms of the shape of the kernel the KDEwaveform showed a multimodal distribution -e kerneldensity distribution corresponding to the peak of the curvein 2006 was scattered the difference in scores between re-gions was relatively small -e kernel density distributioncorresponding to the peak of the curve in 2016 was relativelyconcentrated and the gap in the quality of marine eco-nomics between regions widened From 2006 to 2016 thepeaks of the kernel density curve all shifted to the right withhigher fluctuations of the score the high-quality develop-ment of the marine economy steadily improved indicatingldquoclub convergencerdquo

In order to explore the time evolution of the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy in China over a longerperiod of time the development was divided into threestagesndashprimary fluctuation and stable stages with 004(standard deviation set) as the cutoff point -e quantitativedivision of the stages of development against scores is moreobjective than qualitative division From 2006 to 2009 thedevelopment of Chinarsquos marine economy was in the primarystage that is it was of relatively low quality From 2010 to2014 the development of Chinarsquos marine economy was inthe fluctuation stage and was of medium quality Between2015 and 2016 the development of Chinarsquos marine economyentered a stable stage of high quality (Figure 3(b)) Chinarsquosmarine economic growth has significantly decreasedmdashthemarine economy has changed from a high-speed growthstage to a high-quality development stage with such atransformation being urgently required (Figures 3(c) and3(d))

32 Characteristics of Spatial Evolution Natural breakclassification was adopted to divide the primary inter-mediate and advanced stages of the high-quality devel-opment to explore the spatial evolution of the marineeconomy From 2006 to 2016 the coastal areas of theYangtze River Delta (YRD) continued to be the hot spots ingeneral -e coastal areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD)and the Bohai Economic Rim (BER) showed a mix of hotand cold spots -e spatial evolution of the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy was basically estab-lished based on this data

In 2006 Guangdong Shanghai Zhejiang and Shan-dong Provinces were in the advanced stage of high-qualitydevelopment Tianjin Jiangsu Fujian and HainanProvinces were in the intermediate stage and GuangxiHebei and Liaoning Provinces were in the primary stageIn 2010 Guangdong Shanghai and Shandong Provinceswere in the advanced stage Tianjin Jiangsu ZhejiangFujian and Hainan Provinces were in the intermediatestage and Guangxi Hebei and Liaoning Provinces werein the primary stage In 2014 Guangdong ShanghaiZhejiang Tianjin and Shandong Provinces were in theadvanced stage Jiangsu Fujian Hainan and LiaoningProvinces were in the intermediate stage Guangxi andHebei Provinces were in the primary stage By 2016 thehigh-quality development of Chinarsquos marine economy

Complexity 5

became multipolar alternating between high mediumand low qualities showing a multipeak distribution(Figure 4)

33 Type Identification Coastal areas in China were cate-gorized into three types based on their scores for high-quality development of the marine economy using themean-standard deviation classification [31] -e mean-standard deviation classification is mainly based on thedeviation of the data itself which fits the actual situationbetter than the other classification methods types MgtAsuggests an advanced-level area A minus SDltMltA refers to anintermediate-level area andMltA minus SD indicates a primary-level area where M is the score for the high-quality de-velopment of the sample marine economy A is the averageannual score and SD is the standard deviation From 2006 to2016 the average score (A) for the high-quality developmentof Chinarsquos marine economy (M) was 035 and the standarddeviation (SD) was 013 -erefore the score range foradvanced-level areas was 035ndash100 the score range for

intermediate-level areas was 022ndash035 and the score rangefor primary-level areas was 000ndash022

34 Advanced-Level Areas Tier I areas are advanced-levelareas which include Guangdong Shanghai ShandongZhejiang and Tianjin -e following describes each area inrelation to sustainable growth in the marine economy

(1) Guangdong Province benefits from a large numberof land-based economies and its marine economy isstrongly driven by economic hinterland marketabsorption offshore finance and high technologies-e rapid expansion of Guangdongrsquos marine econ-omy forms a solid foundation for the transformationof the marine economy from high-speed to high-quality development

(2) Shanghai is the core area in the YRD region Itexhibits unique advantages for the development ofthe marine economy given its importance in na-tional strategies identity as an international city

Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08ndash01Score of high-quality development of marine economy

20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage

Fluctuation stage Stablestage

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)

Figure 3 Time evolution and stage division of the high-quality development of marine economy (a) Nuclear density distribution (b) Timestage (c) GOP and GDP output (d) Growth rate of GOP and GDP

6 Complexity

gathering of talents in marine science and technol-ogy and superior geographical location and richmarine resources Shanghai has historically alwaysbeen in a unique position in Chinarsquos marineeconomy

(3) As a large coastal province in Eastern ChinaShandong Province has achieved high added valuesfrom several industries such as marine fishery andmarine transportation which were at the forefront ofthe country After the proposal of developing a ldquoBlue

2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800

Primary stageIntermediate stageAdvanced stage

N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016

00097ndash0168001681ndash0238102382ndash0308203083ndash0378303784ndash04486




(b)

Figure 4 Spatial features of the high-quality development of Chinarsquos marine economy

