Evidences of Christianity By William Paley

8/13/2019 Evidences of Christianity By William Paley

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Evidences of Christianity

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William Paley

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EVIDENCES OF CHRISTIANITY

by

WILLIAM PALEY, D.D.

A New Edition

London: P inted by W. C!owe" #nd Son", St#$%o d St eet&'(&

THE HONO)RA*LE AND RI+HT REVEREND AMES YOR-, D.D., LORD *ISHOP OF ELY

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My LORD,

W en, %i/e ye# " #0o, #n i$1o t#nt "t#tion in t e )ni/e "ity o%C#$b id0e #w#ited yo2 Lo d" i13" di"1o"#!, yo2 we e 1!e#"ed too%%e it to $e. T e 4i 42$"t#n4e" 2nde w i4 t i" o%%e w#" $#dede$#nd # 12b!i4 #45now!ed0$ent. I #d ne/e "een yo2 Lo d" i16I 1o""e""ed no 4onne4tion w i4 4o2!d 1o""ib!y e4o$$end $e toyo2 %#/o2 6 I w#" 5nown to yo2 on!y by $y ende#/o2 , in4o$$on wit $#ny ot e ", to di"4 # 0e $y d2ty #" # t2to in t e)ni/e "ity6 #nd by "o$e /e y i$1e %e4t, b2t 4e t#in!y we!!intended,#nd, #" yo2 t o20 t, 2"e%2! 12b!i4#tion" "in4e. In #n #0e by no$e#n" w#ntin0 in e7#$1!e" o% ono2 #b!e 1#t on#0e, #!t o20 t i"de"e /e not to be $entioned in e"1e4t o% t e ob8e4t o% yo2Lo d" i13" 4 oi4e, it i" in%e io to none in t e 12 ity #nddi"inte e"tedne"" o% t e $oti/e" w i4 "200e"ted it.

How t e %o!!owin0 wo 5 $#y be e4ei/ed, I 1 etend not to %o ete!!.My %i "t 1 #ye 4on4e nin0 it i", t #t it $#y do 0ood to #ny: $y"e4ond o1e, t #t it $#y #""i"t, w #t it #t #!w#y" been $ye# ne"t wi" to 1 o$ote, t e e!i0io2" 1# t o% #n #4#de$i4#!ed24#tion. I% in t i" !#tte /iew it $i0 t "ee$, in #ny de0 ee, toe742"e yo2 Lo d" i13" 82d0$ent o% it" #2t o , I " #!! be 0 #ti%ied

by t e e%!e4tion t #t, to # 5indne"" %!owin0 % o$ 12b!i4 1 in4i1!e",I #/e $#de t e be"t 12b!i4 et2 n in $y 1owe .

In t e $e#n ti$e, #nd in e/e y e/ent, I e8oi4e in t e o11o t2nitye e #%%o ded $e o% te"ti%yin0 t e "en"e I ente t#in o% yo2

Lo d" i13" 4ond24t, #nd o% # noti4e w i4 I e0# d #" t e $o"t

%!#tte in0 di"tin4tion o% $y !i%e.I #$, MY LORD,

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Wit "enti$ent" o% 0 #tit2de #nd e"1e4t, Yo2 Lo d" i13" %#it %2!

And $o"t ob!i0ed "e /#nt,WILLIAM PALEY

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CONTENTS

PART &.PROPOSITION I.CHAPTER ICHAPTER IICHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VIICHAPTER VIIICHAPTER I9CHAPTER 9.

PROPOSITION II.CHAPTER ICHAPTER IIPART II.CHAPTER ICHAPTER IICHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER V

CHAPTER VIPART IIICHAPTER ICHAPTER IICHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER VCHAPTER VICHAPTER VIICon4!2"ion.

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PREPARATORY CONSIDERATIONS.

I dee$ it 2nne4e""# y to 1 o/e t #t $#n5ind "tood in need o% #e/e!#tion be4#2"e I #/e $et wit no "e io2" 1e "on w o t in5"

t #t, e/en 2nde t e C i"ti#n e/e!#tion, we #/e too $24 !i0 t,o #ny de0 ee o% #""2 #n4e w i4 i" "21e %!2o2". I de"i e,$o eo/e , t #t in 82d0in0 o% C i"ti#nity, it $#y be e$e$be ed

t #t t e 2e"tion !ie" between t i" e!i0ion #nd none: %o , i% t eC i"ti#n e!i0ion be not 4 edib!e, no one, wit w o$ we #/e todo, wi!! "211o t t e 1 eten"ion" o% #ny ot e .

S211o"e, t en, t e wo !d we !i/e in to #/e #d # C e#to 6 "211o"eit to #11e# , % o$ t e 1 edo$in#nt #i$ #nd tenden4y o% t e1 o/i"ion" #nd 4ont i/#n4e" ob"e /#b!e in t e 2ni/e "e, t #t t e

Deity, w en e %o $ed it, 4on"2!ted %o t e #11ine"" o% i""en"iti/e 4 e#tion6 "211o"e t e di"1o"ition w i4 di4t#ted t i"4o2n"e! to 4ontin2e6 "211o"e # 1# t o% t e 4 e#tion to #/e e4ei/ed%#42!tie" % o$ t ei M#5e , by w i4 t ey # e 4#1#b!e o% ende in0# $o #! obedien4e to i" wi!!, #nd o% /o!2nt# i!y 12 "2in0 #ny end%o w i4 e #" de"i0ned t e$6 "211o"e t e C e#to to intend %ot e"e, i" #tion#! #nd #44o2nt#b!e #0ent", # "e4ond "t#te o%

e7i"ten4e, in w i4 t ei "it2#tion wi!! be by t ei be #/io2 in t e%i "t "t#te, by w i4 "211o"e ;#nd by no ot e < t e ob8e4tion to t edi/ine 0o/e n$ent in not 12ttin0 # di%%e en4e between t e 0ood#nd t e b#d, #nd t e in4on"i"ten4y o% t i" 4on%2"ion wit t e 4# e#nd bene/o!en4e di"4o/e #b!e in t e wo 5" o% t e Deity i" done#w#y6 "211o"e it to be o% t e 2t$o"t i$1o t#n4e to t e "2b8e4t" o%t i" di"1en"#tion to 5now w #t i" intended %o t e$, t #t i","211o"e t e 5now!ed0e o% it to be i0 !y 4ond24i/e to t e

#11ine"" o% t e "1e4ie", # 12 1o"e w i4 "o $#ny 1 o/i"ion" o%n#t2 e # e 4#!42!#ted to 1 o$ote: S211o"e, ne/e t e!e"", #!$o"t t e

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w o!e #4e, eit e by t e i$1e %e4tion o% t ei %#42!tie", t e$i"%o t2ne o% t ei "it2#tion, o by t e !o"" o% "o$e 1 io e/e!#tion,

to w#nt t i" 5now!ed0e, #nd not to be !i5e!y, wit o2t t e #id o% #new e/e!#tion, to #tt#in it6 2nde t e"e 4i 42$"t#n4e", i" iti$1 ob#b!e t #t # e/e!#tion " o2!d be $#de= I" it in4 edib!e t #t+od " o2!d inte 1o"e %o "24 # 12 1o"e= S211o"e i$ to de"i0n%o $#n5ind # %2t2 e "t#te6 i" it 2n!i5e!y t #t e " o2!d #4 2#int

i$ wit it=

Now in w #t w#y 4#n # e/e!#tion be $#de, b2t by $i #4!e"= Innone w i4 we # e #b!e to 4on4ei/e. Con"e 2ent!y, in w #te/ede0 ee it i" 1 ob#b!e, o not /e y i$1 ob#b!e, t #t # e/e!#tion" o2!d be 4o$$2ni4#ted to $#n5ind #t #!!: in t e "#$e de0 ee i" it1 ob#b!e, o not /e y i$1 ob#b!e, t #t $i #4!e" " o2!d be w o20 t.T e e%o e, w en $i #4!e" # e e!#ted to #/e been w o20 t in t e

1 o$2!0#tin0 o% # e/e!#tion $#ni%e"t!y w#nted, #nd, i% t 2e, o%ine"ti$#b!e /#!2e, t e i$1 ob#bi!ity w i4 # i"e" % o$ t e$i #42!o2" n#t2 e o% t e t in0" e!#ted i" not 0 e#te t #n t eo i0in#! i$1 ob#bi!ity t #t "24 # e/e!#tion " o2!d be i$1# ted by+od.

