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Management Assertions LO# 5 Management Assertions Financial statements issued by management contain explicit and implicit assertions. Table 5-1 2-2
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Chapter 5
Evidence and Documentation
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO# 5
Management AssertionsFinancial statements issued by management contain
explicit and implicit assertions. Table 5-1
2-2
Relationship of AuditEvidence to the Audit Report
Management assertionsabout components offinancial statements
Financialstatements
Auditprocedures
Auditreport
Provide evidence on thefairness of the
financial statements
LO# 1
Auditor reaches a conclusion based
on the evidence
5-3
Audit Evidence
All the information, from whatever source, used
by the auditor in arriving atthe conclusions on which the
audit opinion is based.
LO# 3
5-4
The Concepts of AuditEvidence
Nature of audit evidence
Sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence
Evaluation of audit evidence
LO# 3
5-5
Nature of Audit EvidenceRecords of
initial entries andsupporting records
Invoices ContractsGeneral
and subsidiaryledgers
Adjustmentsto financialstatements Worksheets
Spreadsheetssupporting cost
allocations
Othercomputations,
reconciliations, anddisclosures
LO# 3
5-6
Sufficiency ofAudit Evidence
Sufficiency is the measure ofthe quantity of audit evidence.
Greater risk ofmisstatement requires
a higher quantityof audit evidence.
Higher quality audit evidence results
in a lower quantityof audit evidence.
LO# 3
5-7
Appropriateness ofAudit Evidence
Relevance
Reliability
Independent source of the evidence
Effectiveness of internal control
Auditor’s direct personal knowledge
Documentary evidence
Original documents
LO# 3
Appropriateness is a measureof the quality of audit evidence.
5-8
Evaluation ofAudit Evidence
Proper evaluation of evidencerequires an understanding of the:
Types of evidence available.
Relative reliability of available evidence.
An auditor should be thorough in searchingfor evidence and unbiased in its evaluation.
LO# 3
5-9
Audit Procedures
Specific actsperformed by the auditorto gather evidence about
whether specific assertions are being met.
Risk assessment procedures
Test of controls
Substantiveprocedures
LO# 4
5-10
Audit Procedures
A set of audit procedures prepared to testassertions for a component of the financial
statements is referred to as an audit program.
Management Assertions Examples of Audit ProceduresExistence Confirm receivables.Rights and obligations Inquire if receivables have been sold or pledged.Completeness Agree controlling account with total of subsidiary accounts.
Select shipping documents immediatley prior to year end and ensure sales invoices were recorded.
Valuation or allocation Trace accounts from aged trial balance to subsidiary accounts.Test the adequacy of the allowance account.
Presentation and disclosure Look for amounts due from related parties.Evaluate receivables for footnote disclosure.
Audit Program for Accounts Receivable
LO# 4
5-11
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
Inspectionof records and
documents
Evidence obtained fromexternal documents is more
reliable than evidence obtainedfrom internal documents.
Journal orLedger
SourceDocuments
Vouching(Occurrence)
Tracing(Completeness)
LO# 4
5-12
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
The process of watching a process or procedure being performed by others.
Observation
Inspectionof tangible
assets
Physical examination of a tangible asset.
LO# 4
5-13
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
In conducting inquiry, the auditor should:• Consider the knowledge, objectivity,
experience, responsibility, and qualifications of the individual to be questioned.
• Ask clear, concise, and relevant questions.
• Use open or closed questions appropriately.
• Listen actively and effectively.• Consider the reactions and responses,
then ask follow-up questions.• Evaluate the response.
Inquiry
LO# 4
5-14
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
ExternalConfirmation
LO# 4
The reliability of evidence obtained through confirmations is directly affected by factors such as:– The form of the confirmation.– Prior experience with the entity.– The nature of the information being confirmed.– The intended respondent.
The process of obtaining a representation of information or of an existing condition directly from a third party.
5-15
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
ExternalConfirmation
LO# 4
5-16
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
Determining the mathematical accuracy of documents or records.
Reperformance
Recalculation
The auditor’s independent execution of procedures or controls that were originally performed as part of the internal control system.
LO# 4
5-17
Audit Procedures forObtaining Audit Evidence
Review of accounting data to identify significant or unusual items.
Scanning
Analyticalprocedures
Evaluations of financial information made by a study of plausible relationships among both financial and nonfinancial data.
LO# 4
5-18
Reliability of Typesof Evidence
LO# 5
5-19
Purposes of Analytical ProceduresPreliminary Analytical
Procedures (Risk Assessment Procedures)
Used to assist the auditor to better understand the business and to plan the
nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures.