Complexity 7

Economic Zonerdquo (BEZ) on the Shandong Peninsulaa plan was quickly initiated -e development of themarine economy in Shandong started relatively latebut its scale has been increasing steadily It is likelythat Shandong may catch up and take a leadingposition in the marine economy with GuangdongProvince

(4) In 2011 the State Council approved the demon-stration zone for marine economic development inZhejiang Province Since then the marine economyhas started to play an increasingly important role inZhejiangrsquos national economic development In 2015the national port integration initiative was proposedand the Ningbo Port and Zhoushan Port in Zhejiangwere integrated in 2016 Following the port inte-gration the pace of high-quality development ofZhejiangrsquos marine economy has been accelerating

(5) Tianjin Province is a typical coastal city in the BERregion and marine exploitation planning and de-velopment are key to its development Its geo-graphical advantages provide a good basis for thedevelopment of the marine economy the provincehas supportive polices and its advantages in scienceand technology enable it to promote the transfor-mation of the marine economy In addition theldquoTianjin modelrdquo has offered other coastal cities in theBER region a valuable reference for the developmentof the marine economy

35 Intermediate-Level Areas Tier II areas are intermediate-level areas including Fujian Jiangsu Hainan and Liaoning-e following describes each area in relation to sustainablegrowth in the marine economy

(1) Fujian Province has obvious advantages in five majormarine industries marine fishery marine trans-portation marine tourism marine engineering andmarine ships However the improvement of itsmarine economic competitiveness has been re-stricted in the short term as it has insufficient timeand space to resolve excess capacity issues upgradeand optimize industrial structures and achieve in-novation-driven development

(2) Jiangsu Province has rich marine resources a goodmaterial basis for the development of the marineeconomy In addition it has achieved remarkableprogress in its marine technological innovation andtransformation However the development of themarine economy in Jiangsu has resulted in minorissues a low level of development and great eco-logical pressure Considering the proportion of theocean in some of the strong marine provinces thescale of Jiangsursquos marine economy is relatively smallto the overall promotion of the high-quality devel-opment of the marine economy in the province

(3) -e Xisha Nansha and Zhongsha islands of HainanProvince are actually traditional military controlareas and the front line of coastal defense Except for

coastal tourism other marine industries in Hainanneed to be improved (as the research data were onlyup to 2016 there is a certain time lag in the effec-tiveness of the promotion of the Hainan pilot free-trade zone which was excluded from this study)

(4) Since the proposal for the construction of ldquoLiaoningat seardquo and the continuous growth of the develop-ment and exploitation of the ocean the landformsalong the coast of Liaoning continue to be destroyedincreasing the pressure on the marine ecologicalenvironment It is an important challenge forLiaoning to scientifically adjust the layout of themarine industry in the coastal areas of the provinceand change the pattern of marine economic devel-opment in a timely manner in order to achieve thehigh-quality development of the marine economy

36 Primary-Level Areas Tier III areas are primary-levelareas which include Hebei and Guangxi -e followingdescribes each area in relation to sustainable growth in themarine economy

(1) 90 of ocean-related enterprises in Hebei Provinceare located in Qin-Tang-Cang zones As the sea hasbeen separated from the land for a long time theintegration of land and sea has not been consideredin Hebei Moreover it provides low economicbenefits from the comprehensive utilization of ma-rine resources so the overall strength of Hebeirsquosmarine economy is relatively inferior in the BERregion

(2) Guangxi is a coastal area that only developed recentlyand has been facing issues expected of a small marineeconomy such as weak maritime industrial struc-tures and many challenges in economic transfor-mation -us it has a weak material basis forcontributing to the high-quality development ofChinarsquos marine economy

4 Discussions

With the growing understanding of the concept of sus-tainable development it has been a consensus among coastalcountries around the world to develop the marine economyin the context of globalization and a shared future [4 5]From a perspective of sustainability seeking external en-vironmental strategies and internal dynamic mechanisms tooptimize the development model of the marine economywill be the key areas of science research and the developmentof the marine economy [6 9] As policies on the develop-ment and utilization of sea areas have gradually changed theoperation mode and structural characteristics of micro-marine economies have begun to change as well (Figure 5)Coastal areas are typical areas of rapid urbanization anddevelopment of the marine economy -is study has takenthe coastal areas in China as spatial samples to study thehigh-quality development of the marine economy and metcurrent political requirements and practical needs -e

8 Complexity

discussion on the pattern of the high-quality development ofmarine economy can provide a reference to other coastalcountries in the world

-e pattern of the high-quality development of themarine economy is a key issue that needs to be consideredfor the development of coastal areas it poses as an importantpath for coastal countries to actively explore to help themachieve sustainable growth -e global economy is under-going a cyclical slowdown -erefore the risks of suddenunusual and irregular fluctuations continue to intensify theuncertainty of economic development meaning that tra-ditional theories of economic growth would not be appli-cable to the sustainable growth of the marine economy-anks to the promotion of several international scienceprograms the establishment of sustainable science has laidthe theoretical foundation for solving marine-relatedproblems [32] It has gradually become the core objective ofmarine economic development to transform shifting fromthe quantity of sustainable growth to the quality of sus-tainable growth and seek growth that has low consumptionless pollution and high output

