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Events in US – Soviet Events in US – Soviet relations relations Pre-WW2 roots – ideology separates; war Pre-WW2 roots – ideology separates; war unites unites Cold War historiography – who started it??? Cold War historiography – who started it??? Orthodox / Traditional Orthodox / Traditional Revisionist Revisionist Post-Revisionist Post-Revisionist Wartime cooperation and suspicion; roots of Wartime cooperation and suspicion; roots of Cold War in split ends of World War 2 Cold War in split ends of World War 2 1946 – tensions increase: Stalin’s moves in 1946 – tensions increase: Stalin’s moves in Eastern Europe / Middle East; Churchill’s Eastern Europe / Middle East; Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech; beefs in Greece and “Iron Curtain” speech; beefs in Greece and Turkey Turkey 1947 – Truman Doctrine 1947 – Truman Doctrine 1948-1949: Berlin Crisis; Soviet bomb; China 1948-1949: Berlin Crisis; Soviet bomb; China goes communist goes communist 1947-1950 – Marshall Plan 1947-1950 – Marshall Plan

Events in US – Soviet relations

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Events in US – Soviet relations. Pre-WW2 roots – ideology separates; war unites Cold War historiography – who started it??? Orthodox / Traditional Revisionist Post-Revisionist Wartime cooperation and suspicion; roots of Cold War in split ends of World War 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Events in US – Soviet relations

Events in US – Soviet relationsEvents in US – Soviet relations Pre-WW2 roots – ideology separates; war Pre-WW2 roots – ideology separates; war

unitesunites Cold War historiography – who started it???Cold War historiography – who started it???

Orthodox / TraditionalOrthodox / Traditional RevisionistRevisionist Post-RevisionistPost-Revisionist

Wartime cooperation and suspicion; roots of Wartime cooperation and suspicion; roots of Cold War in split ends of World War 2Cold War in split ends of World War 2

1946 – tensions increase: Stalin’s moves in 1946 – tensions increase: Stalin’s moves in Eastern Europe / Middle East; Churchill’s “Iron Eastern Europe / Middle East; Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech; beefs in Greece and TurkeyCurtain” speech; beefs in Greece and Turkey

1947 – Truman Doctrine1947 – Truman Doctrine 1948-1949: Berlin Crisis; Soviet bomb; China 1948-1949: Berlin Crisis; Soviet bomb; China

goes communistgoes communist 1947-1950 – Marshall Plan1947-1950 – Marshall Plan

Page 2: Events in US – Soviet relations

Cold War events cont.Cold War events cont. 1950 to 1953 – Korean War1950 to 1953 – Korean War 1953 – Stalin dies, Eisenhower becomes 1953 – Stalin dies, Eisenhower becomes

presidentpresident 1954 to 1955 – US and Soviets develop 1954 to 1955 – US and Soviets develop

hydrogen bombshydrogen bombs 1954 – Iran, Guatemala and “covert 1954 – Iran, Guatemala and “covert

diplomacy”diplomacy” 1955 – Nikita Khrushchev controls Soviet 1955 – Nikita Khrushchev controls Soviet

government…sort of…government…sort of… 1956 – Soviet crackdown in Hungary1956 – Soviet crackdown in Hungary 1957 – Sputnik1957 – Sputnik 1959 – Castro’s Cuban revolution1959 – Castro’s Cuban revolution 1960 – U-2 Affair 1960 – U-2 Affair American foreign policy – anti-communist American foreign policy – anti-communist

is good enough; socialist = communist??is good enough; socialist = communist??