I wi" it, owe/e , to be 4o e4t!y 2nde "tood, in w #t $#nne , #nd

to w #t e7tent, t i" # 02$ent i" #!!e0ed. We do not #""2$e t e#tt ib2te" o% t e Deity, o t e e7i"ten4e o% # %2t2 e "t#te, in o de to1 o/e t e e#!ity o% $i #4!e". T #t e#!ity #!w#y" $2"t be 1 o/ed bye/iden4e. We #""e t on!y, t #t in $i #4!e" #dd24ed in "211o t o%

e/e!#tion t e e i" not #ny "24 #nte4edent i$1 ob#bi!ity #" note"ti$ony 4#n "2 $o2nt. And %o t e 12 1o"e o% $#int#inin0 t i"#""e tion, we 4ontend, t #t t e in4 edibi!ity o% $i #4!e" e!#ted to

#/e been w o20 t in #tte"t#tion o% # $e""#0e % o$ +od,4on/eyin0 inte!!i0en4e o% # %2t2 e "t#te o% ew# d" #nd12ni" $ent", #nd te#4 in0 $#n5ind ow to 1 e1# e t e$"e!/e" %o

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t #t "t#te, i" not in it"e!% 0 e#te t #n t e e/ent, 4#!! it eit e1 ob#b!e o i$1 ob#b!e, o% t e two %o!!owin0 1 o1o"ition" bein0

t 2e: n#$e!y, %i "t, t #t # %2t2 e "t#te o% e7i"ten4e " o2!d bede"tined by +od %o i" 2$#n 4 e#tion6 #nd, "e4ond!y, t #t, bein0"o de"tined, e " o2!d #4 2#int t e$ wit it. It i" not ne4e""# y %oo2 12 1o"e, t #t t e"e 1 o1o"ition" be 4#1#b!e o% 1 oo%, o e/ent #t, by # 02$ent" d #wn % o$ t e !i0 t o% n#t2 e, t ey 4#n be$#de o2t to be 1 ob#b!e6 it i" eno20 t #t we # e #b!e to "#y4on4e nin0 t e$, t #t t ey # e not "o /io!ent!y i$1 ob#b!e, "o4ont #di4to y to w #t we #! e#dy be!ie/e o% t e di/ine 1owe #nd4 # #4te , t #t eit e t e 1 o1o"ition" t e$"e!/e", o %#4t" "t i4t!y4onne4ted wit t e 1 o1o"ition" ;#nd t e e%o e no %2 t ei$1 ob#b!e t #n t ey # e i$1 ob#b!e


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Now t e e #11e# " # "$#!! #$bi02ity in t e te $ ?e71e ien4e, @

#nd in t e 1 #"e", ?4ont # y to e71e ien4e, @ o ?4ont #di4tin0e71e ien4e, @ w i4 it $#y be ne4e""# y to e$o/e in t e %i "t 1!#4e.St i4t!y "1e#5in0, t e n# #ti/e o% # %#4t i" t en on!y 4ont # y toe71e ien4e, w en t e %#4t i" e!#ted to #/e e7i"ted #t # ti$e #nd1!#4e, #t w i4 ti$e #nd 1!#4e we bein0 1 e"ent did not 1e 4ei/e itto e7i"t6 #" i% it " o2!d be #""e ted, t #t in # 1# ti42!# oo$, #nd #t# 1# ti42!# o2 o% # 4e t#in d#y, # $#n w#" #i"ed % o$ t e de#d,in w i4 oo$, #nd #t t e ti$e "1e4i%ied, we, bein0 1 e"ent #nd!oo5in0 on, 1e 4ei/ed no "24 e/ent to #/e t#5en 1!#4e. He e t e#""e tion i" 4ont # y to e71e ien4e 1 o1e !y "o 4#!!ed6 #nd t i" i" #4ont # iety w i4 no e/iden4e 4#n "2 $o2nt. It $#tte " not in0,w et e t e %#4t be o% # $i #42!o2" n#t2 e, o not. *2t #!t o20 t i"

be t e e71e ien4e, #nd t e 4ont # iety, w i4 A 4 bi" o1 Ti!!ot"on#!!e0ed in t e 2ot#tion wit w i4 M . H2$e o1en" i" E""#y, it i"4e t#in!y not t #t e71e ien4e, no t #t 4ont # iety, w i4 M . H2$e

i$"e!% intended to ob8e4t. And " o t o% t i" I 5now no inte!!i0ib!e"i0ni%i4#tion w i4 4#n be #%%i7ed to t e te $ ?4ont # y toe71e ien4e, @ b2t one, /i>., t #t o% not #/in0 o2 "e!/e" e71e ien4ed#nyt in0 "i$i!# to t e t in0 e!#ted, o "24 t in0" not bein00ene #!!y e71e ien4ed by ot e ". I "#y ?not 0ene #!!y@ %o to "t#te

4on4e nin0 t e %#4t in 2e"tion, t #t no "24 t in0 w#" e/ee71e ien4ed, o t #t 2ni/e "#! e71e ien4e i" #0#in"t it, i" to #""2$et e "2b8e4t o% t e 4ont o/e "y.

Now t e i$1 ob#bi!ity w i4 # i"e" % o$ t e w#nt ;%o t i"1 o1e !y i" # w#nt, not # 4ont #di4tion< o% e71e ien4e, i" on!y e 2#!

to t e 1 ob#bi!ity t e e i", t #t, i% t e t in0 we e t 2e, we " o2!de71e ien4e t in0" "i$i!# to it, o t #t "24 t in0" wo2!d be0ene #!!y e71e ien4ed. S211o"e it t en to be t 2e t #t $i #4!e" we e

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w o20 t on t e %i "t 1 o$2!0#tion o% C i"ti#nity, w en not in0 b2t $i #4!e" 4o2!d de4ide it" #2t o ity, i" it 4e t#in t #t "24

$i #4!e" wo2!d be e1e#ted "o o%ten, #nd in "o $#ny 1!#4e", #" to be4o$e ob8e4t" o% 0ene #! e71e ien4e= I" it # 1 ob#bi!ity#11 o#4 in0 to 4e t#inty= I" it # 1 ob#bi!ity o% #ny 0 e#t "t en0t o%o 4e= I" it "24 #" no e/iden4e 4#n en4o2nte = And yet t i"1 ob#bi!ity i" t e e7#4t 4on/e "e, #nd t e e%o e t e e7#4t $e#"2 e,o% t e i$1 ob#bi!ity w i4 # i"e" % o$ t e w#nt o% e71e ien4e, #ndw i4 M . H2$e e1 e"ent" #" in/in4ib!e by 2$#n te"ti$ony.

It i" not !i5e #!!e0in0 # new !#w o% n#t2 e, o # new e71e i$ent inn#t2 #! 1 i!o"o1 y6 be4#2"e, w en t e"e # e e!#ted, it i" e71e4tedt #t, 2nde t e "#$e 4i 42$"t#n4e", t e "#$e e%%e4t wi!! %o!!ow2ni/e "#!!y6 #nd in 1 o1o tion #" t i" e71e4t#tion i" 82"t!yente t#ined, t e w#nt o% # 4o e"1ondin0 e71e ien4e ne0#ti/e" t e

i"to y. *2t to e71e4t 4on4e nin0 # $i #4!e, t #t it " o2!d "244eed21on # e1etition, i" to e71e4t t #t w i4 wo2!d $#5e it 4e#"e to be# $i #4!e, w i4 i" 4ont # y to it" n#t2 e #" "24 , #nd wo2!d tot#!!yde"t oy t e 2"e #nd 12 1o"e %o w i4 it w#" w o20 t.

T e %o 4e o% e71e ien4e #" #n ob8e4tion to $i #4!e" i" %o2nded in t e1 e"2$1tion, eit e t #t t e 4o2 "e o% n#t2 e i" in/# i#b!e, o t #t, i%it be e/e /# ied, /# i#tion" wi!! be % e 2ent #nd 0ene #!. H#" t ene4e""ity o% t i" #!te n#ti/e been de$on"t #ted= Pe $it 2" to 4#!!t e 4o2 "e o% n#t2 e t e #0en4y o% #n inte!!i0ent *ein0, #nd i" t e e#ny 0ood e#"on %o 82d0in0 t i" "t#te o% t e 4#"e to be 1 ob#b!e=O20 t we not #t e to e71e4t t #t "24 # *ein0, on o44#"ion" o%1e42!i# i$1o t#n4e, $#y inte 21t t e o de w i4 e #d

#11ointed, yet, t #t "24 o44#"ion" " o2!d et2 n "e!do$6 t #t t e"einte 21tion" 4on"e 2ent!y " o2!d be 4on%ined to t e e71e ien4e o%# %ew6 t #t t e w#nt o% it, t e e%o e, in $#ny, " o2!d be $#tte

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neit e o% "2 1 i"e no ob8e4tion=

*2t, #" # 4ontin2#tion o% t e # 02$ent % o$ e71e ien4e, it i" "#idt #t, w en we #d/#n4e #44o2nt" o% $i #4!e", we #""i0n e%%e4t"wit o2t 4#2"e", o we #tt ib2te e%%e4t" to 4#2"e" in#de 2#te to t e12 1o"e, o to 4#2"e" o% t e o1e #tion o% w i4 we #/e noe71e ien4e o% w #t 4#2"e", we $#y #"5, #nd o% w #t e%%e4t", doe"t e ob8e4tion "1e#5= I% it be #n"we ed t #t, w en we #"4 ibe t e42 e o% t e 1#!"y to # to24 , o% b!indne"" to t e #nointin0 o% t eeye" wit 4!#y, o t e #i"in0 o% t e de#d to # wo d, we !#yo2 "e!/e" o1en to t i" i$12t#tion6 we e1!y t #t we #"4 ibe no "24e%%e4t" to "24 4#2"e". We 1e 4ei/e no /i t2e o ene 0y in t e"et in0" $o e t #n in ot e t in0" o% t e "#$e 5ind. T ey # e $e e!y"i0n" to 4onne4t t e $i #4!e wit it" end. T e e%%e4t we #"4 ibe"i$1!y to t e /o!ition o% Deity6 o% w o"e e7i"ten4e #nd 1owe , not

to "#y o% w o"e P e"en4e #nd #0en4y, we #/e 1 e/io2" #ndinde1endent 1 oo%. We #/e, t e e%o e, #!! we "ee5 %o in t e wo 5"o% #tion#! #0ent" # "2%%i4ient 1owe #nd #n #de 2#te $oti/e. In #wo d, on4e be!ie/e t #t t e e i" # +od, #nd $i #4!e" # e notin4 edib!e.