From the perspective of sustainable development thetheoretical framework and evaluation system of the high-quality development of the marine economy have not yetbeen established and empirical analysis in this area stillneeds to be improved -e study has combined analysis oftypical cases and we study the pattern of high-quality de-velopment using coastal areas in China as examples in-creasing the reliability of research results -e case study ofthis paper is different from the case analysis of the optimaleconomic management of the local coastal zone in a singlearea [22 23] or the qualitative division of stages of marineeconomic development -e study has adopted a combi-nation of the index method and the threshold model toquantitatively compare the marine economy in variouscoastal areas regarding their stage of high-quality devel-opment state of operation and spatial-temporal evolutionof development -is method can accurately identify thedevelopment orientation of the marine economy in coastalcities In addition it is different from the economic high-quality development model [33] -is research intends to

propose solutions to resolve the bottlenecks of marineeconomic development and marine ecological environmentin the coastal areas and we attempt to construct models forsustainable development in terms of ecological benefit andeconomic benefits

-e study is significant in alleviating the pressure ofhigh-density agglomeration high-intensity developmenthigh-level pollution and high-risk ecological environmentdue to the rapid growth of the marine economy in coastalcities It also seeks the ldquoeconomic-ecologicalrdquo interaction-coupling model of sustainable development [34]

-e limitations of this study are as follows Based on theavailability and representativeness of the national oceano-graphic data the research team only collected screened andprocessed relevant data in the period between 2006 and 2016and then quantitatively analyzed the state of the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy in Chinarsquos coastalareas Coastal agglomerated areas were mainly taken as coreresearch objects and the development of the upstream anddownstream industrial chains related to marine industriesinland was not considered which may have had a certainimpact on the research results

5 Conclusions

-is study has systematically analyzed the features of thecross-scale transfer of the high-quality development of themarine economy has constructed a model for the evolutionof development in time and space and has integratedmultiple agents elements and systems Chinarsquos coastal areasin the period between 2006 and 2016 were taken as spatialsamples to assess its spatial-temporal evolution and give typeclassifications -e results of the research have found that

(1) -e high-quality development of Chinarsquos marineeconomy shows remarkable policy-oriented char-acteristics -e issue of coastal policies has evolvedover time from a brief and scattered pattern to asystematic and intensive pattern while the focus ofthe policies has shifted from the growth rate to thequality of marine economic development

Aggregation of micromarine

economiesMaritime sector

Coastal city node appears Subsenior coastal area

Forming coastal city groups

Other coastal city groups


Bohai Rim RegionYangtze River Delta

Pearl River Delta

Spatial agglomeration marine elements industrial upgrading and prior development

Spatial spillover technological progress industrial transfer and driving role

Spatial agglomeration

Administrative jurisdiction

Chinarsquos marine economyldquoNortheast revitalizationrdquo

ldquoCentral Riserdquoldquothe Belt and Roadrdquo

Cross regional linkage


Complexity 9

(2) In terms of time evolution differences in the high-quality development of Chinarsquos marine economyincreased with time but the high-quality devel-opment steadily improved and showed club con-vergence indicating a development process fromthe primary stage to the fluctuation stage to thestable stage In terms of spatial evolution thecoastal areas of the YRD from 2006 to 2016 con-tinued to be the hot spots in general -e coastalareas of the PRD and the BER showed a mix of hotand cold spots -e spatial evolution pattern ofhigh-quality development of the marine economybasically formed a multipolar distribution alter-nating between high medium and low qualities-e pattern of development presents the charac-teristics of regional spatial linkage rather than amonolithic development

(3) Classification of high-quality development of marineeconomy Based on the score ranges advanced-levelareas include Guangdong Shanghai ShandongZhejiang and Tianjin intermediate-level areas in-clude Fujian Jiangsu Hainan and Liaoning andprimary-level areas include Hebei and Guangxi

From a perspective of sustainable development researchon the high-quality development of the marine economyneeds to address scientific issues such as high-level inte-gration and interdisciplinary research unification of con-ceptual framework and establishment of theoretical systemsdetermination of evaluation scales and thresholds andimprovement of marine economic statistical systems in thefuture

Data Availability

-e data used in this paper are given in the governmentstatistical yearbook

Conflicts of Interest

-e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

-is work was supported by the general program of theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (41976207)

References

[1] R E Smalley Our Energy Challenge Columbia UniversityNew York City NY USA 2003

[2] J Yang W Liu Y H Li X M Li and Q S Ge ldquoSimulatingintraurban land use dynamics under multiple scenarios basedon fuzzy cellular automata a case study of jinzhou districtdalianrdquo Complexity vol 2018 Article ID 7202985 17 pages2018

[3] J Yang P Xie J C Xi Q S Ge X M Li and Z D MaldquoLUCC simulation based on the cellular automata simulationa case study of dalian economic and techological developmentzonerdquo Acta Geographica Sinica vol 70 no 3 pp 461ndash4752015

[4] E Ostrom ldquoA general framework for analyzing sustainabilityof social-ecological systemsrdquo Science vol 325 no 5939pp 419ndash422 2009

