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1538: Paul III ordered that the Marcus Aurelius be placed in the center of the hill on podium designed by Michelangelo

emblem of papal authority, displacing communal symbol of justice

Marcus Aurelius outside Lateranat site where papal judicial punishment

was administered

Hellenistic sculpture - trophy of warsymbol of Rome - before She-Wolfthen symbol of communal justice

Senator’s Palaceseat of the podesta - chief executive and judicial offices

assembly hall, prisons, guild offices, rostrum

oval pedestalimplies conception of the entire plan

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Senator’s Palace = climax of design raised on pediment

central axis culminates in bell tower symmetry > essential

statue of Diana stood atop bell tower

until 1870she held a large cross

symbol triumphant Christianity

medieval legend: il gran villano folk hero during Republic

anti-monarchial

Marcus Aurelius - brought to Capitoline in 1538 Michelangelo’s oval base inspired whole design

Constantine1st Xian emperor - ruled over East and West

golden age of peace and prosperityMarcus Aurelius

pious emperor - proto Xiangesture of domination and pacification

2 inscriptions: contemporary and ancient

remember: Sala Costantina

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left: SM dei Aracoeli center: Senators’ palace

right: Conservator’s palaceon October 23, 1537 the municipal council voted to fund the magnificentia of the Palazzo dei Conservatori

with an annual 1000 scudiconstruction did not begin until 1563 > terrible winters in late 1530’s and war broke out in 1541

Patarino > great bell

1544stairs

Conservator’s Palace - 15c style cross-mullion windows

arcadecommercial and legislative center

1544: 3-bay loggia and flight of stairs added to church transept new approach from the piazza

Aracoeli = official religious services of the city officials

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monumental symbol revival of ancient grandeur

statues had priority - architecture took shape around themRomanae gloriae

Michelangelo, design for Capitoline Hill, c. 1536-38 Palazzo Nuovo not finished until 1654

series of spaces — monumental path of ascent — framed by grand palace facades

1550-53 double stairway begun

1561 final stage (Pius IV):restoration of Senator’s Palace, new base for MA, balustrade

and new facade for Conservators

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Giacomo della Porta Conservator’s Palace finished 1584

Senator’s in 1600 1580’s cordonata

Palazzo Nuovo 1603-54

Michelangelo, design for Capitoline Hill, c. 1536-38

series of spaces — monumental path of ascent — framed by grand palace facades reminiscent of his Laurentian library, begun 1525

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Bernardo Rossellino, Pienza, plan, 1456-64

regular plan symmetry

entrance axis

Michelangelo, design for Capitoline Hill, c. 1536-38 influence of contemporary stage designs

prospective design planned for Charles V entry 1536

Capitoline > new communal Roman forum under papal authority

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Bramante’s Cortile del Belvederedouble ramp stairs

perspective construction central axis

imposition of the authority of intellect upon nature

both required: regularization of hillsides

integration of pre-existing buildings covered porticoes

budget constraints Michelangelo accepted and created a design

to be built in stages

superimposed facades (do not wrap around buildings)stairway separated from facade

determined trapezoidal plan

innovations: trapezoid plan + giant order

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symmetry, axiality, hierarchy, unity, crescendo of forms

climax at Senators’ Palace portal

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Marcus Aurelius place on domed oval pavement with 12 pointed stellate pattern radiating from sunburst mounded pavement > earth > Roman caput mundi

stellate pattern > heavenly sphere (Vitruvius) sunburst > Apollo (Apollo = Christ)

pavement and statue > temporal and spiritual universality of Paul IIInew Roman emperor and vicar of Christ

Michelangelo, Capitoline why the oval?

interior of Pantheon > metaphor of Roman rule dedication to all gods

cosmos domed floor (drainage)

oval - more dynamic, kinetic

shield of Achilles and Alexander the Great

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12 pointed star pentecost > mission of Church

sunburst > Apollo > Christ shield of Alexander the Great

cosmos flanked by earthly palaces

oval creates movementvisitor forced to walk around Marcus Aurelius

and thenchoose which flight of stairs to ascend

paving completed by Mussolini in 1940

r

rusticated base for giant order giant order= screen in front of older bldg

non-structural

Senators’ Palace stairway direct access to piano mobile minimum invasion into piazza perfect setting for river gods

triangular form masks inequality of height

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contrasting elements: classical><unorthodox

high >< demonic reason>< natural

1st use of giant order8 great pilasters bear cornice

ground floor columns and cornices subsidiary

tension btw horizontal and vertical

solution to problem: how to combine

antique system with modern division of stories

ingenious use of disguised arches

vaultsiron tie rods

Palazzo dei Conservatori 1563-84

8 giant pilasters support main cornice ground floor loggias > subsidiary system

solution to problem:how to combine the ancient system of columns

with the division of stories in modern palace

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pilasters front pierswall partitions btw rooms combine

with piers > load bearing incredibly strong

allowed for flat stone ceiling in loggia instead of vaultingstructural elements in travertine

non- structural in brick

each bay is an independent structural unit

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Palazzo dei Conservatori 1563-84

guild porticoionic with heads of satyrs stiff volutes - like leather

contrasting elements: classical><unorthodox

high >< demonic reason>< natural

hierarchy

government officespure corinthian - orthodox

reference to Temple of Jupiter

Palazzo dei Conservatori

1536 Butchers Statutesoffices to right of entrance

Roman Forum = Campo Vaccino

guild porticoionic with heads of satyrs stiff volutes - like leather

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ground floor > rusticated base for giant order pilasters form screen in front of older building - non-structural

stairway and upper level giant order > status elevated above lateral palaces

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Quod SPQR impensa ad Michaelis Angeli Buonaroti iximii architecti exemplar in antique decus restitui posse videtur