M . H2$e "t#te" t e e#"e o% $i #4!e" to be # 4onte"t o% o11o"itei$1 ob#bi!itie", t #t i" to "#y, # 2e"tion w et e it be $o ei$1 ob#b!e t #t t e $i #4!e " o2!d be t 2e, o t e te"ti$ony %#!"e:#nd t i" I t in5 # %#i #44o2nt o% t e 4ont o/e "y. *2t e ein I

e$# 5 # w#nt o% # 02$ent#ti/e 82"ti4e, t #t, in de"4 ibin0 t ei$1 ob#bi!ity o% $i #4!e", e "211 e""e" #!! t o"e 4i 42$"t#n4e" o%e7ten2#tion, w i4 e"2!t % o$ o2 5now!ed0e o% t e e7i"ten4e,

1owe , #nd di"1o"ition o% t e Deity6 i" 4on4e n in t e 4 e#tion, t eend #n"we ed by t e $i #4!e, t e i$1o t#n4e o% t #t end, #nd it""2b"e /ien4y to t e 1!#n 12 "2ed in t e wo 5 o% n#t2 e. A" M .

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H2$e #" e1 e"ented t e 2e"tion, $i #4!e" # e #!i5e in4 edib!e toi$ w o i" 1 e/io2"!y #""2 ed o% t e 4on"t#nt #0en4y o% # Di/ine

*ein0, #nd to i$ w o be!ie/e" t #t no "24 *ein0 e7i"t" in t e2ni/e "e. T ey # e e 2#!!y in4 edib!e, w et e e!#ted to #/e beenw o20 t 21on o44#"ion t e $o"t de"e /in0, #nd %o 12 1o"e" t e$o"t bene%i4i#!, o %o no #""i0n#b!e end w #te/e , o %o #n end4on%e""ed!y t i%!in0 o 1e ni4io2". T i" "2 e!y 4#nnot be # 4o e4t"t#te$ent. In #d82"tin0 #!"o t e ot e "ide o% t e b#!#n4e, t e"t en0t #nd wei0 t o% te"ti$ony, t i" #2t o #" 1 o/ided #n#n"we to e/e y 1o""ib!e #442$2!#tion o% i"to i4#! 1 oo% by te!!in02" t #t we # e not ob!i0ed to e71!#in ow t e "to y o% t e e/iden4e# o"e. Now I t in5 t #t we # e ob!i0ed6 not, 1e #1", to " ow by1o"iti/e #44o2nt" ow it did, b2t by # 1 ob#b!e y1ot e"i" ow it$i0 t "o #11en. T e e7i"ten4e o% t e te"ti$ony i" # 1 eno$enon6t e t 2t o% t e %#4t "o!/e" t e 1 eno$enon. I% we e8e4t t i""o!2tion, we o20 t to #/e "o$e ot e to e"t in6 #nd none, e/en byo2 #d/e "# ie", 4#n be #d$i ed, w i4 i" not in4on"i"tent wit t e1 in4i1!e" t #t e02!#te 2$#n #%%#i " #nd 2$#n 4ond24t #t1 e"ent, o w i4 $#5e" $en t en to #/e been # di%%e ent 5ind o%

bein0" % o$ w #t t ey # e now.

*2t t e " o t 4on"ide #tion w i4 , inde1endent!y o% e/e y ot e ,4on/in4e" $e t #t t e e i" no "o!id %o2nd#tion in M . H2$e3"4on4!2"ion, i" t e %o!!owin0. W en # t eo e$ i" 1 o1o"ed to #$#t e$#ti4i#n, t e %i "t t in0 e doe" wit it i" to t y it 21on #"i$1!e 4#"e, #nd i% it 1 od24e # %#!"e e"2!t, e i" "2 e t #t t e e$2"t be "o$e $i"t#5e in t e de$on"t #tion. Now to 1 o4eed in t i"w#y wit w #t $#y be 4#!!ed M . H2$e3" t eo e$. I% twe!/e $en,

w o"e 1 obity #nd 0ood "en"e I #d !on0 5nown, " o2!d "e io2"!y#nd 4i 42$"t#nti#!!y e!#te to $e #n #44o2nt o% # $i #4!e w o20 t be%o e t ei eye", #nd in w i4 it w#" i$1o""ib!e t #t t ey " o2!d

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be de4ei/ed: i% t e 0o/e no o% t e 4o2nt y, e# in0 # 2$o2 o% t i"#44o2nt, " o2!d 4#!! t e"e $en into i" 1 e"en4e, #nd o%%e t e$ #

" o t 1 o1o"#!, eit e to 4on%e"" t e i$1o"t2 e, o "2b$it to be tied21 to # 0ibbet6 i% t ey " o2!d e%2"e wit one /oi4e to #45now!ed0et #t t e e e7i"ted #ny %#!"e ood o i$1o"t2 e in t e 4#"e: i% t i"t e#t we e 4o$$2ni4#ted to t e$ "e1# #te!y, yet wit no di%%e ente%%e4t6 i% it w#" #t !#"t e7e42ted6 i% I $y"e!% "#w t e$, one #%te#not e , 4on"entin0 to be #45ed, b2 nt, o "t #n0!ed, #t e t #n!i/e 21 t e t 2t o% t ei #44o2nt6 "ti!! i% M . H2$e3" 2!e be $y02ide, I #$ not to be!ie/e t e$. Now I 2nde t#5e to "#y t #t t e ee7i"t" not # "4e1ti4 in t e wo !d w o wo2!d not be!ie/e t e$, ow o wo2!d de%end "24 in4 ed2!ity.

In"t#n4e" o% "12 io2" $i #4!e" "211o ted by "t on0 #11# entte"ti$ony 2ndo2bted!y de$#nd e7#$in#tion6 M . H2$e #"

ende#/o2 ed to %o ti%y i" # 02$ent by "o$e e7#$1!e" o% t i"5ind. I o1e in # 1 o1e 1!#4e to " ow t #t none o% t e$ e#4 t e"t en0t o 4i 42$"t#n4e" o% t e C i"ti#n e/iden4e. In t e"e,

owe/e , 4on"i"t" t e wei0 t o% i" ob8e4tion6 in t e 1 in4i1!e it"e!%,I #$ 1e "2#ded, t e e i" none.

PART I.

OF THE DIRECT HISTORICAL E IDENCE OF CHRISTIANITY! AND "HEREIN IT IS DISTIN#$ISHED FRO% THE E IDENCE

ALLE#ED FOR OTHER %IRACLES.

T e two 1 o1o"ition" w i4 I " #!! ende#/o2 to e"t#b!i" # e t e"e:

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I. T #t t e e i" "#ti"%#4to y e/iden4e t #t $#ny 1 o%e""in0 to be

o i0in#! witne""e" o% t e C i"ti#n $i #4!e" 1#""ed t ei !i/e" in!#bo2 ", d#n0e ", #nd "2%%e in0", /o!2nt# i!y 2nde 0one in#tte"t#tion o% t e #44o2nt" w i4 t ey de!i/e ed, #nd "o!e!y in4on"e 2en4e o% t ei be!ie% o% t o"e #44o2nt"6 #nd t #t t ey #!"o"2b$itted, % o$ t e "#$e $oti/e", to new 2!e" o% 4ond24t.

B. T #t t e e i" not "#ti"%#4to y e/iden4e t #t 1e "on" 1 o%e""in0 to

be o i0in#! witne""e" o% ot e $i #4!e", in t ei n#t2 e #" 4e t#in #"t e"e # e, #/e e/e #4ted in t e "#$e $#nne , in #tte"t#tion o% t e#44o2nt" w i4 t ey de!i/e ed, #nd 1 o1e !y in 4on"e 2en4e o%t ei be!ie% o% t o"e #44o2nt".

T e %i "t o% t e"e 1 e1o"ition", #" it %o $" t e # 02$ent wi!! "t#nd#t t e e#d o% t e %o!!owin0 nine 4 #1te ".

CHAPTER I

T e e i" "#ti"%#4to y e/iden4e t #t $#ny, 1 o%e""in0 to be o i0in#!witne"" o% t e C i"ti#n $i #4!e", 1#""ed t ei !i/e" in !#bo2 ",d#n0e ", #nd "2%%e in0", /o!2nt# i!y 2nde 0one in #tte"t#tion o% t e#44o2nt" w i4 t ey de!i/e ed, #nd "o!e!y in 4on"e 2en4e o% t eio% be!ie% o% t o"e #44o2nt"6 #nd t #t t ey #!"o "2b$itted, % o$ t e"#$e $oti/e", to new 2!e" o% 4ond24t.

To "211o t t i" 1 o1o"ition, two 1oint" # e ne4e""# y to be $#de

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o2t: %i "t, t #t t e Fo2nde o% t e in"tit2tion, i" #""o4i#te" #ndi$$edi#te %o!!owe ", #4ted t e 1# t w i4 t e 1 o1o"ition i$12te"

to t e$: "e4ond!y, t #t t ey did "o in #tte"t#tion o% t e $i #42!o2"i"to y e4o ded in o2 S4 i1t2 e", #nd "o!e!y in 4on"e 2en4e o%

t ei be!ie% o% t e t 2t o% t i" i"to y.