[5] M Xie J Wang and K Chen ldquoCoordinated developmentanalysis of the ldquoresources-environment-ecology-economy-societyrdquocomplex system in Chinardquo Sustainability vol 8 no 6pp 582ndash604 2016

[6] K Pakalniete J Aigars M Czajkowski S Strake E Zawojskaand N Hanley ldquoUnderstanding the distribution of economicbenefits from improving coastal and marine ecosystemsrdquoScience of the Total Environment vol 584-585 pp 29ndash402017

[7] J-B Marre T Olivier S Pascoe S Jennings J Boncoeur andL Coglan ldquoIs economic valuation of ecosystem services usefulto decision-makers lessons learned from Australian coastaland marine managementrdquo Journal of Environmental Man-agement vol 178 pp 52ndash62 2016

[8] K Chakraborty K Das and T K Kar ldquoModeling and analysisof a marine plankton system with nutrient recycling anddiffusionrdquo Complexity vol 21 no 1 pp 229ndash241 2014

[9] D Ferrol-Schulte M Wolff S Ferse and M Glaser ldquoSus-tainable livelihoods approach in tropical coastal and marinesocialndashecological systems a reviewrdquo Marine Policy vol 42no 14 pp 253ndash258 2013

[10] K Inaba ldquoJapanese marine biological stations preface to thespecial issuerdquo Regional Studies in Marine Science vol 2pp 154ndash157 2015

[11] G Nilsen ldquoSurplus production andmarine resource use in thenorth norwegian iron agerdquo International Journal of NauticalArchaeology vol 46 no 2 pp 231ndash252 2017

[12] MWhite and G OrsquoSullivan ldquoImplications of EUROGOOS onmarine policy making in a small maritime economyrdquo ElsevierOceanography Series vol 62 pp 278ndash285 1997

[13] S E Schutz and A-M Slater ldquoFrom strategic marine plan-ning to project licencesndashstriking a balance between predict-ability and adaptability in the management of aquaculture andoffshore wind farmsrdquo Marine Policy vol 110 Article ID103556 2019

[14] B Li Z Y Shi Z L Han and C Tian ldquoSpatio-temporaldifference and influencing factors of environmental adapt-ability measurement of human-sea economic system in BohaiRim regionrdquo Acta Geographica Sinica vol 73 no 6pp 1121ndash1132 2018

[15] R A M Lauerburg R Diekmann B Blanz et al ldquoSocio-ecological vulnerability to tipping points a review of empiricalapproaches and their use for marine managementrdquo Science ofthe Total Environment vol 705 Article ID 135838 2020

[16] T Agardy M Cody S Hastings et al ldquoLooking beyond thehorizon an early warning system to keep marine mammalinformation relevant for conservationrdquoAquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems vol 29 no S2 pp 71ndash832019

[17] L H Gao and Q Gao ldquoValidation and calculation of thecoordination degree of interactive relationships in the marineeco-economic systemrdquo Resources Science vol 34 no 1pp 173ndash184 2012

[18] D Jia ldquoCoupling and coordination of marine high-end hu-man resources and marine innovative economic developmentabilityrdquo Journal of Coastal Research vol 94 no sp1pp 573ndash576 2019

[19] S-H Wang Y-C Wang and M-L Song ldquoConstruction andanalogue simulation of TERE model for measuring marinebearing capacity in Qingdaordquo Journal of Cleaner Productionvol 167 pp 1303ndash1313 2017

10 Complexity

[20] Y Zhang and A Kendall ldquoConsequential analysis of algalbiofuels benefits to ocean resourcesrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 231 pp 35ndash42 2019

[21] J J Freer G A Tarling M A Collins J C Partridge andM J Genner ldquoPredicting future distributions of lanternfish asignificant ecological resource within the Southern OceanrdquoDiversity and Distributions vol 25 no 8 pp 1259ndash1272 2019

[22] B Li C Tian and Z Y Shi ldquoSpatio-temporal analysis andtype classification of marine economic growth quality inBohai Rim regionrdquo Resources Science vol 39 no 11pp 2052ndash2061 2017

[23] B Li C Tian Z Y Shi and Z L Han ldquoSpatial characteristicsand influencing factors of marine economic growth quality inLiaoning coastal areasrdquo Progress in Geography vol 38 no 7pp 1080ndash1092 2019

[24] K-H Lee J S Noh and J S Khim ldquo-e blue economy andthe united nationsrsquo sustainable development goals challengesand opportunitiesrdquo Environment International vol 137Article ID 105528 2020

[25] M D Smith J Lynham J N Sanchirico and J A WilsonldquoPolitical economy of marine reserves understanding the roleof opportunity costsrdquo Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences vol 107 no 43 pp 18300ndash18305 2010

[26] MW Lin C Huang and Z S Xu ldquoTOPSIS method based oncorrelation coefficient and entropy measure for linguisticpythagorean fuzzy sets and its application to multiple attri-bute decision makingrdquo Complexity vol 2019 Article ID6967390 16 pages 2019

