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19/06/14 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 …men are generally ready to believe what they want to believeJulius Caesar De Bello Gallica (ca BC 55)

Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Page 1: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

19/06/14

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Evidence-Based Medicine

Princípios Apresentações SRHUC

2 Dezembro 2012

“…men are generally ready to believe

what they want to believe”!

Julius Caesar De Bello Gallica (ca BC 55)

Page 2: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Principles of EBM

Evidence-based medicine or evidence-based practice

aims to apply the best available evidence gained from

the scientific method to clinical decision making.

Timmermans S, Mauck A. Health Aff (Millwood) 24 (1): 18–28, 2005.

Principles of EBM

Integration of best research evidence with clinical

expertise and patient values.

The most important reason for practicing EBM is to

improve quality of care through the identification and

promotion of practices that work, and the elimination

of those that are ineffective or harmful

Page 3: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Principles of EBM

EBM Promotes and depends on critical thinking.

It demands that the effectiveness of clinical

interventions, the accuracy and precision of

diagnostic tests and the power of statistical analysis

should be scrutinised and their usefulness proven.

Principles of EBM

In practicing EBM clinicians must be able to:

- Find

- Critically appraise, and

- Incorporate sound scientific evidence into their own

practice.

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A maior parte do que se publica é falso / errado

Example Ratio of true to not true

Confirmatory meta-analysis of good quality RCTs 2:1

Adequately powered RCT with little bias and 1:1 pre-study odds 1:1

Meta-analysis of small, inconclusive studies 1:3

Underpowered, but poorly performed phase I/II RCT 1:5

Underpowered, but well performed phase I/II RCT 1:5

Adequately powered exploratory epidemiological study 1:10

Underpowered exploratory epidemiological study 1:10

Discovery-orientated exploratory research with massive testing 1:1,000

Ioannides. PLoS Medicine 2005; 2: e124!

Page 12: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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As regras de Ioannides

•  Menor a dimensão dos estudos •  Menor for o efeito •  Maior o número e menor a selecção das

comparações efectuadas •  Maior a flexibilidade dos métodos, definições,

endpoints e métodos de análise •  Maior o peso financeiro e de outros interesses •  Mais “quente” for o tópico científico

Os resultados publicados são tão mais provavelmente falsos quanto:!

Page 13: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Randomised Controlled Trial. Magnitude dos efeitos

Redução de risco relativo Redução de risco absoluto Odds ratio NNT ...

N.N.T.

100 redução risco absoluto

All policy decisions should be based on absolute measures of risk Relative risk is strictly for researchers only

Rose. J Roy Coll Phys Lond 1991 25: 48-52

Page 14: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Significado estatístico =

Significado clínico?

Randomised Controlled Trial. Risco de efeitos casuais - Significado estatístico.

Probabilidade (p) Intervalos de Confiança

Sem significado estatístico =

Sem diferença =

Indistinguível

Gravidade da doença

Resultado Escolha terapêutica

Estudos observacionais

Confundimento por indicação

SEM Randomização

Page 15: Evidence-Based Medicine 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Princípios Apresentações SRHUC 2 Dezembro 2012 “…men are generally ready to believe what they want to believe”! Julius Caesar

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Resultados

Cannon et al. Lancet. 2006; 368:1771-81.

The MEDAL Programme

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Princípios de EBM

BIBLIOGRAFIA DISPONÍVEL COM ANA MARIA

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Revisões EBM no SRHUC

Objectivos

•  Exercitar competências EBM

•  Actualizar estado actual da evidência

•  Mudar a nossa prática, onde adequado

Revisões EBM no SRHUC

Do’s •  Fazer uma boa pergunta

•  Respeitar hierarquia de evidência

•  Identificar fonte e qualidade/desenho

•  Eliminar criticamente artigos sem validade

•  Análise crítica metodologia/validade

•  Apreciar Aplicabilidade

•  Sumariar limitações

•  Sumariar conclusões

•  Sumariar recomendações

Don’ts

•