*e%o e we 1 od24e #ny 1# ti42!# te"ti$ony to t e #4ti/ity #nd"2%%e in0" w i4 4o$1o"e t e "2b8e4t o% o2 %i "t #""e tion, it wi!!

be 1 o1e to 4on"ide t e de0 ee o% 1 ob#bi!ity w i4 t e #""e tionde i/e" % o$ t e n#t2 e o% t e 4#"e, t #t i", by in%e en4e" % o$ t o"e1# t" o% t e 4#"e w i4 , in 1oint o% %#4t, # e on #!! #nd"#45now!ed0ed.

Fi "t, t en, t e C i"ti#n Re!i0ion e7i"t", #nd, t e e%o e, by "o$e$e#n" o ot e , w#" e"t#b!i" ed. Now it eit e owe" t e 1 in4i1!e o%

it" e"t#b!i" $ent, i. e. it" %i "t 12b!i4#tion, to t e #4ti/ity o% t ePe "on w o w#" t e %o2nde o% t e in"tit2tion, #nd o% t o"e w owe e 8oined wit i$ in t e 2nde t#5in0, o we # e d i/en 21on t e"t #n0e "211o"ition, t #t, #!t o20 t ey $i0 t !ie by, ot e " wo2!dt#5e it 216 #!t o20 t ey we e 2iet #nd "i!ent, ot e 1e "on"

b2"ied t e$"e!/e" in t e "244e"" #nd 1 o1#0#tion o% t ei "to y.T i" i" 1e %e4t!y in4 edib!e. To $e it #11e# " !itt!e !e"" t #n 4e t#in,t #t, i% t e %i "t #nno2n4in0 o% t e e!i0ion by t e Fo2nde #d not

been %o!!owed 21 by t e >e#! #nd ind2"t y o% i" i$$edi#tedi"4i1!e", t e #tte$1t $2"t #/e e71i ed in it" bi t . T en #" to t e5ind #nd de0 ee o% e7e tion w i4 w#" e$1!oyed, #nd t e $ode o%!i%e to w i4 t e"e 1e "on" "2b$itted, we e#"on#b!y "211o"e it to

be !i5e t #t w i4 we ob"e /e in #!! ot e " w o /o!2nt# i!y be4o$e

$i""ion# ie" o% # new %#it . F e 2ent, e# ne"t, #nd !#bo io2"1 e#4 in0, 4on"t#nt!y 4on/e "in0 wit e!i0io2" 1e "on" 21one!i0ion, # "e 2e"t #tion % o$ t e 4o$$on 1!e#"2 e", en0#0e$ent",

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18/41


w i4 , in"te#d o% /i4to ie" #nd t i2$1 ", in"te#d o% e7#!tin0 t ein#tion #nd in"tit2tion #bo/e t e e"t o% t e wo !d, w#" to #d/#n4e

t o"e w o$ t ey de"1i"ed to #n e 2#!ity wit t e$"e!/e", in t o"e/e y 1oint" o% 4o$1# i"on in w i4 t ey $o"t /#!2ed t ei owndi"tin4tion, 4o2!d be no /e y 1!e#"in0 di"4o/e y to # ewi" $ind6no 4o2!d t e $e""en0e " o% "24 inte!!i0en4e e71e4t to be we!!

e4ei/ed o e#"i!y 4 edited. T e do4t ine w#" e 2#!!y # " #ndno/e!. T e e7tendin0 o% t e 5in0do$ o% +od to t o"e w o did not4on%o $ to t e !#w o% Mo"e" w#" # notion t #t #d ne/e be%o eente ed into t e t o20 t" o% # ew.

* Pererebuerat oriento toto vetus et contans opinio, esse in fatis, ut eotempore Judaea profecti rerum potirsatur. Sueton. Vespasian. cap. 48.Pluribus persuasio inerat, antiquis sacerdotum literis contineri, eo ipsotempore fore, ut valesecret oriens, profectique Judaea rerum potirentur.

acit. !ist. lib. v. cap. "#$.

T e 4 # #4te o% t e new in"tit2tion w#", in ot e e"1e4t" #!"o,2n0 #te%2! to ewi" #bit" #nd 1 in4i1!e". T ei own e!i0ion w#"in # i0 de0 ee te4 ni4#!. E/en t e en!i0 tened ew 1!#4ed # 0 e#tde#! o% "t e"" 21on t e 4e e$onie" o% i" !#w, "#w in t e$ # 0 e#t

de#! o% /i t2e #nd e%%i4#4y6 t e 0 o"" #nd /2!0# #d "4# 4e!y#nyt in0 e!"e6 #nd t e y1o4 iti4#! #nd o"tent#tio2" $#0ni%iedt e$ #bo/e $e#"2 e, #" bein0 t e in"t 2$ent" o% t ei own

e12t#tion #nd in%!2en4e. T e C i"ti#n "4 e$e, wit o2t %o $#!!ye1e#!in0 t e Le/iti4#! 4ode, !owe ed it" e"ti$#tion e7t e$e!y. In

t e 1!#4e o% "t i4tne"" #nd >e#! in 1e %o $in0 t e ob"e /#n4e"w i4 t #t 4ode 1 e"4 ibed, o w i4 t #dition #d #dded to it, t e

new "e4t 1 e#4 ed 21 %#it , we!! e02!#ted #%%e4tion", inw# d 12 ity,#nd $o #! e4tit2de o% di"1o"ition, #" t e t 2e 0 o2nd, on t e 1# to% t e wo " i11e , o% $e it #nd #44e1t#n4e wit +od. T i",

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owe/e #tion#! it $#y #11e# , o e4o$$endin0 to 2" #t 1 e"ent,did not by #ny $e#n" %#4i!it#te t e 1!#n t en. On t e 4ont # y, to

di"1# #0e t o"e 2#!itie" w i4 t e i0 e"t 4 # #4te " in t e4o2nt y /#!2ed t e$"e!/e" $o"t 21on, w#" # "2 e w#y o% $#5in01owe %2! ene$ie". A" i% t e % 2"t #tion o% t e n#tion#! o1e w#" noteno20 , t e !on0 e"tee$ed $e it o% it2#! >e#! #nd 12n4t2#!ity w#"to be de4 ied, #nd t #t by ew" 1 e#4 in0 to ew".

T e 2!in0 1# ty #t e 2"#!e$ #d 82"t be%o e 4 24i%ied t e Fo2ndeo% t e e!i0ion. T #t i" # %#4t w i4 wi!! not be di"12ted. T ey,t e e%o e, w o "tood %o t to 1 e#4 t e e!i0ion $2"t ne4e""# i!y

e1 o#4 t e"e 2!e " wit #n e7e42tion w i4 t ey 4o2!d not b2te1 e"ent #" #n 2n82"t #nd 4 2e! $2 de . T i" wo2!d not ende

t ei o%%i4e $o e e#"y, o t ei "it2#tion $o e "#%e.

Wit e0# d to t e inte %e en4e o% t e Ro$#n 0o/e n$ent w i4w#" t en e"t#b!i" ed in 2de#, I " o2!d not e71e4t, t #t, de"1i"in0#" it did t e e!i0ion o% t e 4o2nt y, it wo2!d, i% !e%t to it"e!%,#ni$#d/e t, eit e wit $24 /i0i!#n4e o $24 "e/e ity, 21on t e"4 i"$" #nd 4ont o/e "ie" w i4 # o"e wit in it. Yet t e e w#" t #tin C i"ti#nity w i4 $i0 t e#"i!y #%%o d # #nd!e o% #442"#tion

wit # 8e#!o2" 0o/e n$ent. T e C i"ti#n" #/owed #n 2n 2#!i%iedobedien4e to # new $#"te . T ey #/owed #!"o t #t e w#" t e1e "on w o #d been %o eto!d to t e ew" 2nde t e "2"1e4ted tit!eo% -in0. T e "1i it2#! n#t2 e o% t i" 5in0do$, t e 4on"i"ten4y o%t i" obedien4e wit 4i/i! "2b8e4tion, we e di"tin4tion" too e%ined to

be ente t#ined by # Ro$#n 1 e"ident, w o /iewed t e b2"ine"" #t #0 e#t di"t#n4e, o t o20 t e $edi2$ o% /e y o"ti!e

e1 e"ent#tion". O2 i"to ie" #44o din0!y in%o $ 2", t #t t i" w#"t e t2 n w i4 t e ene$ie" o% e"2" 0#/e to i" 4 # #4te #nd1 eten"ion" in t ei e$on"t #n4e" wit Ponti2" Pi!#te. And 2"tin

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M# ty , #bo2t # 2nd ed ye# " #%te w# d", 4o$1!#in" t #t t e "#$e$i"t#5e 1 e/#i!ed in i" ti$e: ?Ye, #/in0 e# d t #t we # e

w#itin0 %o # 5in0do$, "211o"e wit o2t di"tin02i" in0 t #t we$e#n # 2$#n 5in0do$, w en in t 2t we "1e#5 o% t #t w i4 i"wit +od. @ And it w#" 2ndo2bted!y # n#t2 #! "o2 4e o% 4#!2$ny#nd $i"4on"t 24tion.