[27] M-S Yang and Z Hussain ldquoFuzzy entropy for pythagoreanfuzzy sets with application tomulticriterion decisionmakingrdquoComplexity vol 2018 Article ID 2832839 14 pages 2018

[28] S H Jin J Yang E X Wang and J Liu ldquo-e influence ofhigh-speed rail on icendashsnow tourism in northeastern ChinardquoTourism Management vol 78 Article ID 104070 2020

[29] R Ding ldquo-e complex network theory-based urban land-useand transport interaction studiesrdquo Complexity vol 2019Article ID 4180890 14 pages 2019

[30] B W Silverman Density Estimation for Statistics and DataAnalysis CRC Press Boca Raton FL USA 1986

[31] S Wallenstein C L Zucker and J L Fleiss ldquoSome statisticalmethods useful in circulation researchrdquo Circulation Researchvol 47 no 1 pp 1ndash9 1980

[32] R W Kates W C Clark R Corell et al ldquoSustainabilitySciencerdquo Science vol 292 no 5517 pp 641-642 2001

[33] Q B Di Z Yu and L X Xu ldquoSpatial-temporal coordinationmode of marine economic development under the back-ground of high quality growth based on the empirical study ofprefecture-level cities in Circum-Bohai Seardquo Scientia Geo-graphica Sinica vol 39 no 10 pp 1621ndash1630 2019

[34] F Y Guo L J Tong Z G Liu H J Zhao and A L HouldquoSpatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of industrialecology in Shandong province based on panel data of 17citiesrdquo Geographical Research vol 38 no 9 pp 2226ndash22382019

Complexity 11

typical regions and specific case analysis have become keyresearch areas Furthermore popular research topics includediagnostic analysis of the threats to the interactive rela-tionship [13 14] risk assessment of the pathological pursuitof economic growth [15 16] coupled and coordinateddevelopment [17 18] threshold and carrying capacity [19]and accounting for resource depletion [20 21] Relatedresearch focuses on how to achieve sustainable developmentof the marine economy though the emphasis has shiftedfrom understanding the rate at which the marine economy isgrowing to the quality of sustainable marine economicgrowth [22]

In China 43 of the countryrsquos population live in coastalareas forming more than 55 of the gross national product(GNP) Coastal areas have absorbed approximately 80 ofdirect investment and received more than 90 of the totalimport and export trade allowing it to become a powerfulengine for the development of the national economy -usthe development of coastal cities has an influence on therunning situation of the entire country Chinarsquos focus on thetransformation of themarine economy is shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development given the in-creasing pressure to preserve resources and the environmentin coastal areas in order to be innovative in realizing thesustainable development of the marine economy [23]

Existing literature on the growth of the marine economyfocuses more on the magnitude of growth with little researchbeing conducted on the quality of growth Traditional marineeconomic growth emphasizes the speed of growth whilehigh-quality development emphasizes the advantages anddisadvantages of growth -e negative effects of the externalenvironment such as shrinking demand and diminishingdemographic dividend have forced the development of themarine economy under the constraint of a structural slow-down crisis to shift to the long-term perspective in terms ofspeed structure and power changes in time and space so asto achieve sustainable growth and improve human welfare[24] It aims to optimize the structure of marine industriespromote marine social welfare and enhance the marineecological environment based on the improvement of thecomprehensive strength of the marine economy [8 22 25] Inparticular the human-ocean system and its subsystems arethe main areas where high-quality development can improvethe marine economy while carriers that support the devel-opment of the marine economy are areas that can improvemarine economic activity at all levels Relevant carriersachieve the coordination and healthy development of thesystems via the exchange of substance and information on thehuman-ocean system [24]

-is study uses Chinarsquos coastal areas as an exampleconstructing a research framework for the high-qualitydevelopment of the countryrsquos marine economy -e tem-poral and spatial variation of the high-quality developmentof Chinarsquos marine economy from 2006 to 2016 is explored byutilizing the nuclear density estimation entropy and meanstandard deviation classification methods We identify thedevelopment stages and specific research sample types inorder to contribute to the sustainable development of thenational marine economy

-e high-quality development of Chinarsquos marine econ-omy mainly relies on guidance from the national macro-economic marine policy and the supplementary promotion oflocal targeted maritime laws and regulations -e release ofcoastal policies has changed over time from a brief andscattered pattern to a systematic and intensive pattern whilethe focus of the policies has shifted from the growth rate to thequality of marine economic development (Figure 1)

2 Method

21 Variable Selection and Processing Based on the analysisof the features that define the quality of marine economicdevelopment (Figure 2) an index system for the high-qualitydevelopment of the marine economy was constructed asshown in Table 1 -e variable for maritime comprehensivestrength reflects the material basis for the high-quality de-velopment of the marine economy and mainly includes thescale and indicators of the economic expansion of themarine economy -e structure of marine industries is anindicator for the proportion and output of three sectors ofthe maritime economy and reflects their level of structuraloptimization as well as the internal structure and growthpattern of marine economic development Marine socialwelfare is reflected in the indicator for the benefits broughtto the public through the high-quality development of themarine economy such as employment livelihood scienceand technology and income these also reflect the goals ofmarine economic development Marine ecological envi-ronment represents the indicator for the protection anddestruction of the marine environment which mainly re-flects the price paid for achieving the high-quality devel-opment of the marine economy Due to the limitation of themarine data the areas studied in this paper include 8 coastalprovinces 1 autonomous region and 2 municipalities(excluding Hong Kong Macao and Taiwan) in China