Christian Rome built on the foundation of ancient Rome Papal Rome extends dominion

Horsetamers from Quirinal Baths of Constantine (not yet installed) believed to represent Alexander the Great with Bucephalus

carved as a contest btw Phidias and PraxitelesPaul III’s namesake - Alexander (as in Sala Paolina)

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Sala Paolina, Castel Sant’Angelo Christian and pagan co-exist

Archangel Michael - opposite Hadrianfaux bronze reliefs > Alexander the Great

bronze medallions > life of St Paul virtues + contemporary figures

river gods Tigris and Nile from Baths of Constantine renamed: Tiber and Nile in 1548

west >< east universal dominion

wolf and twins added in 1548

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symbolic role of sculpture began with Sixtus IV

(bronze wolf, bronze head, spinario Camillus)

chosen more for associations than beauty

placed over entrance to Conservator’s Palace symbol of Rome

placed in portico of Conservator’s Palace

Dioscuri - believed to beAlexanderthe Great w/ Bucephalus by Phidiasand Praxiteles

protectors of Romesymbols of liberty

1532 coronation of Charles V in Bologna Dioscuri represented Charles and Clement VII

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statuary along entrance balustrade Constantine I,Constantine II

acquired 1536-44originally on stairs btw Senator’s Pal

and Aracoeli - moved to balustrade 1653

Nile TiberDea Roma

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Michelangelo planned a statue of JupiterMarforio - known since 12th century, near Arch of Septimius Severus moved to Capitoline in 1592

“S.P.Q.R.,Paul imitating as far as possible its ancestors in spirit and deed, restored the Capitalism decayed

by the ravages of time, the 2320 after the founding of the city.”

“in the year of our salvation 1568 Paul [consigns] to Jesus Christ, author of all good the care of the people

of Rome and of the Campidoglio oncededicated to Jove.”

Christian motivation underlies pagan splendor

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Statue of Paul III, 1563now in the Aracoeli, originally within Senator’s Palace

enthronedtiara

raised hand in benediction - echoes Marcus Aurelius holds one key (temporal)

reference to seated Jupiter/Zeus type which Michengelo wanted in exterior central niche

Pius IV1549 made cardinal by Paul III

elected pope 25 December, 1559re-opened and successfully closed the Council of Trent

focused on continuing work already beguncontinued work on Capitoline

continued work on Cortile del Belvedere > Nicchione commissioned Michelangelo to design Porta Pia and SM degli Angeli

commissioned Pirro Ligorio to design Villa Pia (Casino of Pius IV)

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Casino of Pius IVbegun under Paul IV - unknown architect (Ligorio?) > Casina del Boschetto

Pius handed project to Pirro Ligorio - expanded - finished 1562

Pirro Ligorio > painter, antiquarian and architect

hillside locationvatican as Parnassus

oval courtyard surrounded by wall - entrance gates on narrow sides 2 loggie opposite with fountains

rich and often obscure iconography central theme > baptism

papal primacy

influence of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli and naumachia of Augustus

reconstructed by Ligorioin his 1561 map of Rome

Pius as emperor > papal absolutism

Naumachia = metaphor for Church (navicella)

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originally filled with ancient statues removed by Pius V

gifts to Roman people and Maximilian II 1562 26 statues to Francesco de’Medici

water references abound

building materials from Villa Giulia

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struggle to harmonize two facades and levels

Raphael, Palazzo Branconio

Peruzzi, Palazzo Massimo

Truth Memory

Hygieia > health Christus Medicus

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Apollo and the Musesinfant Bacchus with jug of wine > Christ

home of the Muses > a musaieonnew golden age

personification of Pierius (ref to Pius)

birthplace of Muses temple > Church

6 dancing Muses Melpomene holds Hercules’ club

self-sacrifice eternity

Aurora ascends in chariot

Flora Pomona

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Aurora ascends in chariot

Pierius

Aurora ascends in chariot

Sol Invictus

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Jll lhlll JI

-_.: _.-;::p-. : \ , ;_-. . ,---,.

2nd story added under Pius IV

universality of the Church cosmic harmony

fecundity by way of Baptism

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vase baptismFame Victory

female figures in niches

antique statues of priestesses

Aegle and Solis/Apollo Apollo’s daughters Eirene-Dike-Eunomia

according to Hesiod: “all 3 symbolize divine things. First, Eunomia is Good Law, Dike signifies Justice; and Eirene, the third, is Equity and Peace.”

Pan

rivergod rivergod

Cyparissus

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