* %p. &ma p. #'. (d. )irl.

T e 1 e#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity #d, t e e%o e, to 4ontend wit1 e82di4e b#45ed by 1owe . T ey #d to 4o$e %o w# d to #di"#11ointed 1eo1!e, to # 1 ie"t ood 1o""e""in0 # 4on"ide #b!e" # e o% $2ni4i1#! #2t o ity, #nd #4t2#ted by "t on0 $oti/e" o%o11o"ition #nd e"ent$ent6 #nd t ey #d to do t i" 2nde # %o ei0n0o/e n$ent, to w o"e %#/o2 t ey $#de no 1 eten"ion", #nd w i4w#" 4on"t#nt!y "2 o2nded by t ei ene$ie". T e we!!5nown,

be4#2"e t e e71e ien4ed, %#te o% e%o $e ", w ene/e t ee%o $#tion "2b/e t" "o$e ei0nin0 o1inion, #nd doe" not 1 o4eed

21on # 4 #n0e t #t #" #! e#dy t#5en 1!#4e in t e "enti$ent" o% #4o2nt y, wi!! not #!!ow, $24 !e"" !e#d 2" to "211o"e t #t t e %i "t1 o1#0#to " o% C i"ti#nity #t e 2"#!e$ #nd in 2de#, 2nde t e

di%%i42!tie" #nd t e ene$ie" t ey #d to 4ontend wit , #nd enti e!yde"tit2te #" t ey we e o% %o 4e, #2t o ity, o 1 ote4tion, 4o2!de7e42te t ei $i""ion wit 1e "on#! e#"e #nd "#%ety.

Let 2" ne7t in 2i e, w #t $i0 t e#"on#b!y be e71e4ted by t e1 e#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity w en t ey t2 ned t e$"e!/e" to t e

e#t en 12b!i4. Now t e %i "t t in0 t #t "t i5e" 2" i", t #t t ee!i0ion t ey 4# ied wit t e$ w#" e74!2"i/e. It denied wit o2te"e /e t e t 2t o% e/e y # ti4!e o% e#t en $yt o!o0y, t e

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e7i"ten4e o% e/e y ob8e4t o% t ei wo " i1. It #44e1ted no4o$1 o$i"e, it #d$itted no 4o$1 e en"ion. It $2"t 1 e/#i!, i% it

1 e/#i!ed #t #!!, by t e o/e t ow o% e/e y "t#t2e, #!t# , #nd te$1!ein t e wo !d, It wi!! not e#"i!y be 4 edited, t #t # de"i0n, "o bo!d #"t i" w#", 4o2!d in #ny #0e be #tte$1ted to be 4# ied into e7e42tionwit i$12nity.

Fo it o20 t to be 4on"ide ed, t #t t i" w#" not "ettin0 %o t , o$#0ni%yin0 t e 4 # #4te #nd wo " i1 o% "o$e new 4o$1etito %o# 1!#4e in t e P#nt eon, w o"e 1 eten"ion" $i0 t e di"42""ed o#""e ted wit o2t 2e"tionin0 t e e#!ity o% #ny ot e ": it w#"1 ono2n4in0 #!! ot e 0od" to be %#!"e, #nd #!! ot e wo " i1 /#in.F o$ t e %#4i!ity wit w i4 t e 1o!yt ei"$ o% #n4ient n#tion"#d$itted new ob8e4t" o% wo " i1 into t e n2$be o% t ei#45now!ed0ed di/initie", o t e 1#tien4e wit w i4 t ey $i0 t

ente t#in 1 o1o"#!" o% t i" 5ind, we 4#n # 02e not in0 #" to t eito!e #tion o% # "y"te$, o o% t e 12b!i" e " #nd #4ti/e 1 o1#0#to "o% # "y"te$, w i4 "we1t #w#y t e /e y %o2nd#tion o% t e e7i"tin0e"t#b!i" $ent. T e one w#" not in0 $o e t #n w #t it wo2!d be, in1o1i" 4o2nt ie", to #dd # "#int to t e 4#!end# 6 t e ot e w#" to#bo!i" #nd t e#d 2nde %oot t e 4#!end# it"e!%.

Se4ond!y, it o20 t #!"o to be 4on"ide ed, t #t t i" w#" not t e 4#"eo% 1 i!o"o1 e " 1 o1o2ndin0 in t ei boo5", o in t ei "4 oo!",do2bt" 4on4e nin0 t e t 2t o% t e 1o12!# 4 eed, o e/en #/owin0t ei di"be!ie% o% it. T e"e 1 i!o"o1 e " did not 0o #bo2t % o$ 1!#4eto 1!#4e to 4o!!e4t 1 o"e!yte" % o$ #$on0"t t e 4o$$on 1eo1!e6 to%o $ in t e e# t o% t e 4o2nt y "o4ietie" 1 o%e""in0 t ei tenet"6 to

1 o/ide %o t e o de , in"t 24tion #nd 1e $#nen4y o% t e"e"o4ietie"6 no did t ey en8oin t ei %o!!owe " to wit d #wt e$"e!/e" % o$ t e 12b!i4 wo " i1 o% t e te$1!e", o e%2"e #

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4o$1!i#n4e wit ite" in"tit2ted by t e !#w". T e"e t in0" # ew #t t e C i"ti#n" did, #nd w #t t e 1 i!o"o1 e " did not6 #nd in

t e"e 4on"i"ted t e #4ti/ity #nd d#n0e o% t e ente 1 i"e.

* )e best of t)e ancient p)ilosop)ers, Plato, icero, and (pictetus,allo+ed, or rat)er en oined, men to +ors)ip t)e -ods of t)e countr , andin t)e establis)ed form. See passa-es to t)is purpose collected from t)eir+or/s b 0r. lar/e, 1at. and 2ev. 2el. p. #83. ed. v( cept Socrates,t)e all t)ou-)t it +iser to compl +it) t)e la+s t)an to contend.

T i d!y, it o20 t #!"o to be 4on"ide ed, t #t t i" d#n0e 1 o4eedednot $e e!y % o$ "o!e$n #4t" #nd 12b!i4 e"o!2tion" o% t e "t#te, b2t% o$ "2dden b2 "t" o% /io!en4e #t 1# ti42!# 1!#4e", % o$ t e !i4en4eo% t e 1o12!#4e, t e #" ne"" o% "o$e $#0i"t #te" #nd ne0!i0en4e o%ot e "6 % o$ t e in%!2en4e #nd in"ti0#tion o% inte e"ted #d/e "# ie",

#nd, in 0ene #!, % o$ t e /# iety #nd w# $t o% o1inion w i4 #ne #nd "o no/e! #nd e7t #o din# y 4o2!d not %#i! o% e74itin0. I 4#n4on4ei/e t #t t e te#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity $i0 t bot %e# #nd "2%%e$24 % o$ t e"e 4#2"e", wit o2t #ny 0ene #! 1e "e42tion bein0deno2n4ed #0#in"t t e$ by i$1e i#! #2t o ity. So$e !en0t o%ti$e, I " o2!d "211o"e, $i0 t 1#"", be%o e t e /#"t $#4 ine o% t eRo$#n e$1i e wo2!d be 12t in $otion, o it" #ttention be obt#inedto e!i0io2" 4ont o/e "y: b2t, d2 in0 t #t ti$e, # 0 e#t de#! o% i!!2"#0e $i0 t be end2 ed, by # "et o% % iend!e"", 2n1 ote4tedt #/e!!e ", te!!in0 $en, w e e/e t ey 4#$e, t #t t e e!i0ion o%t ei #n4e"to ", t e e!i0ion in w i4 t ey #d been b o20 t 21, t e

e!i0ion o% t e "t#te, #nd o% t e $#0i"t #te, t e ite" w i4 t ey% e 2ented, t e 1o$1 w i4 t ey #d$i ed, w#" t o20 o2t #

"y"te$ o% %o!!y #nd de!2"ion.