Specifically the calculations are as follows

(i) Marine resources are a weighted sum of marinespatial resources (eg sea area coastline andseabed) marine biological resources (eg volumeof marine aquaculture and amount of marinefishing) marine chemical resources (eg sea salt)marine mineral resources (oil and natural gas) andmarine tourism resources (eg star hotels incoastal areas)

(ii) Index of market organizations in coastal area-s total industrial output of coastal areastotalnumber of coastal industries

(iii) Fiscal self-financing rate in coastal areas revenuewithin general budgets of local governments incoastal areasexpenditure within general budgetsof local governments

(iv) -e level of support by national policies is rated asldquo3rdquo ldquo2rdquo or ldquo1rdquo according to the frequency ofoccurrences of the arearsquos name and the number ofsupporting policies in national marine policies andregulations

2 Complexity




1949~1978


period

1979~1990





and protection



marine economy








1991~2000 2001~2010 2011~Now


Time scale




Economic climate

Activity space

Development results



Marine economic

system

Marine ecosystem

Spatial transfer


Globalization


Marine ecology





Economic climate

Activity space

Development results


Materia

l cycle


feed

back

Dynamic equilibrium

Macrosca

le

Middle-sca

le

Microsca

le


Complexity 3

Tabl

e1

Evaluatio

nsystem

ofthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

Firstlevelind


Indexinterpretatio

nWeigh

t

Com

prehensiv

estreng

thof

marineecon

omy

Gross

oceanprod

uct(G

OP)


asisprovided


marineecon

omyforthe

high


marineecon

omy

0041

Actualu

tilizationof

foreigncapital


openingup

ontheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marinee

cono

my

0046

Internationalc

ontainer

traffi

cRe

flectingthecontribu

tionof


constructio

nto

thehigh

-qualityof

marineecon

omy

0058

Econ

omic

density

ofcoastline

Reflectingtheprod

uctio

nvitalityof

marineecon

omyin

coastala

reas

0065

Marineresource

cond

ition

sRe

flectingtherelatio


mineral

resourcesandhigh

-qu

ality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0054

Marketo

rganizationindex

Reflectingthem

arketh

interla

ndrsquosabilityto

accept

theh

igh-qu

ality

structureprod

uctsand

services

ofthemarineecon

omy

0042

Fixedassets

investment


thof


omywith

high

quality

0043

Marineprofessio

nala

ndtechnicalp

ersonn

elRe

flectingthesupp

ortin

groleof


-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0043


rate

Reflectingthefi

nancialsup

portofgovernmentfi

nancetotheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0010

Nationalp

olicysupp

ort


ofnatio

nalp

olicyenvironm

enttothehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarineecon

omy

0114

Fluctuationof

marineecon

omic

grow

thRe


theflu

ctuatio

nrisk

forthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0009

Marineindu

strial

structure

Con

tributionrateof

marinesecond

aryindu

stry

andtertiary

indu

stry

Internal

indu

strial

structurerequ

irem

ents

reflectinghigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0044

Value

addedfrom

major

marineindu

stries

Reflectingtheflo

atingdegree

ofmajor

marineindu

stries

intheprocessof

high

-quality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0039

Advancedindexof

marineindu

stry



degree

ofmarineindu

strialstructureand

thehigh

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0038

Locatio

nentrop

yof

marineindu

stry

Reflectingtheim

pactof

thechange

ofmarineindu


linkage

onthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0061

Con

versionrateof

nonfi

sherymarineindu

strial

structure

Reflectingtheinflu

ence

oftheop

timizationspeedof

marineindu

stry

compo

sitionon

the

high

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0063

Marinesocial

welfare

Marine-relatedem

ployment

Reflectingtheem

ploymentwelfare

brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0062

Marinefishing

yield


brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0065

Disp

osable

incomeof

coastalu

rban

resid

ents

Reflectingtheincom

eand

welfarebrou

ghtb

yhigh

-qualitydevelopm

entofm

arinee

cono

my

0033

Num

berof


institu

tions


cand

techno

logicalbenefitsbrou

ghtb

ytheh

igh-qu

ality

developm

ent

ofmarineecon

omy

0033

Marineecological

environm

ent

Num

berof

marinenature

reserves

Environm

entalp

rotectionforhigh

quality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0031

Directe

cono

mic

loss

ofmarinedisaster


entalc

osts

paid

forthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0007

Noteindexdataarec

ollected

bythec

itiesin

thec

oastalareasandtheo

riginaldataa

redimensio

nlessp

rocessedC

hinarsquosmarined

ataa

remainlyfrom

ChinarsquosMarineS

tatisticalYe

arbo

okw


arefrom

thegovernmentw

orkrepo

rtssocialdevelopm

entstatisticsb

ulletin


cumentsof

coastalcities-

roughthep


gandcomparisonof

marined

ata

wefoun

dthat

themarinedata

fortheresearch

areasarerelativ


wella

sscientificandob

jectivefortheperiod

2006


cyclewas

chosen

4 Complexity




1113969




^fh(x) 1

nh1113944

n

i1K

x minus xi

h1113874 1113875 (1)


