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Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Location and Texting*
*But Were Afraid To Ask.
Bob Gojanovich, ENP TeleCommunication Systems, Inc.
Florida APCO/NENA May 7, 2015
Location Agenda
• Where am I? • How is location determined? • Wireless Landline Replacement Technology • Wireless Network Hierarchy Examples • Examples/Scenarios • Two Ways to Serve Public Safety • Recommendations • The Indoor Location Problem • Regulatory Influence • Where do we go from here?
Where am I? • Your location is always measured and expressed in
comparison to a known location. – You are on the Third Stone From the Sun – You are on Planet Earth/Terra Firma/Sol 3 – You are in the Northern Hemisphere – You are in the Western Hemisphere – You are in North America – You are in the United States – You are in the State of Florida – You are in the City of Daytona Beach – You are at the Hilton Hotel – You are in the Crystal Room – You are in the Front Row
What are Latitude and Longitude?
Source: Geographyalltheway.com
Did you know?
• We commonly say “Latitude and Longitude”, but when the coordinates are presented, they are presented as Longitude followed by Latitude.
• The invention of a geographic coordinate system dates back to Eratosthenes of Cyrene in the 3rd century BC and was modified through the ages.
• The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, was adopted as the zero-reference line in 1884.
How is Altitude determined?
• Most commonly, by atmospheric pressure. • By GPS. • By Triangulation.
Did you know?
• Altitude is typically expressed as “above mean sea level” (MSL). – Translation is needed to estimate “above ground
level” (AGL) – Flat maps are not enough – Further translation is needed to estimate floor level
• Many newer smartphones are equipped with atmospheric pressure sensors.
What does Triangulation mean?
• Triangulation = Determination of location
based on angles from known positions
Source: StackExchange.com
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Requires a specialized antenna array
What the heck is Trilateration? • Trilateration = Determination of location
based on distance from a known positions.
Source: StackExchange.com
Put more simply… If you know you are… 706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan DC
MC SJ
You are in Daytona.
Not a Pin Point!
DC
MC SJ
Uncertainty
How do we determine the distances?
DC
MC SJ
706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan
How do I determine the distances?
DC
MC SJ
706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan
Timed Difference Of Arrival
Pop Quiz: How Long is a Nanosecond?
• Answer: About 12 inches.
• Radio signals travel at roughly the speed of light, covering about one foot every nanosecond.
• If I know how long (down to the nanosecond) the signal took to reach me, I can compute how far it traveled.
How do you cover the whole planet?
GPS Constellation
Source: Wikipedia
GPS Has Competition
• GLONASS
• Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema
• or "GLObal NAvigation Satellite System
• As of 2015, most smart phones already have GLONASS receivers in addition to GPS.
Confidence and Uncertainty
• Confidence - A measure of how sure the system is that the position it has derived is accurate. Based on number and quality of inputs. Expressed as a percentage.
• Uncertainty - An estimate of the possible error associated with the position. Expressed in meters.
The Confidence and Uncertainty Dilemma
• Example: • A PSAP receives two position fixes:
– One has 75% Confidence and 50 meter Uncertainty…
– One has 90% Confidence and 100 meter Uncertainty.
– Which is more accurate?
Pop Quiz: How does GPS work?
• A - The satellites listen for the cell phone signal and work together to compute its location.
• B - The cell phone asks the satellites to provide its location.
• C - The cell phone computes its location based on signals received from a minimum number of satellites.
• D - None of the above.
Answer
• C - The cell phone computes its location based on signals received from a minimum number of satellites.
What is “Assisted GPS” (A-GPS)? • A system to short-cut the satellite acquisition
process. • Broadcast over the wireless carrier network, a
signal that tells the handset which satellites to listen for (usually about 6).
• This speeds up the position determination process. No time is wasted listening for satellites that are on the other side of the planet.
QUESTIONS ON LOCATION DETERMINATION?