No do I t in5 t #t t e te#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity wo2!d %ind

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1 ote4tion in t #t 0ene #! di"be!ie% o% t e 1o12!# t eo!o0y, w i4 i""211o"ed to #/e 1 e/#i!ed #$on0"t t e inte!!i0ent 1# t o% t e

e#t en 12b!i4. It i" by no $e#n" t 2e t #t 2nbe!ie/e " # e 2"2#!!yto!e #nt. T ey # e not di"1o"ed ;#nd w y " o2!d t ey= < toend#n0e t e 1 e"ent "t#te o% t in0", by "2%%e in0 # e!i0ion o%w i4 t ey be!ie/e not in0 to be di"t2 bed by #not e o% w i4t ey be!ie/e #" !itt!e. T ey # e e#dy t e$"e!/e" to 4on%o $ to#nyt in06 #nd # e, o%tenti$e", #$on0"t t e %o e$o"t to 1 o42 e4on%o $ity % o$ ot e ", by #ny $et od w i4 t ey t in5 !i5e!y to

be e%%i4#4io2". W en w#" e/e # 4 #n0e o% e!i0ion 1#t oni>ed byin%ide!"= How !itt!e, not wit "t#ndin0 t e ei0nin0 "4e1ti4i"$, #ndt e $#0ni%ied !ibe #!ity o% t #t #0e, t e t 2e 1 in4i1!e" o% to!e #tionwe e 2nde "tood by t e wi"e"t $en #$on0"t t e$, $#y be0#t e ed % o$ two e$inent #nd 2n4onte"ted e7#$1!e". T eyo2n0e P!iny, 1o!i" ed #" e w#" by #!! t e !ite #t2 e o% t #t "o%t#nd e!e0#nt 1e iod, 4o2!d 0 #/e!y 1 ono2n4e t i" $on"t o2"

82d0$ent: ?T o"e w o 1e "i"ted in de4!# in0 t e$"e!/e"C i"ti#n", I o de ed to be !ed #w#y to 12ni" $ent, ;i. e. toe7e42tion, < %o I DID NOT DO)*T, w #te/e it w#" t #t t ey4on%e""ed, t #t 4ont2$#4y #nd in%!e7ib!e ob"tin#4y o20 t to be12ni" ed. @ Hi" $#"te T #8#n, # $i!d #nd #44o$1!i" ed 1 in4e,went, ne/e t e!e"", no %2 t e in i" "enti$ent" o% $ode #tion #nd

e 2ity t #n w #t #11e# " in t e %o!!owin0 e"4 i1t: ?T eC i"ti#n" # e not to be "o20 t %o 6 b2t i% #ny # e b o20 t be%o eyo2, #nd 4on/i4ted, t ey # e to be 12ni" ed. @ And t i" di e4tion e0i/e", #%te it #d been e1o ted to i$ by i" own 1 e"ident, t #t,

by t e $o"t "t i4t e7#$in#tion, not in0 4o2!d be di"4o/e ed in t e1 in4i1!e" o% t e"e 1e "on", b2t ?# b#d #nd e74e""i/e "21e "tition, @#44o$1#nied, it "ee$", wit #n o#t o $2t2#! %ede #tion, ?to#!!ow t e$"e!/e" in no 4 i$e o i$$o #! 4ond24t w #te/e . @ T et 2t i", t e #n4ient e#t en" 4on"ide ed e!i0ion enti e!y #" #n#%%#i o% "t#te, #" $24 2nde t e t2ition o% t e $#0i"t #te #" #ny

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ot e 1# t o% t e 1o!i4e. T e e!i0ion o% t #t #0e w#" not $e e!y#!!ied to t e "t#te6 it w#" in4o 1o #ted into it. M#ny o% it" o%%i4e"

we e #d$ini"te ed by t e $#0i"t #te. It" tit!e" o% 1onti%%", #202 ",#nd %!#$en", we e bo ne by "en#to ", 4on"2!", #nd 0ene #!".Wit o2t di"42""in0, t e e%o e, t e t 2t o% t e t eo!o0y, t ey

e"ented e/e y #%% ont 12t 21on t e e"t#b!i" ed wo " i1, #" # di e4to11o"ition to t e #2t o ity o% 0o/e n$ent.

Add to w i4 , t #t t e e!i0io2" "y"te$" o% t o"e ti$e", owe/e i!!"211o ted by e/iden4e, #d been !on0 e"t#b!i" ed. T e #n4ient

e!i0ion o% # 4o2nt y #" #!w#y" $#ny /ot# ie", #nd "o$eti$e" nott e %ewe , be4#2"e it" o i0in i" idden in e$otene"" #nd ob"42 ity.Men #/e # n#t2 #! /ene #tion %o #nti 2ity, e"1e4i#!!y in $#tte " o%

e!i0ion. W #t T#4it2" "#y" o% t e ewi" w#" $o e #11!i4#b!e to t ee#t en e"t#b!i" $ent: ?Hi it2", 2o 2o $odo ind24ti, #nti 2it#te

de%end2nt2 . @ It w#" #!"o # "1!endid #nd "2$1t2o2" wo " i1. It#d it" 1 ie"t ood, it" endow$ent", it" te$1!e". St#t2# y, 1#intin0,

# 4 ite4t2 e, #nd $2"i4, 4ont ib2ted t ei e%%e4t to it" o n#$ent #nd$#0ni%i4en4e. It #bo2nded in %e"ti/#! " ow" #nd "o!e$nitie", tow i4 t e 4o$$on 1eo1!e # e 0 e#t!y #ddi4ted, #nd w i4 we e o%# n#t2 e to en0#0e t e$ $24 $o e t #n #nyt in0 o% t #t "o t#$on0 2". T e"e t in0" wo2!d et#in 0 e#t n2$be " on it" "ide byt e %#"4in#tion o% "1e4t#4!e #nd 1o$1, #" we!! #" inte e"t $#ny init" 1 e"e /#tion by t e #d/#nt#0e w i4 t ey d ew % o$ it. ?It w#"$o eo/e inte wo/en, @ #" M . +ibbon i0 t!y e1 e"ent" it, ?wite/e y 4i 42$"t#n4e o% b2"ine"" o 1!e#"2 e, o% 12b!i4 o 1 i/#te !i%e,wit #!! t e o%%i4e" #nd #$2"e$ent" o% "o4iety. @ On t e d2e4e!eb #tion #!"o o% it" ite", t e 1eo1!e we e t#20 t to be!ie/e, #nd

did be!ie/e, t #t t e 1 o"1e ity o% t ei 4o2nt y in # 0 e#t $e#"2 ede1ended.

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I #$ wi!!in0 to #44e1t t e #44o2nt o% t e $#tte w i4 i" 0i/en byM . +ibbon: ?T e /# io2" $ode" o% wo " i1 w i4 1 e/#i!ed in t e

Ro$#n wo !d we e #!! 4on"ide ed by t e 1eo1!e #" e 2#!!y t 2e, byt e 1 i!o"o1 e #" e 2#!!y %#!"e, #nd by t e $#0i"t #te #" e 2#!!y2"e%2!: @ #nd I wo2!d #"5 % o$ w i4 o% t e"e t ee 4!#""e" o% $enwe e t e C i"ti#n $i""ion# ie" to !oo5 %o 1 ote4tion o i$12nity=Co2!d t ey e71e4t it % o$ t e 1eo1!e, ?w o"e #45now!ed0ed4on%iden4e in t e 12b!i4 e!i0ion@ t ey "2b/e ted % o$ it"%o2nd#tion= F o$ t e 1 i!o"o1 e , w o, ?4on"ide in0 #!! e!i0io2"#" e 2#!!y %#!"e, @ wo2!d o% 4o2 "e #n5 t ei " #$on0 t e n2$be ,wit t e #ddition o% e0# din0 t e$ #" b2"y #nd t o2b!e"o$e>e#!ot"= O % o$ t e $#0i"t #te, w o, "#ti"%ied wit t e ?2ti!ity@ o%t e "2b"i"tin0 e!i0ion, wo2!d not be !i5e!y to 4o2nten#n4e # "1i ito% 1 o"e!yti"$ #nd inno/#tion: # "y"te$ w i4 de4!# ed w##0#in"t e/e y ot e , #nd w i4 , i% it 1 e/#i!ed, $2"t end in # tot#!

21t2 e o% 12b!i4 o1inion6 #n 21"t# t e!i0ion, in # wo d, w i4 w#"not 4ontent wit it" own #2t o ity, b2t $2"t di"0 #4e #!! t e "ett!ed

e!i0ion" o% t e wo !d= It w#" not to be i$#0ined t #t e wo2!dend2 e wit 1#tien4e, t #t t e e!i0ion o% t e e$1e o #nd o% t e"t#te " o2!d be 4#!2$ni#ted #nd bo ne down by # 4o$1#ny o%"21e "titio2" #nd de"1i4#b!e ew".

L#"t!y6 t e n#t2 e o% t e 4#"e #%%o d" # "t on0 1 oo%, t #t t eo i0in#! te#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity, in 4on"e 2en4e o% t ei new1 o%e""ion, ente ed 21on # new #nd "in02!# 4o2 "e o% !i%e. We $#y

be #!!owed to 1 e"2$e, t #t t e in"tit2tion w i4 t ey 1 e#4 ed toot e ", t ey 4on%o $ed to in t ei own 1e "on"6 be4#2"e t i" i" no$o e t #n w #t e/e y te#4 e o% # new e!i0ion bot doe", #nd

$2"t do, in o de to obt#in eit e 1 o"e!yte" o e# e ". T e 4 #n0ew i4 t i" wo2!d 1 od24e w#" /e y 4on"ide #b!e. It i" # 4 #n0ew i4 we do not e#"i!y e"ti$#te, be4#2"e, o2 "e!/e" #nd #!! #bo2t

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2" bein0 #bit2#ted to t e in"tit2tion" % o$ o2 in%#n4y, it i" w #twe neit e e71e ien4e no ob"e /e. A%te $en be4#$e C i"ti#n",

$24 o% t ei ti$e w#" "1ent in 1 #ye #nd de/otion, in e!i0io2"$eetin0", in 4e!eb #tin0 t e E24 # i"t, in 4on%e en4e", ine7 o t#tion", in 1 e#4 in0, in #n #%%e4tion#te inte 4o2 "e wit one#not e , #nd 4o e"1onden4e wit ot e "o4ietie". Pe #1" t ei$ode o% !i%e, in it" %o $ #nd #bit, w#" not /e y 2n!i5e t e )nit#"F #t 2$, o t e $ode n $et odi"t". T in5 t en w #t it w#" to

be4o$e "24 #t Co int , #t E1 e"2", #t Antio4 , o e/en #t e 2"#!e$. How new How #!ien % o$ #!! t ei %o $e #bit" #ndide#", #nd % o$ t o"e o% e/e ybody #bo2t t e$ W #t # e/o!2tiont e e $2"t #/e been o% o1inion" #nd 1 e82di4e" to b in0 t e $#tteto t i"