Page 3: Events in US – Soviet relations

Kennedy and Khrushchev face offKennedy and Khrushchev face off

1961 – JFK takes office1961 – JFK takes office failed Bay of Pigs invasionfailed Bay of Pigs invasion Vienna SummitVienna Summit ““credibility” theory and the credibility” theory and the

“domino” theory = dangerous “domino” theory = dangerous combinationcombination

1961-1962 – 21961-1962 – 2ndnd Berlin Crisis; Berlin Berlin Crisis; Berlin WallWall

1962–Cuban Missile Crisis1962–Cuban Missile Crisis Post Missile Crisis thaw sees Cold Post Missile Crisis thaw sees Cold

War competition shift from direct War competition shift from direct confrontation to the global confrontation to the global peripheriesperipheries Vietnam…Vietnam…

Page 4: Events in US – Soviet relations

Vietnam Roots…Vietnam Roots… US involvement in Indochina begins in US involvement in Indochina begins in

WW2 (Ho – OSS connection)WW2 (Ho – OSS connection) end of WW2: FDR plans vs. Cold War end of WW2: FDR plans vs. Cold War

“realities”…“realities”… Truman commits US $$ and military aid to Truman commits US $$ and military aid to

French – “credibility” and the Truman French – “credibility” and the Truman DoctrineDoctrine

Vietminh successes vs. FrenchVietminh successes vs. French 1954 – French forces fall at Dien Bien Phu / 1954 – French forces fall at Dien Bien Phu /

Ike faces decision to intervene or back off Ike faces decision to intervene or back off – he backs off (temporarily / sort of…)– he backs off (temporarily / sort of…)

Geneva Conference (1954) – US does not Geneva Conference (1954) – US does not sign; pledges “not to break” but does (CIA sign; pledges “not to break” but does (CIA activities and support Diem’s cancellation activities and support Diem’s cancellation of elections)of elections)

Ngo Dinh Diem – the “miracle man”??? Not Ngo Dinh Diem – the “miracle man”??? Not so much…so much…

Ike and the “domino theory”; WW2 Ike and the “domino theory”; WW2 “appeasement” analogies…“appeasement” analogies…

Pentagon Papers quote: “South Vietnam Pentagon Papers quote: “South Vietnam was essentially an American creation” was essentially an American creation”

Page 5: Events in US – Soviet relations

- US tries to create “South Vietnam” from separate US tries to create “South Vietnam” from separate groups groups and disjointed peoples; no South Vietnamese and disjointed peoples; no South Vietnamese “nationality”“nationality”

- Cold War context: Kennedy elected as a “Cold Warrior” Cold War context: Kennedy elected as a “Cold Warrior” / / Soviet Premier Khrushchev determined to flex Russian Soviet Premier Khrushchev determined to flex Russian musclemuscle

- JFK feels need to show strength after Bay of Pigs and JFK feels need to show strength after Bay of Pigs and Vienna Vienna Summit – Vietnam seemed the place to do itSummit – Vietnam seemed the place to do it

* builds up $$ and advisor numbers; 16,000 * builds up $$ and advisor numbers; 16,000 advisors advisors by death of JFK taking more and more active by death of JFK taking more and more active roles, roles, politically and militarily politically and militarily

- South Vietnamese political scene is chaotic; Diem and South Vietnamese political scene is chaotic; Diem and Nhu Nhu increasingly unpopular and tyrannicalincreasingly unpopular and tyrannical

- Vietcong raids increase, so US forces step up Vietcong raids increase, so US forces step up involvement; involvement; ARVN often ineffective without US backupARVN often ineffective without US backup

* Ho Chi Minh Trail poses problems…* Ho Chi Minh Trail poses problems…* North Vietnamese role limited at 1* North Vietnamese role limited at 1stst / aid and / aid and

supportsupport

- US two-fold strategy: US two-fold strategy: nation-buildingnation-building and and “counter – “counter – insurgency”insurgency”

* support Diem / ARVN / “strategic hamlets” * support Diem / ARVN / “strategic hamlets” strategystrategy

* Green Berets / special forces warfare / * Green Berets / special forces warfare / “advisors”“advisors”

- US “credibility” and the “Catch 22” scenarioUS “credibility” and the “Catch 22” scenario

- Had he lived, would JFK have disengaged??? Had he lived, would JFK have disengaged??? (TBD???)(TBD???)