REPLACING LANDLINE WITH WIRELESS
“Small” Cells
25
Pop Quiz:
• Who invented the concept of telephone dialing and the first telephone dial? – Arnold W. Dial – Theodore N. Vail – Almon Strowger – Alexander Graham Bell
• Answer: Almon Strowger
26
Replacing Landlines With Wireless
• Wi-Fi Access Points and residential/enterprise Femtocells • Small coverage area and support for a smaller number of end users • Range similar to a cordless landline phone (20-50m)
• Picocells provide larger coverage areas
• Larger number of users than femtocells but may serve only a single enterprise.
• Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
• Serve an area as large as a Macrocell. They may be deployed in-building or along a highway.
• Microcell and Macrocell
• Ranges are intended to cover a large area (many addresses) and serve many customers.
Femto-What?
28
micro μ 1000−2 10−6 0.000001 millionth 1960
nano n 1000−3 10−9 0.000000001 billionth thousand millionth 1960
pico p 1000−4 10−12 0.000000000001 trillionth billionth 1960
femto f 1000−5 10−15 0.000000000000001 quadrillionth thousand
billionth 1964
atto a 1000−6 10−18 0.000000000000000001 quintillionth trillionth 1964
zepto z 1000−7 10−21 0.000000000000000000001 sextillionth thousand
trillionth 1991
yocto y 1000−8 10−24 0.000000000000000000000001
septillionth quadrillionth 1991
Source: Wikipedia. International System of Units (SI)
Cellular Hierarchy
Cellular Hierarchy
30
Industry Examples
• Distributed Antenna System (DAS) may serve an entire airport and may be presented as a single cell site with improved indoor location
• A conference center may be served by a picocell with coverage only inside the center and several macrocells with coverage both inside and outside the center
• An enterprise or residence may be served by a single femtocell that only provides coverage for a single address
• Wi-Fi Access Points may provide their location using a mix of the following: – GPS or crowd sourced latitude/ longitude – Address provisioned by the user
• and MSAG validated • corroborated by an external source and then MSAG validated
Scenarios
1. Cell Site Address (Equivalent of Phase 1) – Carrier and Public Safety must coordinate (not
scalable) • Address or description for each tower/antenna • Preferred PSAP to receive the call
– Phase 2 updates provide more precise information (latitude/longitude) of where the device is located.
Two Ways to Serve Public Safety
Two Ways to Serve Public Safety
2. Device Address (Equivalent of VoIP service) – Carrier, customer, and service provider coordinate
to provide an MSAG-valid address – Call routing uses the same or nearly the same data
as the Selective Routers today – No individual device coordination with Public
Safety: scalable
Opinion Poll:
• Which is more accurate? – A Phase 2 latitude/longitude with an Uncertainty of
50 meters? – A Phase 1 civic address for a femtocell with a range of
50 meters?
– Is there a difference? Should both be considered “Phase 2”?
• Current cell site coordination process can be used for any antenna
• Subscriber/carrier assignment of MSAG address for antenna types that cover a single address - Coordination may be desirable for stadiums and conference centers
• In the future, Wi-Fi Access Points, Wi tags, and Bluetooth beacons may be gainfully integrated into Public Safety location solutions as carriers further develop and deploy Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWi-Fi)
Recommendations
QUESTIONS ON WIRELINE REPLACEMENT AND SMALL CELLS?
INDOOR LOCATION
*Statistics are based on data noted in recent FCC filings
The Problem • 40% of the US population has “cut the cord” • 70+% of 9-1-1 calls come from wireless phones • 60M – 80M wireless 9-1-1 calls per year are not
being accurately located • More wireless calls are coming from indoors • On campuses, wireless phones are increasingly used
to dial 9-1-1 • Location determination is impacted for 9-1-1 calls
originating from indoors or between tall buildings.
Regulatory Influence
• National Emergency Address Database (NEAD) and test bed in scope • Within two years, carriers will be required to transmit a caller's indoor
position within 50 meters (164 feet) to 911 call centers in 40% of cases • Within five years, the location will have to be accurate to that standard in
60% of cases • Option to meet requirements with dispatchable address or z-axis
FCC proposed rules for horizontal and vertical accuracy.