Substantive Analytical
Procedures
Used to obtain evidential matter about particular assertions related to account
balances or classes of transactions.
Final Analytical
Procedures
Used as an overall review of the financial information in the final review stage of the
audit.
LO# 9
5-20
Types of Analytical Procedures(See Table 5-10)
Trend Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Reasonableness
Analysis
LO# 9
5-21
Substantive Analytical Procedures Decision Process
Figure 5-7 Overview of the Auditor’s Decision Process for Substantive Analytical Procedures
LO# 9
5-22
Develop an Expectation Auditing standards require the auditor to have an expectation
whenever analytical procedures are used. An expectation can be developed using a variety of information sources such as:
• Financial and operating data.• Budgets and forecasts.• Industry publications.• Competitor information.• Management’s analyses. • Analyst’s reports.
LO# 9
5-23
Define a Tolerable DifferenceThe size of the tolerable difference depends on:
• the significance of the account; • the desired degree of reliance on the substantive
analytical procedures; • the level of disaggregation in the amount being tested;
and • the precision of the expectation.But the amount is always less than planning materiality!
LO# 9
5-24
Compare and Investigate
Compare the expectation to the recorded amount and investigate any differences greater than the
tolerable difference.
LO# 9
5-25
Investigate Differences for Risk Assessment and Final Analytical Procedures
Preliminary Analytical
Procedures (Risk Assessment Procedures) Differences
Corroborating evidence
is not required
Final Analytical
Procedures Differences
Corroborating evidence
is required
LO# 9
5-26
Audit Testing HierarchyFigure 5-3 Audit Testing Hierarchy: An Evidence Decision Process for Testing
Significant Balances or Classes of Transactions
LO# 6
5-27
Filling the Assurance BucketLO# 6
5-28
Example of Filling the Assurance Buckets for Each Assertion (Accounts Payable)
LO# 6
5-29
Audit DocumentationThe auditor’s principal record of the
audit procedures performed, evidence obtained, and conclusions reached.
Audit documentation (working papers) have two functions: To provide support for the audit report. To aid in the planning, performance, and supervision of the audit.
LO# 7
5-30
Content of AuditDocumentation
Audit documentation should:
Demonstrate how the audit complied with auditing and related professional practice standards.
Support the basis for the auditor’s conclusions concerning each material financial statement assertion.
Demonstrate that the underlying accountingrecords agreed or reconciled with the financial statements.
LO# 8
5-31
Content of AuditDocumentation
Audit documentation should:
Include a written audit program detailing auditingprocedures necessary to accomplish audit objectives.
Enable a knowledgeable and experienced reviewer to:
Understand the nature, timing,extent, and results of audit
procedures, evidence obtained,and conclusions reached.
Determine who performedand reviewed the work,
as well as the datesof the work and reviews.
LO# 8
5-32
Content of AuditDocumentation
Most public accounting firms maintainaudit documentation in two types of files:
Permanent files Current files
Corporate charter Important contractsChart of accounts Internal control documentationOrganization chart Terms of stock and bond issuesAccounting manual Prior years’ analytical procedures
LO# 8
5-33
Content of AuditDocumentation
Most public accounting firms maintainaudit documentation in two types of files:
Permanent files Current files
Audit plan, audit report Adjusting journal entriesAudit programs Reclassification journal entriesWorking trial balance Current financial statementsMinutes of meetings Working papers supporting accounts
LO# 8
5-34
Format of Audit Documentation
Heading (Exhibit 5-2, p. 153)
Indexing andcross-referencing
(Figure 5-6, p. 155)
Tick marks(Exhibit 5-2, p. 153)
Client nameTitle of the working paper
Client’s year-end date
Notations that provide a trailfrom financial statements to
audit documents.
Notations made next towork paper items indicating
auditor/reviewer actions.
LO# 8
5-35
Audit Documentation Audit Plan
– Overall strategy for audit (e.g. understanding client, risks, accounts, audit hours)
Audit Program– Audit procedures to be performed; for example, one
program for each business process and/or account Working Trial Balance
– Exhibit 5-1 (p. 152) – adjustments ($ changes); reclassification (changes in classification of accounts)
Account Analysis– Exhibit 5-2 (p. 153) – activities in account
Account Listing (Lead Schedule)– Figure 5-6 (p. 155) – items left in ending balance
Audit Memoranda– Documents auditor’s work; e.g. errors identified,
discussions with clients
Audit Documentation
Audit documentation should be organized sothat audit team members and others can find
evidence supporting financial statement accounts.
All audit documentation is the property of theauditor, including documents preparedby the client at the auditor’s request.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requiresaudit documentation to be retained for seven
years from the completion date of the engagement.
LO# 8
5-37