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Evidence-based prevention
of school bullying:
Case Kiva antibullying program
Sanna Herkama
PhD, Senior Research Fellow
University of Turku, Finland
Finland and bullying?
Situation before KiVa™
• Bullying a big concern in society since 1990’s
→ Changes in legislation
’Right for a safe school environment’ (1999)
’Each school should have their own policy...’
(2003)
• National trend data: No changes in ten years in
the annual prevalence survey (School Health
Promotion Study)
2
• Each school develops their own policy...?? self-invented program self-invented program self-invented program
self-invented program self-invented program self-invented program
self-invented program self-invented program self-invented program
self-invented program self-invented program self-invented program
RESOURCES?? EFFECTS?
– Evidence-based prevention of bullying is
needed
3
’Each school should have their own
policy...’
Taking action at the national level in
Finland
• The Finnish government decided that bullying
prevention is a priority
• Contracts with the University of Turku
– development and initial evaluation of KiVa
(2006–2009)
– diffusion of KiVa to Finnish comprehensive
schools (since 2009)
5
KiVa™ antibullying
program:
Special features
• Both universal and indicated actions
• Theory-based (influences whole group)
• Evidence-based (evidence of effectiveness)
• Concrete and easy to use materials (not merely
a ”philosophy”)
• Utilizing ICT: virtual learning environments
Contents of KiVa™
6
UNIVERSAL ACTIONS
• Annual online surveys
• Staff meeting
• Kick-off
• Student lessons
• Online KiVa games
• Parents’ newsletter, guide and Back-to-School night
• Posters, vests
INDICATED ACTIONS
• Tackling the cases coming to attention
• KiVa team
• Classroom teacher
KiVa™ is evidence-based antibullying
program
• Randomized controlled trial 2007–2009
– 117 intervention and 117 control schools
– Around 30 000 students (grades 1–9, 7–15 year
old)
• First year of nationwide implementation (2009–
2010)
– 880 Finnish schools (cohort longitudinal design)
– Around 150 000 students (grades 1–9)
• KiVa annual survey since 2009
7
Percentages of children being bullied and bullying
others (2009–2015)
8
Being bullied Bullying others
%
Effectiveness of KiVa™ antibullying
program • KiVa was effective in reducing bullying and
victimization, during the first nine months of
implementation and the broad roll-out (Kärnä, et. al.
2011; 2011; 2013)
• KiVa reduced students’ anxiety and depression (Williford et. al. 2011)
• KiVa had positive effects on school liking and
academic motivation and improved students’ well-
being (Salmivalli, Garandeau & Veenstra, 2012)
• The effects generalize to multiple forms of
victimization, also to cyberbullying (Salmivalli, Kärnä &
Poskiparta, 2011; Williford et. al. 2013)
11
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Grades 1-5 and 7-8
Forms of bullying: Prevalence of targets
bullied in different ways (%), N = 21880
-70
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
70
KiVa
Control
Changes in being bullied by different forms
during one school year
(Salmivalli et al.,2011)
High quality implementation
• Principal support for the Kiva antibullying
program predicts the implementation adherence (Ahtola et al., 2013).
• The more teachers delivered KiVa lessons and
the higher their quality the more bullying was
reduced in the classroom. (Haataja et al., 2014)
Decrease of implementation after the first year:
Delivery of the lesson reported by
the school staff and students (2009–2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
School staff Students
KiVa Year 1
KiVa Year 2
KiVa Year 3
KiVa Year 4
KiVa Year 5
KiVa Year 6
15
%
KiVa™ antibullying program going
international
• International evaluations and implementation
outside Finland – The Netherlands, Italy, Wales, Estonia, Delaware
– First results are promising (Hubbard et. al. 2016; Hutchings
& Clarkson 2015; Nocentini & Menesini 2016; Treial 2015;
Veenstra 2015)
• Several awards – European Crime Prevention Award 2009, Social Policy
Award for the Best Article, Society for research on
Adolescence, 2012, national awards (2008, 2010, 2011,
2012)
• Blueprint since 2015
Conclusion
• KiVa is an example of how commitment from
part of politicians, researchers, and educators
can make a difference in the lives of numerous
children and youth.
– Development, implementation, effectiveness,
sustainability
• Future questions for research
– KiVa works - Under which conditions?
– By which mechanisms?
– Where? When? How? With whom?
– Quality of implementation? Sustainability?>
17
Ready to act?
References • Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E. & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Implementation of
antibullying lessons in primary classrooms: How important is head teacher support? Educational
Research, 55, 376–392.
• Haataja, A., Voeten, M., Boulton, A. J., Ahtola, A., Poskiparta, E. & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The KiVa
antibullying curriculum and outcome: Does fidelity matter? Journal of School Psychology, 52: 479-
493.
• Hubbard, J. A., Bookhout, M. K., Smith, M.A., Swift, L. E., & Grassetti, S. (2016). Implementation
and evaluation of the Finnish KiVa Bullying Prevention Program in Delaware schools. Manuscript
in preparation.
• Hutchings, J., & Clarkson, S. (2015). Introducing and piloting the KiVa bullying prevention
programme in the UK. Educational & Child Psychology, 32, 49–61.
• Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E. & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Going to Scale:
A nonrandomized nationwide trial of the KiVa antibullying program for comprehensive schools.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 796–805.
• Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effectiveness of
the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 1–3 and 7–9. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 535–
551 .
• Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A. & Salmivalli, C. (2011). A Large-scale
evaluation of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 4–6. Child Development, 82 (1), 311–330.
• Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2016). KiVa antibullying program in Italy: Evidence of effectiveness
in a randomized control trial. Manuscript in preparation.
References • Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C. & Veenstra, R. (2012). KiVa antibullying program: Implications for school
adjustment. In G. Ladd & A. Ryan (Eds.), Peer Relationships and Adjustment at School. (pp. 279–307).
Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
• Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A. & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program
and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35
(5), 405–411.
• Salmivalli, C., Sainio, M. & Hodges, E. (2013). Electronic victimization: Correlates, antecedents, and
consequences among elementary school and middle school students. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology, 42 (4), 442–453.
• Treial, K. (2015, September). KiVa antibullying program in Estonian schools – a pilot trial. In C.
Salmivalli (Chair), Evidence-based prevention of school bullying: Experiences with the KiVa
antibullying program across European countries. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the
European Association of Developmental Psychology, Braga, Portugal.
• Veenstra, R. (2016). Signaleren en tegengaan van pesten: het KiVa antipestprogramma.
Eindrapportage voor Onderwijs Bewijs. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Retrieved from:
http://tinyurl.com/KiVa-onderwijsbewijs
• Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A. & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Effect of the KiVa
anti-bullying program on adolescents’ depression, anxiety, and perception of peers. Journal of
Abnormal Child psychology, 40 (2), 289–300.
• Williford, A., Elledge, C., Boulton, A., DePaolis, K., Little, T. & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa
antibullying program on cyberbullying and cybervictimization frequency among Finnish youth. Journal
of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42 (6), 820–833.