Feb 2014 Nov 14, 2014
Tier 1s, NENA & APCO propose Voluntary
Agreement with dispatchable address
Tier 1s, NENA & APCO amend VILA
with specific metrics
FCC Ruling on Indoor goes above & beyond
VILA Amendment
Jan 12, 2015 Jan 29, 2015
9-1-1
Public Safety (i.e. FirstNet)
Commercial
The TCS service offering will leverage existing TCS capabilities as well as
integrate with new products in order to improve location accuracy
• Indoor Location will not be solved with a single product • Indoor Location will be a collection of systems and
services supported by an ecosystem of partnerships and technologies that will continue to evolve.
TCS Perspective on Indoor Location
Indoor Location Focus
• Indoor Location solutions will be targeted at both Wireless Carriers and Enterprises
• Some enterprises, whether they are Corporations or Higher Education institutions, will look to differentiate themselves by investing in indoor location techniques in order to enhance the safety and security of their campuses.
• Indoor Location solutions will be rolled out in multiple stages and evolve as new technology contributing to heightened location accuracy is introduced
Indoor Location for: Carrier
Indoor Location Engine (ILE)
Location Server
Carrier Switch & Emergency
Platform
Browser Client SDWA
9-1-1
Wi-Fi AP Controller
National Emergency
Address Database (NEAD)
TCS Global Wi-Fi
Services
Other 3rd Party
Location
9-1-1 Server
Browser Client
PSAP
Carrier System
TCS System
3rd Party
Key
The Campus Solution • Leveraging existing campus Wi-Fi
infrastructure, the solution will integrate with the 9-1-1 system serving the campus to deliver precise Indoor Location: building and room-level accuracy.
• Whether the emergency is indoors or outdoors, the caller can be automatically located and assistance dispatched. o Save significant time o Provide peace of mind to
administrators, staff, and students (mostly, their parents).
Indoor Location for: Campus
Indoor Location Engine (ILE)
Location Server
Browser Client SDWA
9-1-1
Wi-Fi AP Controller
National Emergency
Address Database (NEAD)
TCS Global Wi-Fi
Services
Other 3rd Party
Location
Browser Client
Campus PSAP
Security Desk
TCS System
3rd Party
Key
• TCS has already established formal partnerships with multiple indoor location technology providers and lab trials have begun
• Engineering teams are actively working on a solution design that will address 9-1-1, public safety and commercial location use cases
• A pre-standards demonstration has been defined that will allow TCS and our ecosystem partners to demonstrate indoor location capabilities without the need for integration with wireless networks
• TCS, along with our ecosystem partners, are in active discussions with Higher Education campuses for beta trials
• TCS continues to work closely with our carrier partners to determine next steps for demonstrating progress to the FCC
Current Activity
Summary
The Challenge
• Provide Wireless Carriers, Campuses and Enterprises with a single point of access to the aggregated Wi-Fi, BLE, and other indoor location technologies.
• Leverage current LBS and public safety expertise
– GNSS, RF trilateration, Wi-Fi AP location, and translation between USPS and Public Safety MSAG address
• Offer a flexible path for the utilization of indoor location data and systems as standards and technology evolve
QUESTIONS ON INDOOR LOCATION?
SMS TO 9-1-1 Texting
• Three message delivery methods • Routing on coarse location • Automatic bounce back and Inactivity timeout • TCC to TCC interface • What the Standard does not provide:
• Centralized reporting for SMS messages across jurisdictions • Centralized logging & recording across jurisdictions • Any detailed training • Specific User Interface selection by the carriers – It’s the
PSAP’s choice • MMS support • Multi-targeted SMS text communication, Prioritization,
Roaming • “Over-the-Top” (OTT) messaging applications
TCS a primary author of J-STD-110
ATIS/TIA J-STD-110 Standard
Is Texting Reliable?
• Obstacles to delivery of an SMS message: – The receiving handset is powered off – The receiving handset moves out of cell coverage – The receiving handset roams to another carrier
• None of these situations apply to PSAPs. • We are not seeing 9-1-1 messages lost or
delivered out of order.