We 5now w #t t e 1 e4e1t" o% t e e!i0ion # e6 ow 12 e, ow

bene/o!ent, ow di"inte e"ted # 4ond24t t ey en8oin6 #nd t #t t i"12 ity #nd bene/o!en4e # e e7tended to t e /e y t o20 t" #nd#%%e4tion". We # e not, 1e #1", #t !ibe ty to t#5e %o 0 #nted t #tt e !i/e" o% t e 1 e#4 e " o% C i"ti#nity we e #" 1e %e4t #" t ei!e""on"6 b2t we # e entit!ed to 4ontend, t #t t e ob"e /#b!e 1# t o%t ei be #/io2 $2"t #/e #0 eed in # 0 e#t $e#"2 e wit t ed2tie" w i4 t ey t#20 t. T e e w#", t e e%o e, ;w i4 i" #!! t #t we#""e t, < # 4o2 "e o% !i%e 12 "2ed by t e$, di%%e ent % o$ t #t w i4t ey be%o e !ed. And t i" i" o% 0 e#t i$1o t#n4e. Men # e b o20 t to#nyt in0 #!$o"t "oone t #n to 4 #n0e t ei #bit o% !i%e, e"1e4i#!!yw en t e 4 #n0e i" eit e in4on/enient, o $#de #0#in"t t e %o 4eo% n#t2 #! in4!in#tion, o wit t e !o"" o% #442"to$ed ind2!0en4e". Iti" t e $o"t di%%i42!t o% #!! t in0" to 4on/e t $en % o$ /i4io2" #bit"

to /i t2o2" one", #" e/e y one $#y 82d0e % o$ w #t e %ee!" ini$"e!%, #" we!! #" % o$ w #t e "ee" in ot e ". It i" #!$o"t !i5e$#5in0 $en o/e #0#in.

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* !artle 5s (ssa s on 6an, p. #"3.

Le%t t en to $y"e!%, #nd wit o2t #ny $o e in%o $#tion t #n #5now!ed0e o% t e e7i"ten4e o% t e e!i0ion, o% t e 0ene #! "to y21on w i4 it i" %o2nded, #nd t #t no #4t o% 1owe , %o 4e, #nd#2t o ity w#" 4on4e ned in it" %i "t "244e"", I " o2!d 4on4!2de, % o$t e /e y n#t2 e #nd e7i0en4y o% t e 4#"e, t #t t e A2t o o% t e

e!i0ion, d2 in0 i" !i%e, #nd i" i$$edi#te di"4i1!e" #%te i" de#t ,e7e ted t e$"e!/e" in "1 e#din0 #nd 12b!i" in0 t e in"tit2tiont o20 o2t t e 4o2nt y in w i4 it be0#n, #nd into w i4 it w#"%i "t 4# ied6 t #t, in t e 1 o"e42tion o% t i" 12 1o"e, t ey2nde went t e !#bo2 " #nd t o2b!e" w i4 we ob"e /e t e1 o1#0#to " o% new "e4t" to 2nde 0o6 t #t t e #tte$1t $2"tne4e""# i!y #/e #!"o been in # i0 de0 ee d#n0e o2"6 t #t, % o$

t e "2b8e4t o% t e $i""ion, 4o$1# ed wit t e %i7ed o1inion" #nd1 e82di4e" o% t o"e to w o$ t e $i""ion# ie" we e to #dd e""t e$"e!/e", t ey 4o2!d # d!y %#i! o% en4o2nte in0 "t on0 #nd% e 2ent o11o"ition6 t #t, by t e #nd o% 0o/e n$ent, #" we!! #"% o$ t e "2dden %2 y #nd 2nb id!ed !i4en4e o% t e 1eo1!e, t eywo2!d o%tenti$e" e71e ien4e in82 io2" #nd 4 2e! t e#t$ent6 t #t, #t#ny #te, t ey $2"t #/e #!w#y" #d "o $24 to %e# %o t ei1e "on#! "#%ety, #" to #/e 1#""ed t ei !i/e" in # "t#te o% 4on"t#nt1e i! #nd #n7iety6 #nd !#"t!y, t #t t ei $ode o% !i%e #nd 4ond24t,/i"ib!y #t !e#"t, 4o e"1onded wit t e in"tit2tion w i4 t eyde!i/e ed, #nd, "o %# , w#" bot new, #nd e 2i ed 4ontin2#! "e!%deni#!.

CHAPTER II.

T e e i" "#ti"%#4to y e/iden4e t #t $#ny, 1 o%e""in0 to be o i0in#!

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witne""e" o% t e C i"ti#n $i #4!e", 1#""ed t ei !i/e" in !#bo2 ",d#n0e " #nd "2%%e in0", /o!2nt# i!y 2nde 0one in #tte"t#tion o% t e

#44o2nt" w i4 t ey de!i/e ed, #nd "o!e!y in 4on"e 2en4e o% t ei be!ie% o% t o"e #44o2nt"6 #nd t #t t ey #!"o "2b$itted, % o$ t e"#$e $oti/e", to new 2!e" o% 4ond24t.

A%te t 2" 4on"ide in0 w #t w#" !i5e!y to #11en, we # e ne7t toin 2i e ow t e t #n"#4tion i" e1 e"ented in t e "e/e #! #44o2nt"t #t #/e 4o$e down to 2". And t i" in 2i y i" 1 o1e !y 1 e4eded

by t e ot e , %o #"$24 #" t e e4e1tion o% t e"e #44o2nt" $#yde1end in 1# t on t e 4 edibi!ity o% w #t t ey 4ont#in.

T e ob"42 e #nd di"t#nt /iew o% C i"ti#nity, w i4 "o$e o% t ee#t en w ite " o% t #t #0e #d 0#ined, #nd w i4 # %ew 1#""#0e in

t ei e$#inin0 wo 5" in4ident#!!y di"4o/e to 2", o%%e " it"e!% too2 noti4e in t e %i "t 1!#4e: be4#2"e, "o %# #" t i" e/iden4e 0oe", iti" t e 4on4e""ion o% #d/e "# ie"6 t e "o2 4e % o$ w i4 it i" d #wni" 2n"2"1e4ted. )nde t i" e#d, # 2ot#tion % o$ T#4it2", we!!5nown to e/e y "4 o!# , $2"t be in"e ted, #" de"e /in0 1# ti42!##ttention. T e e#de wi!! be# in $ind t #t t i" 1#""#0e w#"w itten #bo2t "e/enty ye# " #%te C i"t3" de#t , #nd t #t it e!#te"

to t #n"#4tion" w i4 too5 1!#4e #bo2t t i ty ye# " #%te t #t e/entS1e#5in0 o% t e %i e w i4 #11ened #t Ro$e in t e ti$e o%Ne o, #nd o% t e "2"1i4ion" w i4 we e ente t#ined t #t t ee$1e o i$"e!% w#" 4on4e ned in 4#2"in0 it, t e i"to i#n1 o4eed" in i" n# #ti/e #nd ob"e /#tion" t 2":

?*2t neit e t e"e e7e tion", no i" !# 0e""e" to t e 1eo1!e, no i"o%%e in0" to t e 0od", did #w#y t e in%#$o2" i$12t#tion 2nde

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w i4 Ne o !#y, o% #/in0 o de ed t e 4ity to be "et on %i e. To 12t#n end, t e e%o e, to t i" e1o t, e !#id t e 02i!t, #nd in%!i4ted t e

$o"t 4 2e! 12ni" $ent", 21on # "et o% 1eo1!e, w o we e o!den in#b o en4e %o t ei 4 i$e", #nd 4#!!ed by t e /2!0# , C i"ti#n".T e %o2nde o% t #t n#$e w#" C i"t, w o "2%%e ed de#t in t e

ei0n o% Tibe i2", 2nde i" 1 o42 #to , Ponti2" Pi!#te T i"1e ni4io2" "21e "tition, t 2" 4 e45ed %o # w i!e, b o5e o2t #0#in6#nd "1 e#d not on!y o/e 2de#, w e e t e e/i! o i0in#ted, b2tt o20 Ro$e #!"o, w it e e/e yt in0 b#d 21on t e e# t %ind" it"w#y #nd i" 1 #4ti"ed. So$e w o 4on%e""ed t ei "e4t we e %i "t"ei>ed, #nd #%te w# d", by t ei in%o $#tion, # /#"t $2!tit2de we e#11 e ended, w o we e 4on/i4ted, not "o $24 o% t e 4 i$e o%

b2 nin0 Ro$e, #" o% #t ed to $#n5ind. T ei "2%%e in0" #t t eie7e42tion we e #00 #/#ted by in"2!t #nd $o45e y6 %o "o$e we edi"02i"ed in t e "5in" o% wi!d be#"t", #nd wo ied to de#t by do0"6"o$e we e 4 24i%ied6 #nd ot e " we e w #11ed in 1it4 ed " i t", #nd "et on %i e w en t e d#y 4!o"ed, t #t t ey $i0 t "e /e #" !i0 t"to i!!2$in#te t e ni0 t. Ne o !ent i" own 0# den" %o t e"ee7e42tion", #nd e7 ibited #t t e "#$e ti$e # $o45 Ci 4en"i#nente t#in$ent6 bein0 # "1e4t#to o% t e w o!e, in t e d e"" o% #4 # iotee , "o$eti$e" $in0!in0 wit t e 4 owd on %oot, #nd"o$eti$e" /iewin0 t e "1e4t#4!e % o$ i" 4# . T i" 4ond24t $#de

t e "2%%e e " 1itied6 #nd t o20 t ey we e 4 i$in#!", #nd de"e /in0t e "e/e e"t 12ni" $ent", yet t ey we e 4on"ide ed #" "#4 i%i4ed,not "o $24 o2t o% # e0# d to t e 12b!i4 0ood, #" to 0 #ti%y t e4 2e!ty o% one $#n. @

* )is is rat)er a parap)rase, but is ustified b +)at t)e Sc)oliast upon Juvenal sa s7 1ero maleficos )omines taeda et pap ro et cera

supervestiebat, et sic ad i-nem admoveri ubebat. ard. Je+is) and!eat). est. vol. i. p. $9".

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O2 4on4e n wit t i" 1#""#0e #t 1 e"ent i" on!y "o %# #" it #%%o d"# 1 e"2$1tion in "211o t o% t e 1 o1o"ition w i4 we $#int#in,

4on4e nin0 t e #4ti/ity #nd "2%%e in0" o% t e %i "t te#4 e " o%C i"ti#nity. Now, 4on"ide ed in t i" /iew, it 1 o/e" t ee t in0":&"t, t #t t e Fo2nde o% t e in"tit2tion w#" 12t to de#t 6 Bd!y, t #tin t e "#$e 4o2nt y in w i4 e w#" 12t to de#t , t e e!i0ion, #%te# " o t 4 e45, b o5e o2t #0#in #nd "1 e#d6 d!y, t #t it "o "1 e#d #"t #t, wit in t i ty%o2 ye# " % o$ t e A2t o 3" de#t , # /e y 0 e#tn2$be o% C i"ti#n" ;in0en" eo 2$ $2!tit2do< we e %o2nd #tRo$e. F o$ w i4 %#4t, t e two %o!!owin0 in%e en4e" $#y be %#i !yd #wn: %i "t, t #t i%, in t e "1#4e o% t i ty%o2 ye# " % o$ it"4o$$en4e$ent, t e e!i0ion #d "1 e#d t o20 o2t 2de#, #de7tended it"e!% to Ro$e, #nd t e e #d n2$be ed # 0 e#t $2!tit2deo% 4on/e t", t e o i0in#! te#4 e " #nd $i""ion# ie" o% t e in"tit2tion4o2!d not #/e been id!e6 "e4ond!y, t #t w en t e A2t o o% t e2nde t#5in0 w#" 12t to de#t #" # $#!e%#4to %o i" #tte$1t, t eende#/o2 " o% i" %o!!owe " to e"t#b!i" i" e!i0ion in t e "#$e4o2nt y, #$on0"t t e "#$e 1eo1!e, #nd in t e "#$e #0e, 4o2!d not

b2t be #ttended wit d#n0e .

S2etoni2", # w ite 4onte$1o # y wit T#4it2", de"4 ibin0 t et #n"#4tion" o% t e "#$e ei0n, 2"e" t e"e wo d": ?A%%e4ti "211!i4ii"C i"ti#ni 0en2" o$in2$ "21e "titioni" no/#e et $#!e%i4#e. @;S2et. Ne o. C#1. &G< ?T e C i"ti#n", # "et o% $en o% # new #nd$i"4 ie/o2" ;o $#0i4#!< "21e "tition, we e 12ni" ed. @Sin4e it i" not $entioned e e t #t t e b2 nin0 o% t e 4ity w#" t e1 eten4e o% t e 12ni" $ent o% t e C i"ti#n", o t #t t ey we e t eC i"ti#n" o% Ro$e w o #!one "2%%e ed, it i" 1 ob#b!e t #t

S2etoni2" e%e " to "o$e $o e 0ene #! 1e "e42tion t #n t e " o t#nd o44#"ion#! one w i4 T#4it2" de"4 ibe".

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2/en#!, # w ite o% t e "#$e #0e wit t e two %o $e , #ndintendin0, it " o2!d "ee$, to 4o$$e$o #te t e 4 2e!tie" e7e 4i"ed

2nde Ne o3" 0o/e n$ent, #" t e %o!!owin0 !ine": ;S#t. i. /e . &((. t e "2%%e in0" o% t ewitne""e" o% t e i"to y, #nd #tte"tin0 it in e/e y /# iety o% %o $ inw i4 it 4#n be 4on4ei/ed to #11e# : di e4t!y #nd indi e4t!y,e71 e""!y #nd in4ident#!!y, by #""e tion, e4it#!, #nd #!!2"ion, byn# #ti/e" o% %#4t", #nd by # 02$ent" #nd di"4o2 "e" b2i!t 21ont e"e %#4t", eit e e%e in0 to t e$, o ne4e""# i!y 1 e"211o"in0t e$.

I e$# 5 t i" /# iety, be4#2"e, in e7#$inin0 #n4ient e4o d", oindeed #ny "1e4ie" o% te"ti$ony, it i", in $y o1inion, o% t e 0 e#te"ti$1o t#n4e to #ttend to t e in%o $#tion o 0 o2nd" o% # 02$entw i4 # e 4#"2#!!y #nd 2nde"i0ned!y di"4!o"ed6 %o #"$24 #" t i""1e4ie" o% 1 oo% i", o% #!! ot e ", t e !e#"t !i#b!e to be 4o 21ted by% #2d o $i" e1 e"ent#tion.

I $#y be #!!owed t e e%o e, in t e in 2i y w i4 i" now be%o e 2",to "200e"t "o$e 4on4!2"ion" o% t i" "o t, #" 1 e1# #to y to $o e

di e4t te"ti$ony.&. O2 boo5" e!#te, t #t e"2" C i"t, t e %o2nde o% t e e!i0ion,

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w#", in 4on"e 2en4e o% i" 2nde t#5in0, 12t to de#t , #" #$#!e%#4to , #t e 2"#!e$. T i" 1oint #t !e#"t wi!! be 0 #nted, be4#2"e

it i" no $o e t #n w #t T#4it2" #" e4o ded. T ey t en 1 o4eed tote!! 2" t #t t e e!i0ion w#", notwit "t#ndin0, "et %o t #t t i" "#$e4ity o% e 2"#!e$, 1 o1#0#ted t en4e t o20 o2t 2de#, #nd#%te w# d" 1 e#4 ed in ot e 1# t" o% t e Ro$#n E$1i e. T e"e1oint" #!"o # e %2!!y 4on%i $ed by T#4it2", w o in%o $" 2" t #t t e

e!i0ion, #%te # " o t 4 e45, b o5e o2t #0#in in t e 4o2nt y w e e ittoo5 it" i"e6 t #t it not on!y "1 e#d t o20 o2t 2de#, b2t #d

e#4 ed Ro$e, #nd t #t it #d t e e 0 e#t $2!tit2de" o% 4on/e t":#nd #!! t i" wit in t i ty ye# " #%te it" 4o$$en4e$ent. Now t e"e%#4t" #%%o d # "t on0 in%e en4e in be #!% o% t e 1 o1o"ition w i4 we$#int#in. W #t 4o2!d t e di"4i1!e" o% C i"t e71e4t %o t e$"e!/e"w en t ey "#w t ei $#"te 12t to de#t = Co2!d t ey o1e toe"4#1e t e d#n0e " in w i4 e #d 1e i" ed= I% t ey #d1e "e42ted $e, t ey wi!! #!"o 1e "e42te yo2, w#" t e w# nin0 o%4o$$on "en"e. Wit t i" e7#$1!e be%o e t ei eye", t ey 4o2!d not

be wit o2t # %2!! "en"e o% t e 1e i! o% t ei %2t2 e ente 1 i"e.

B. Se4ond!y, #!! t e i"to ie" #0 ee in e1 e"entin0 C i"t #"%o ete!!in0 t e 1e "e42tion o% i" %o!!owe ": ?T en " #!! t eyde!i/e yo2 21 to be #%%!i4ted, #nd " #!! 5i!! yo2, #nd ye " #!! be

#ted o% #!! n#tion" %o $y n#$e3" "#5e. @ ;M#tt. 97i/. K. in0"to45 bot by e1 o#4 e" #nd #%%!i4tion", #nd1# t!y w i!"t ye be4#$e 4o$1#nion" o% t e$ t #t we e "o 2"ed6 %oye #d 4o$1#""ion o% $e in $y bond", #nd too5 8oy%2!!y t e"1oi!in0 o% yo2 0ood", 5nowin0 in yo2 "e!/e" t #t ye #/e in

e#/en # bette #nd #n end2 in0 "2b"t#n4e. C#"t not #w#y,

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t e e%o e, yo2 4on%iden4e, w i4 #t 0 e#t e4o$1en"e o% ew# d6%o ye #/e need o% 1#tien4e, t #t, #%te ye #/e done t e wi!! o%

+od, ye $i0 t e4ei/e t e 1 o$i"e. @ ;Heb. 7. B G.

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Evidences of Christianity By William Paley