Every Drop Counts Presentation

8/3/2019 Every Drop Counts Presentation

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Every drop countsEnvironmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)

for urban and domestic water use efficiency

Presentation of key issues and tools


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every drop counts

Every drop counts

presentation

Delft University of Technology

production of the presentation:

Dr. Aad F. Correlje, Faculty of Technology, Policy & Management

Dr. Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Faculty of Architecture

Dr. Sybrand P. Tjallingii, Faculty of Architecture

Dr. Maki Ryu, Faculty of Architecture

UNEPDTIE IETC

coordination:

Vicente Santiago


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every drop counts

Structure of the presentation

1. Introduction

2. Backgrounds of decision making

Policies, Criteria

3. Environmentally Sound TechnologiesStorage, Supply, Use, Reuse & Recycling

4. Integrated options and cases

5. Questions for a specific case


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Objective and target group

To support decision making aboutEnvironmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)in urban and domestic water use.

A sourcebook that highlights essentialquestions that have different answers indifferent cases towards water use efficiency

Decision makers: participants in local

planning processes related to urban anddomestic water use

objective

target group

every drop counts 1. Introduction


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Scope and focus

Water use efficiency in urban and domesticenvironments

Other water issues (e.g. flooding, drainage,

irrigation) only if relevant Urban includes all concentrated settlements

Efficient use of ESTs

Efficient is: optimizing the balance between

demand and safe and sufficient supply Efficient and fit : technologies that fit in with

sustainable perspectives for the localsituation

scope

focus

every drop counts 1. Introduction


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Sourcebook, presentation and

WiseWater training module Backgrounds: policies, criteria

Relevant issues for analysis and discussion

A toolkit of environmentally sound technologies

Illustrative cases

Summary of the sourcebook

Questions for decision making in your own case

Calculating the effects of water savingtechnologies (ESTs) versus conventionaltechnologies

sourcebook

presentation

WiseWater

every drop counts

1. Introduction


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every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies

Policies and institutions

technology

institutionseconomy

[SourcebookChapter 2]

The challenge is to achieve an appropriate 'fit'

between the 'hard' technical and physicalcharacteristics, the economics of ESTs and theinstitutional environment that facilitates theirselection, construction and operation.


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Decision-making in a complexinstitutional actor network

National, or regional governmental bodies.

Local actors: agencies for water management,municipalities, water supply corporations,sewerage operators, public health policy

makers, housing corporations, projectdevelopers, financing parties.

Construction companies and equipmentsuppliers.

The users of the water systems, domestichouseholds in owned and rented houses, smalland medium size enterprises, and the citizensliving in the areas.

The actors:



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Policy, Rules andUse

What does it imply ?

Policies ?

Project development ?

Implementation ? Operation ?

IntroducingESTs:

EmbeddednessInformal institutions,

customs, traditions, norms,religion

Institutional environmentFormal rules of the game,

property, water laws,bureaucracy

GovernancePlay of the game, contracting,aligning governance structures

with transactions

Resource allocationand developmentPrices and quantities,incentive management

All these activities haveto be considered in thecontext of the fourlayers of theinstitutional framework.



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National Water Policy

The water cycle, requiring integrated water re-

sources management: surface water, ground-water, catchment-basin and land-use planning.

The environment as the source of water: watercollection control, augmentation, water quality

and pollution control. Principles for water use by the domestic

households, agriculture, industry, tourism, etc.

Economic principles of water management: water

pricing, financing, the role of the private sector. Roles, responsibilities and authority of water

institutions: like federal and state institutions,user engagement, basin organizations, etc.

Policy

addressesmanyactivities:



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Local decision making

Patterns of

water supplyand sanitation

Patterns of(sectoral)

water use Environmental aspects, ecosystem approach Institutional arrangements, legal framework Social and cultural factors Positions of stakeholders and interest groups

Economics and the engagement of the privatesector

Interaction with other infrastructures andassets

Diagnosis as

a basis forplanning:

diagnosis planning

operation implementation



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Problems in planning and

implementation

Technically inadequate plans, lack of ESTs.

Socially and culturally unacceptable plans.

Economically unfeasible plans.

Plans which make too great a demand onavailable human resources.

Plans that go counter to legal provisions.