Gaussian 12π

radic eminus (12)t2

(2)


3 Results






Complexity 5







Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32


20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)


6 Complexity



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11




1949~1978


period

1979~1990





and protection



marine economy








1991~2000 2001~2010 2011~Now


Time scale




Economic climate

Activity space

Development results



Marine economic

system

Marine ecosystem

Spatial transfer


Globalization


Marine ecology





Economic climate

Activity space

Development results


Materia

l cycle


feed

back

Dynamic equilibrium

Macrosca

le

Middle-sca

le

Microsca

le


Complexity 3

Tabl

e1

Evaluatio

nsystem

ofthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

Firstlevelind


Indexinterpretatio

nWeigh

t

Com

prehensiv

estreng

thof

marineecon

omy

Gross

oceanprod

uct(G

OP)


asisprovided


marineecon

omyforthe

high


marineecon

omy

0041

Actualu

tilizationof

foreigncapital


openingup

ontheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marinee

cono

my

0046

Internationalc

ontainer

traffi

cRe

flectingthecontribu

tionof


constructio

nto

thehigh

-qualityof

marineecon

omy

0058

Econ

omic

density

ofcoastline

Reflectingtheprod

uctio

nvitalityof

marineecon

omyin

coastala

reas

0065

Marineresource

cond

ition

sRe

flectingtherelatio


mineral

resourcesandhigh

-qu

ality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0054

Marketo

rganizationindex

Reflectingthem

arketh

interla

ndrsquosabilityto

accept

theh

igh-qu

ality

structureprod

uctsand

services

ofthemarineecon

omy

0042

Fixedassets

investment


thof


omywith

high

quality

0043

Marineprofessio

nala

ndtechnicalp

ersonn

elRe

flectingthesupp

ortin

groleof


-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0043


rate

Reflectingthefi

nancialsup

portofgovernmentfi

nancetotheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0010

Nationalp

olicysupp

ort


ofnatio

nalp

olicyenvironm

enttothehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarineecon

omy

0114

Fluctuationof

marineecon

omic

grow

thRe


theflu

ctuatio

nrisk

forthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0009

Marineindu

strial

structure

Con

tributionrateof

marinesecond

aryindu

stry

andtertiary

indu

stry

Internal

indu

strial

structurerequ

irem

ents

reflectinghigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0044

Value

addedfrom

major

marineindu

stries

Reflectingtheflo

atingdegree

ofmajor

marineindu

stries

intheprocessof

high

-quality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0039

Advancedindexof

marineindu

stry



degree

ofmarineindu

strialstructureand

thehigh

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0038

Locatio

nentrop

yof

marineindu

stry

Reflectingtheim

pactof

thechange

ofmarineindu


linkage

onthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0061

Con

versionrateof

nonfi

sherymarineindu

strial

structure

Reflectingtheinflu

ence

oftheop

timizationspeedof

marineindu

stry

compo

sitionon

the

high

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0063

Marinesocial

welfare

Marine-relatedem

ployment

Reflectingtheem

ploymentwelfare

brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0062

Marinefishing

yield


brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0065

Disp

osable

incomeof

coastalu

rban

resid

ents

Reflectingtheincom

eand

welfarebrou

ghtb

yhigh

-qualitydevelopm

entofm

arinee

cono

my

0033

Num

berof


institu

tions


cand

techno

logicalbenefitsbrou

ghtb

ytheh

igh-qu

ality

developm

ent

ofmarineecon

omy

0033

Marineecological

environm

ent

Num

berof

marinenature

reserves

Environm

entalp

rotectionforhigh

quality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0031

Directe

cono

mic

loss

ofmarinedisaster


entalc

osts

paid

forthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0007

Noteindexdataarec

ollected

bythec

itiesin

thec

oastalareasandtheo

riginaldataa

redimensio

nlessp

rocessedC

hinarsquosmarined

ataa

remainlyfrom

ChinarsquosMarineS

tatisticalYe

arbo

okw


arefrom

thegovernmentw

orkrepo

rtssocialdevelopm

entstatisticsb

ulletin


cumentsof

coastalcities-

roughthep


gandcomparisonof

marined

ata

wefoun

dthat

themarinedata

fortheresearch

areasarerelativ


wella

sscientificandob

jectivefortheperiod

2006


cyclewas

chosen

4 Complexity




1113969




^fh(x) 1

nh1113944

n

i1K

x minus xi

h1113874 1113875 (1)


Gaussian 12π

radic eminus (12)t2

(2)


3 Results






Complexity 5







Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32


20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)