The Magic is Session Management
• SMS communication is “sessionless”. • SMS messages are independent and unrelated
events • The Text Control Center creates a session
between the caller and the Telecommunicator • The session stays up until:
– The PSAP takes it down – The handset is powered off – The handset moves out of coverage – The handset roams to another carrier
Do 9-1-1 texts receive priority handling?
• No priority in the carrier network, but 9-1-1 messages leave the carrier network (and associated congestion) and go to the Text Control Center.
• No priority in the TCC, because they are all 9-1-1 messages.
2014 SMS9-1-1 Attempts Statistics
94,000+ public attempts to text 9-1-1 in 2014 from two carriers.
Public demand is there, but far from overwhelming.
54
2014 SMS to 9-1-1 Attempts
Source: TCS
TCS Deployment Update • Currently Live:
• GEM – 155+ PSAPs • TTY – 104 PSAPs • SIP MSRP – 132 PSAPs • Secondary PSAPs - 63 • Steering to Intrado – 48 • In Service - 502 in 33 States
plus Puerto Rico • In Progress - 235
• TCS services provided at no cost to GEM and TTY PSAPs
Source: TCS, May 2015
• Uses the PSAP’s existing voice call paths
• Handled on existing CPE
• Session control consideration
• TTY is half duplex • Limited character
set • TTY Syntax
• Follows NENA i3 recommendation of SIP MSRP (session mode)
• Direct ESInet Integration
• Future scalability • CPE
considerations • EMInet/ESInet
upgrade path
SIP – i3 Legacy – TTY
• Web based (HTTPs) service
• Easy to deploy • Easy to train • Single intuitive
screen • IP connectivity
requirements • Additional Screen
for PSAP personnel
Web Portal
SMS9-1-1 Delivery Methods
56
Transfer
PSAP: XYZ County
HUNC is Graphically Represented by the Size of the Circle
New Incoming Messages
Active Sessions
Other Call Takers’ Sessions The MDN and the Call
Taker’s Username Are Shown in Each Message Next to the Timestamp
LAT/LON and HUNC Values Drop-down With Canned
Responses, or Free Type
Web Portal Interface - TCS GEM9-1-1 GEM911
Rebid Functionality
Location is Different for Texts • Voice
– Phase 1 – Phase 2
• Text
– Coarse Location – Enhanced Location
• They are analogous but not the same.
Location is Different for Texts
Voice 9-1-1 Phase 1: Civic Address of Tower
SMS 9-1-1 “Coarse” Location: Sector Centroid Lat/Lon
“Enhanced” Location for SMS
• Dependent on Carrier and Handset • Older handsets may not produce Enhanced
Location on some carriers • No FCC accuracy rules (yet)
9-1-1 Location Commercial Location
• Language Translation (EMedia) • Transfers to Secondary PSAPs (non-routable) • Local Conversation Logging (EMedia) • End Session Confirmation • Visual notification on all incoming messages • Transfer without caller being in polygon • MSRP based transfers (EMedia) • Additional browser support – ongoing • Carrier and Location method Identification per session • What about location?
• Dependent on the carrier • CSRIC Working Group 4 making recommendations to the FCC about precise
location for SMS 9-1-1
SMS-911 Feature Enhancements
TCC Deployment Architecture
PSAPs Carriers
Text Control Center
62
Legacy PSAP (TTY)
Transitional PSAP (GEM)
Next Generation PSAP (i3 MSRP) Text
Control Center
63
The Aggregation Challenge
PSAPs Carriers
TCC 1
TCC 2
TCC 3
TCC 4
63
Legacy PSAP
Transitional PSAP
Next Generation PSAP
Enhanced Text Services Solution
Interoperability Testing TCS Compatibility Testing for 3rd Party MSRP based CPE
Testing Environment: • MSRP • Real Handsets • All Carriers available • Non-911 Short-code • End-to-end test
MSRP
SMS Node
MSRP
MSRP
MSRP
TCS Testing
Distribution Node
65
Web UI (GEM)
CPE with MSRP
Support
TTY
HTTPs Over the Internet
SMS 9-1-1 Connectivity Options
Aggregation Service
TCS TCC
Intrado TCC
ESGW Network
Selective Router
Commercial or Private IP Network
66
QUESTIONS?