Plans that are blocked by other local

departments because of lack of coordinationand consultation.

External factors such as poor public servantmorale or public resistance.

Plans thatfail:



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Operation, economic andfinancial aspects

Most beneficial use and exploitation, balancing

social and environmental requirements.

Water has a value and water supply and

sanitation have a cost. Pricing and tariff arrangements.

Budgetary resources, subsidies and tariff

revenue.

The role of the private sector. Support towards the introduction of ESTs.

Issues:



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Risk, revenues and governance

Innovation and change cannot go without risks.

Identify the main areas of responsibility andthe risks associated. Shared understanding of

risks is the basis. Assign the responsibilities and risks to the

party best able to manage them.

Bearing risk has a cost and the party bearing

the risk will likely demand something in return. A public regulator should secure the benefits

for society and the environment.

Recommen-dations:



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Environmentally sound waterpolicies (cont.)

Gender issues are crucial in water management,

especially at the domestic level.

Expertise is crucial. Foreign advisers may play a

role but only local expertise can ensure that

policies meet local needs and local conditions.

Ecosystem approach as a fundamentalcomponent of Integrated Water Resource

Management (IWRM).

Summary ofkey issues:



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Criteria for decisions

At the local decision level there is a need for

practical criteria that can guide the actors, thosewho participate in the planning process.

Efficient is the best known criterion. An efficient

technology (EST) produces high results (sufficientwater for households, farming, industry, health)with low efforts (money, time, resources, humanenergy). Technologies can also be more or lessefficient in saving water. Calculating efficiency is

very helpful for making decisions.

But it is not the only criterion. The Bissau caseserves as an illustration:

[SourcebookChapter 3]

every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria


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Learning from a case

1. New taps not reliable (power failures). Thus

people turn to old wells that pose higher healthrisks (latrines too close, clean rainwaterefficiently drained away).

Plans for flows must fit together.2. Improved drainage in neighborhoods leads to

erosion in the urban fringe.Plans for areas must fit together.3. Construction work performed well but manage-

ment and maintenance fail.

Plans for actors must fit together.in addition to efficiency, there is a group of criteria called

fit. They have to be specified for flows and areas and actors.



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Specific criteria for

the local plan

General criteria for sustainable plans

FLOWS which flows?

choices made?

AREAS

which areas?

choices made?ACTORS

which actors,

choices made?

PL ANET PE

OPLE PR

OSPERITY(ecological) (social) (economic)

sustainable is:

- sound use

and

liveability

- participation

- fair sharing

- gender

- profit and

development

guidingprinciples

guiding

models

How to make a

sustainable water

plan?

Specifying fit criteria for local plans



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Working with fit criteria

First, an analysis should provide the relevantinformation: > Which flows ? (e.g. rainwater,groundwater, drinking water, waste water,solid waste, energy) > Which areas ? (e.g.houses. yards, streets, neighbourhoods, urban

fringe) > Which actors? (e.g. women,families, shopkeepers, agencies, NGOs).

Secondly, alternative plans (combinations oftechnologies, policies and spatial plans) can

be discussed using general criteria forsustainable plans and specific arguments fromthe local context.

Analysis

Discussion



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The planning cycle

Fit and efficiency in the planning cycle

initiative

usemaintenance

realization

detaileddesign

strategicplan

startingdocument

ORIENTATION

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

ANALYSIS> flows> areas> actors

EXAMPLES

GUIDING MODELS

EVALUATION

efficiency

fit



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Criteria in the planning cycle

The strategic stage of the planning cycle (from

initiative to strategic plan) focuses onsharing the understanding of the problem,sharing the general approach and sharing theresponsibility for solutions. Fit criteria usually

dominate the process.



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Criteria in the planning cycle

The operational stage of the planning cycle

(from strategic plan to realization and use)focuses on specifying concrete solutions,specifying the funding, the contracts and theorganization of construction and maintenance.

Efficiency criteria usually dominate theprocess.



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every drop counts 3. ESTs Intro

Environmentally Sound Technologies

in the Urban Water Cycle

storage &

augmentation

reuse,recycle& disposal

use &saving

supply &

distribution


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every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage

Storage and augmentation ESTs

1. Ponds and Reservoirs

2. Artificial recharge of Groundwater

3. Water Tanks

4. Rainwater runoff in surface water

5. Rainwater runoff in groundwater

6. Rainwater runoff in tanks

7. Effluent in surface water

8. Effluent in ground water

[SourcebookChapter 4.2]


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Ponds and reservoirs

Dams and reservoirs are a common

approach to storage of river water.Big dams, however, do often causebig unsolved problems and thereforecannot be called environmentally

sound. Small dams with carefulconsideration of ecological and socialimpacts can do better. In permanentrivers, under water beams are anoption. In wadis sand dams are a

sound technology for the infiltrationof river water to the groundwater.



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Artificial recharge of ground water

Artificial recharge is appropriate for theaugmentation of groundwater in aquifers. It maysupplement the natural percolation. In seasonalclimates Aquifer Storage and Recovery practicesboth the storage and the quality control that is

essential to maintain thequality of groundwaterresources. Recharging cantake place from the surface

or directly into sub surfacelayers.



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Rainwater harvesting ESTs

Rainwater runofffrom roofs is

stored in tanks tobe used insidebuildings.

Stormwater from streets andparks can be infiltrated orstored in ponds to provide waterfor trees, gardens and parks.

Sand filters and constructedwetlands can be used for qualitycontrol.



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Storage of treated sewage

Effluent from sewage treatment plants can bereused in surface waters as a source for urbanwater supply. Quality control is crucial.

The use of effluent forrecharging groundwater is

possible. Soil Aquifer Treatmenttechnology prevents pollution bypathogens, nutrients and othercontaminants.



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Priorities for storage solutions

In an integrated perspective, efficient andsustainable storage and augmentation can bestbe realized by decision makers if they follow thissequence of options:

1. First, realize the full potential of treated

wastewater and rainwater options.2. Then, use the potential of surface water

options.3. And then, turn to aquifer based ESTs as a

third option.

Over-exploitation and pollution of aquifersis a threat. Invisible impacts are hard torestore.



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Supply and distribution ESTs

1. Surface water abstraction2. Groundwater abstraction

3. Water supply reservoirs (tanks)

4. Transfer of water

5. Single pipeline systems (one quality)

6. Dual pipeline systems (two qualities)

7. Water containers (bottles, tanks)

8. Centralised treatment systems

9. Point of use treatment systems


every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply


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Water pipe systemsWater supply networks are advanced

systems that require advancedmaintenance regimes. Leakage, due topoor maintenance is a major problem.Often more than 50% of the pipedwater is lost. Capacity building andfund availability for maintenance arethe first priorities.

Lowering night time pressure and

a system of metering and billingwater use above a basic level maybe helpful but are not a finalsolution.



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Dual quality systemsA problem of central piped network supply, is theuse of drinking water quality for non drinking

purposes. In dual networks service water qualityhas its own network. Wrong connections can beavoided by different colours for different pipes.Dual systems at the building level only, avoid citynetworks.

Buildings should have a reliabletechnical department formaintenance and qualitycontrol. Rainwater or treated

greywater can be used asservice water. Sizable tankscan cope with fluctuations indemand and supply.



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Wells, tanks and bottles

At the neighborhood level, improving thequality and increasing the number oftraditional wells can be a goodenvironmentally sound technology.

In a situation of centrally collecteddrinking water from rivers or groundwater(boreholes), good quality water can bedelivered by trucks to static tanks,

from where peoplecan take water homein bottles or smallcontainers.



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Drinking water quality

Health requires good quality drinking water.

Centralized treatment systems can beimproved and extended.

If drinking water ofreliable quality is

not available,proper treatment atthe user level is anoption.



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Priorities for supply solutionsUnder an integrated water resource

management perspective, efficient andsustainable supply and distribution can best berealized by adapting priorities to decision-makingbased on the existing situation:1. In a traditional situation of wells, improving

this supply system has priority.2. If this is difficult and there is an immediate

need, delivery by trucks is an option.3. If there is a basis for financing and for

capacity building, piped water networksbecome feasible. Their development shouldgo hand in hand with on-site systems forsupply of drinking water and service water.



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Use and saving ESTs1. Waterless toilets (compost- and dry-)

2. Water saving toilets

3. Water saving urinals

4. Waterless urinals

5. Water saving taps

6. Water saving showerheads

7. Pressure reducers

8. Water saving household appliances9. Economised water use: personal hygiene

10.Economised water use: cleaning & watering


every drop counts 3. ESTs Use


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Waterless toilets


Waterless toilets need neither water nor sewers.

They work on the basis of dehydration andcomposting. The resulting compost can beapplied to the fields in urban agriculture. Theright degree of humidity is crucial. They are oftencombined with urine separation. Vertical

ventilation pipes guaranteeodour free operation.Compost toilets requiremore space and need more

maintenance. Simple drytoilets are easier to use andcheaper. They need to beemptied every week.


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Water saving in households


Drinking, cleaning, bathing, washing, toiletflushing. Combined water saving appliances leadto 43% savings in liter per person per day.


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Water saving in green spaces


Parks and gardens ask a lot of water, especially

in dry climates. Savings may result fromreplacing piped water by rainwater or treatedwastewater.

The local government andNGOs can also give a goodexample demonstratinghow attractive green spaces

can be created with nativespecies adapted to dryconditions.


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Not only technology


The challenge is: meeting increasing service

demands without increasing water supplies (UN-Habitat, Local Action for Global Goals, 2003).

This is not only a matter of technology but alsoof life style, water squandering practices in

private and public buildings and in public openspace.

Change asks for a carrot and stick approach: tax incentives and levies, demonstration

projects

rules, standards and enforcement


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Priorities for use & saving

In an integrated water resource management

perspective, efficient and sustainable water useand saving can best be realized by decision makersif they combine strategies:

1. In new developments water savingESTs should become part of design

and planning strategies from the beginning.This includes strategies for maintenance.

2. In existing urban areas creating conditionsis crucial: financial incentives, technical

support, training of skilled labour, legalsupport, new standards.3. Demonstration projects can show the way in

a process of learning by doing.



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Reuse, recycle & disposal ESTsquality and treatment issues

1. Domestic rainwater use

2. On-site treatment of grey water

3. Constructed wetlands

4. On-site and near-site treatment of blackwater and mixed sewage

5. Separating rainwater from sewer systems

6. Environmentally sound centralized sewagetreatment in developing countries


every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse


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Rainwater quality and use


Roof-top rainwater only needs minor treatmentto make it safe for service water. For use asdrinking water, filtration and disinfection isrequired. There should be no debris in the tanksand no light. Quality control is a must.


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Rainwater quality and use


Run-off rainwater from streets and open spacescan be treated in wetland systems. Separatingrainwater from the sewers greatly improves thecity treatment plants performance.


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Grey & black water treatment


Household based decentralised ESTs deserve

more attention. They create conditions forreuse at the domestic level and save costs forsewage systems.


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Grey & black water treatment


Small scale aerobic (>compost) or anaerobictechnology (>methane + slurry) are feasible.These innovative ESTs require careful andskilful guidance. For example joint projects ofusers with researchers and practitioners in alearning by doing context.

Example for on-site

sewage treatment


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Constructed wetlands


Stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands are a

low-cost alternative for the treatment of domesticwastewater. They provide water for irrigation in urbanagriculture and for watering green spaces.

Detention and retention ponds, lined up with reeds

and other wetland plants, perform well in purifyingrun-off rainwater from quite streets. More pollutedwater requires constructed wetlands designed for

horizontal or vertical flow,filtering, adsorption and

uptake of nutrients.Good design and maintenanceare vital.


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Priorities for reuse, recycling

& safe disposalUnder an integrated water resource managementperspective, the choice of reuse, recycling and safedisposal options follows these priorities:

1. Pollution prevention goes first. Roof-top rain-

water and water from wells should retaindrinking water quality.2. In urban situations with an existing piped

network, on-site rainwater and greywater treatment for service water should

have priority in quality management strategy.3. Reuse and recycle should have priority in

wastewater treatment both at a centralized anddecentralized level.



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Integrated options and cases[SourcebookChapter 5]

every drop counts 4. Integration

EST-priorities for storage (and augmentation),

supply (and distribution), use (and saving) andreuse & recycling (and safe disposal) have to beintegrated in locally promising combinations.

This integration depends on the potential of thelocal situation (climate, hydrology, city-landscape)

Promising combinations also greatly depend oninstitutional capacity and the development stage.Five guiding models illustrate these aspects. Agiven decision situation may be close to one ofthem. In a larger urban area, the guiding modelsmay guide the making of a zoning model for thecity, with specific strategies for each zone.


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Village model


development stage

Traditional simple systems, self organisation,minor role for central government.

promising EST combinations:

Preferably ESTs based on groundwater, supportedby traditional rainwater based ESTs.

First option is water supply by wells. Residentstake water home in small containers. Demand isusually < 30 liter per person per day.

First options for sanitation are dry toilets andimproved pit latrines to avoid groundwatercontamination.

Grey-water gardens or soil aquifer treatment forwaste water discharge. Compost for agriculture.

storage

supply

use

reuse &recycling


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Squatter area model


development stageMany new arrivals, short-term urgency andpossible roles of central relief organisations fororganising collective water and sanitation systems.


Preferably ESTs based on groundwater or river.

Central supply by trucks to static tanks. Residentstake water home in small containers. Demand isusually < 30 liter per person per day.

First trench latrines followed by improved pitlatrines and dry toilets to avoid groundwater

contamination.Starting with simple soakaways for waste water.Followed by grey-water treatment ESTs.

supply

use

reuse &recycling

storage


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Urban village model


development stageSquatter area (favela, bidonville) on a morepermanent basis. Increasing role of governmentagencies and NGOs. Upgrading.


ESTs based on groundwater, if feasible, small dam

in river. Promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs.Piped water network that supplies collective tapstands, Quality control by agency.

Introduction of dry toilets and compost collectingsystem. Support for rainwater use in households.

Grey water treatment with irrigation and soilaquifer treatment.

supply

use

reuse &recycling

storage


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City model


development stage Existing medium to large cities,important role for government agencies, fewcollective and individual user based systems.


Groundwater recharge, small dams in rivers. If bigdam exists, alternatives reduce dependency.

Strong promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs.Full piped network. Priority for leakage control.

Promotion of water saving toilets and watersaving appliances. Water sensitive urban design tocreate conditions for run-off use for watering

parks and gardens.Improving centralised wastewater treatment.Reuse of effluent and sludge in agriculture. Reuseof treated wastewater in watering green spaces.

supply

reuse &recycling

storage

use


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New town model


development stageNew development with a leading role for agencies,

NGOs and developers. Collective organisationsand individuals take over after construction.


Groundwater or surface water based systems.Building design regulations and legal frame

creates good conditions for rainwater harvesting.Full piped network for drinking water. Collectiveand individual systems for service water.Water saving and dry toilets, water savingappliances. Water sensitive urban design for run-

off use in green spaces.Centralised and collective blackwater treatment.Building level grey water treatment (servicewater). Constructed wetlands in urban design.

supply

use

reuse &recycling

storage


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Questions for a specific case

every drop counts 5. Questions

The sourcebook presents backgrounds (policies,

criteria), a toolkit of ESTs, and illustrative cases.Moreover, the different chapters presentquestions that can be used in the planningprocess of a specific case. The model of theplanning cycle (slide 22., sourcebook 3.4)

shows the sequence of the questions in relationto the steps in the strategic stage of planning.

In this way, the questions may structure aworkshop that generates alternative plans.

Wisewater is a supplementary tool forcalculating the water saving potential of ESTs inthe planning process.


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every drop counts 5. Questions

EVALUATION

efficiency

fit

initiative

strategic

plan

lessons from other local projects

strenghts and weaknesses of this

situation (SWO

T)(sourcebook chapter 3.4)

questions about sustainable(sourcebook 3.3)

questions about flows, areas and

actors(sourcebook 4.2.2, 4.3.2, 4.4.2, 4.5.2)

wich models come close?(sourcebook 5.2.3)

Which ESTs form a promisingcombination ?(sourcebook 5.2.3, chapter 4)

ORIENTATION

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

ANALYSIS

EXAMPLES

GUIDING MODELS

Workshop questions


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every drop counts twice

the joy and inspiration of planning with water

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Every Drop Counts Presentation