6 Complexity



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11

Tabl

e1

Evaluatio

nsystem

ofthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

Firstlevelind


Indexinterpretatio

nWeigh

t

Com

prehensiv

estreng

thof

marineecon

omy

Gross

oceanprod

uct(G

OP)


asisprovided


marineecon

omyforthe

high


marineecon

omy

0041

Actualu

tilizationof

foreigncapital


openingup

ontheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marinee

cono

my

0046

Internationalc

ontainer

traffi

cRe

flectingthecontribu

tionof


constructio

nto

thehigh

-qualityof

marineecon

omy

0058

Econ

omic

density

ofcoastline

Reflectingtheprod

uctio

nvitalityof

marineecon

omyin

coastala

reas

0065

Marineresource

cond

ition

sRe

flectingtherelatio


mineral

resourcesandhigh

-qu

ality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0054

Marketo

rganizationindex

Reflectingthem

arketh

interla

ndrsquosabilityto

accept

theh

igh-qu

ality

structureprod

uctsand

services

ofthemarineecon

omy

0042

Fixedassets

investment


thof


omywith

high

quality

0043

Marineprofessio

nala

ndtechnicalp

ersonn

elRe

flectingthesupp

ortin

groleof


-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0043


rate

Reflectingthefi

nancialsup

portofgovernmentfi

nancetotheh

igh-qu

ality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0010

Nationalp

olicysupp

ort


ofnatio

nalp

olicyenvironm

enttothehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarineecon

omy

0114

Fluctuationof

marineecon

omic

grow

thRe


theflu

ctuatio

nrisk

forthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0009

Marineindu

strial

structure

Con

tributionrateof

marinesecond

aryindu

stry

andtertiary

indu

stry

Internal

indu

strial

structurerequ

irem

ents

reflectinghigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0044

Value

addedfrom

major

marineindu

stries

Reflectingtheflo

atingdegree

ofmajor

marineindu

stries

intheprocessof

high

-quality

transformationof

marineecon

omy

0039

Advancedindexof

marineindu

stry



degree

ofmarineindu

strialstructureand

thehigh

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0038

Locatio

nentrop

yof

marineindu

stry

Reflectingtheim

pactof

thechange

ofmarineindu


linkage

onthe

high

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0061

Con

versionrateof

nonfi

sherymarineindu

strial

structure

Reflectingtheinflu

ence

oftheop

timizationspeedof

marineindu

stry

compo

sitionon

the

high

quality

ofmarineecon

omy

0063

Marinesocial

welfare

Marine-relatedem

ployment

Reflectingtheem

ploymentwelfare

brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marine

econ

omy

0062

Marinefishing

yield


brou

ghtb

ythehigh

-qualitydevelopm

entof

marineecon

omy

0065

Disp

osable

incomeof

coastalu

rban

resid

ents

Reflectingtheincom

eand

welfarebrou

ghtb

yhigh

-qualitydevelopm

entofm

arinee

cono

my

0033

Num

berof


institu

tions


cand

techno

logicalbenefitsbrou

ghtb

ytheh

igh-qu

ality

developm

ent

ofmarineecon

omy

0033

Marineecological

environm

ent

Num

berof

marinenature

reserves

Environm

entalp

rotectionforhigh

quality

developm

entof

marineecon

omy

0031

Directe

cono

mic

loss

ofmarinedisaster


entalc

osts

paid

forthehigh

-qualitydevelopm

ento

fmarine

econ

omy

0007

Noteindexdataarec

ollected

bythec

itiesin

thec

oastalareasandtheo

riginaldataa

redimensio

nlessp

rocessedC

hinarsquosmarined

ataa

remainlyfrom

ChinarsquosMarineS

tatisticalYe

arbo

okw


arefrom

thegovernmentw

orkrepo

rtssocialdevelopm

entstatisticsb

ulletin


cumentsof

coastalcities-

roughthep


gandcomparisonof

marined

ata

wefoun

dthat

themarinedata

fortheresearch

areasarerelativ


wella

sscientificandob

jectivefortheperiod

2006


cyclewas

chosen

4 Complexity




1113969




^fh(x) 1

nh1113944

n

i1K

x minus xi

h1113874 1113875 (1)


Gaussian 12π

radic eminus (12)t2

(2)


3 Results






Complexity 5







Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32


20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)


6 Complexity



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11




1113969




^fh(x) 1

nh1113944

n

i1K

x minus xi

h1113874 1113875 (1)


Gaussian 12π

radic eminus (12)t2

(2)


3 Results






Complexity 5







Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32


20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)


6 Complexity



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11







Den

sity

00

04

08

12

16

20

24

28

32


20062010

20142016

(a)

Primary stage


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006025

027

029

031

033

035

037

039

041

(Sco

re)

(b)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

(Yua

n)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162006

GOPGDP

(c)

000

005

010

015

020()

025

030

035

2008 2010 2012 2014 20162006

GOPGDP

(d)


6 Complexity



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11



2006 2010

2014 2016

0 0kmkm

0km

0km

South China Sea

Diaoyu Islands

800 800

800800


N

(a)

2006 2010 2014 2016





(b)


Complexity 7













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11













4 Discussions


8 Complexity







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11







5 Conclusions










Pearl River Delta









Complexity 9




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11




Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References




















10 Complexity
















Complexity 11
















Complexity 11

Documents

Evolution and Differentiation of High-Quality …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/5624961.pdfEvolution and Differentiation of High-Quality Development of Marine Economy: