Evaluation of Noise Insulation Performance for Void Deck Slab … · BubbleDeck Technology in Denmark and Cobiax Technologies AG in Switzerland have developed a voided slab system

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 10 (2018) pp. 7348-7359

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

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Evaluation of Noise Insulation Performance for Void Deck Slab System

which Combines Deck Plates with a Voided Slab System

In-Kwan Paik 1, and Seunguk Na 2*

1Department of architectural engineering, School of Architecture, Dankook University, South Korea.

2Department of architectural engineering, School of Architecture, Dankook University, South Korea.

(*Correspondence Author)

Abstract

A voided slab system is one of the newly developed methods

used to improve the load resistance by effectively utilising the

moment of inertia in a concrete slab. It has several advantages

such as economic efficiency, usability, and environmental

friendliness. In this study, the authors developed a new voided

slab system, called a void deck slab (VDS) system, which is

combined with voided slab systems and deck plates. The

purpose of this study is to investigate the sound insulation

performance of VDS. To determine its effectiveness, a mock

up test was carried out to evaluate its insulation performance

against floor impact noise and its applicability to a voided slab

system. The test results show that the light impact sound

insulation performance reached grade 1, and the heavy impact

sound insulation performance reached grade 3. These results

satisfy the required impact sound insulation performance of

apartment housing. Based on these results, it is expected that

the application of VDS can be useful in preventing interlayer

noise issues in apartment housing in South Korea. In addition,

it is thought that a reduction of in the quantity of concrete

required will not only improve the workability in construction

sites, it will also reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Thus,

VDS will be a useful alternative method to improving the

habitability for occupants and the workability for workers at

construction sites.

Keywords: voided slab; deck plate; noise insulation

performance; interlayer noise issue; apartment housing; light

impact noise

INTRODUCTION

A voided slab system is one of the newly developed methods

used to improve the load resistance by effectively utilising the

moment of inertia in a concrete slab. It has several advantages

such as economic efficiency, usability, and environmental

friendliness. In contrast, it also has certain disadvantages in that

construction difficulties on site are higher than with normal

reinforced concrete slabs despite the decrease in the quantity of

concrete and reinforcing bars. In addition, the economic

efficiency is worse in that extra construction costs are incurred

when the voided part is not properly constructed. To overcome

such difficulties of a voided slab, a number of new methods

have been developed.

Voided slab systems have been actively applied to buildings

and are being continuously used in many countries including

those in Europe, Asia, North America, the Middle East, and

Oceania. In particular, it has been proven that a voided slab

system is beneficial in lowering the noise propagation and noise

complaints between floors in apartment housing in Japan. In

South Korea, voided slab systems with steel pipes have been

applied to the Grand Hyatt hotel and several different

warehouses. The system has since been gradually applied to

large buildings and long-span structures such as underground

parking structures, office buildings, factories, cinemas, and

religious facilities. In addition, it is being investigated whether

the utilisation of a voided slab system can solve social issues

such as noise complaints and floor impact noises caused by

footsteps in apartment housing, which occupies the majority of

domestic dwelling types.

Noise insulation from indoor and outdoor-generated noises in

apartments is a significant factor in improving the quality of

life and comfort of residents. One of the most frequently

generated noise issues amongst occupants in apartment housing

in South Korea is noise complaints that occur between upstairs

and downstairs neighbours (i.e., interlayer noise problems).

Because such noise complaints have become a serious social

issue, a number of efforts and technologies have been proposed

to resolve the problem. Interlayer noise is a type of floor impact

noise, and is the most important aspect of residents of

apartment dwellings in evaluating the comfort and indoor noise

level. To reduce the interlayer noise problem, it is necessary to

assess the level of impact of sound insulation from slabs

applied in a building structure. It has been reported that the

former materials used in voided slabs have an outstanding

performance in terms of sound insulation against floor impact

sounds. In this study, the authors developed a new voided slab

system, called a void deck slab (VDS) system, which is

combined with voided slab systems and deck plates. The

purpose of this study is to investigate the sound insulation

performance of VDS. To determine its effectiveness, a mock

up test was carried out to evaluate its insulation performance

against floor impact noise and its applicability to a voided slab

system.



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LITERATURE REVIEW

Voided slab or hollow core slab systems have been used for

many years in the field of civil engineering in South Korea,

where long span structures such as bridges and dams are

frequently constructed. However, the application of voided slab

systems in the architectural, engineering, and construction

(AEC) industry occurred later in South Korea than in Europe

or Japan. Although it is late compared to other countries, the

design and construction of voided slab systems are now being

carried out in the construction of various long-span buildings

and large facilities in the AEC industry.

Research into voided slab systems in South Korea has focused

on the development of anchoring methods and the shape of the

void former materials. Various studies have proposed the use

of new materials to anchor the void former materials into

concrete slabs. The majority of studies regarding anchoring

materials have focused on the use of reinforcing bars, which fix

the anchoring materials to the lower reinforcement of the slab.

The reasons for using anchoring materials have been to prevent

buoyancy, which occurs during the placement and curing of

concrete, as well as the movement of void former materials by

workers during reinforcement tasks. Another research theme

regarding voided slabs has been the development of new shapes

of void former materials. The most significant factors in

researching the shapes of void former materials has been

attaining an optimal hollowness ratio that is able to distribute

stress and demonstrating the best structural performance of

voided slabs. Research on voided slabs in South Korea is

summarised in Table 1.

A considerable amount of research into voided slabs has been

studied and accumulated in Europe and Japan since the 1900s.

In particular, a voided slab system has been proven to

significantly reduce the interlayer and impact noises occurring

in apartment dwellings, and has therefore been widely used in

apartment houses in Japan. The main research trends toward the

use of voided slabs in foreign countries have been similar to the

topics in South Korea, which are the development of anchoring

materials, and finding the optimal hollowness ratio. Such

research trends can be confirmed through the number of patent

applications and registrations (see Figure 1). As shown in

Figure 1, the development of voided slabs has been progressing

in Europe since 1974, and patent applications and registrations

were continuously submitted between the mid-1980s to the

mid- 2000s in Japan. In the case of South Korea, the

development of voided slab systems has rapidly increased since

the mid-2000s. BubbleDeck Technology in Denmark and

Cobiax Technologies AG in Switzerland have developed a

voided slab system that lowers the amount of concrete required

and therefore the weight of the slab by using spherical or

elliptical plastic balls as lightweight void former materials for

application in one- and two-way slabs. The main feature of

Cobiax Technologies AG is to develop cages for fixing

spherical or elliptical lightweight void formers to reinforcing

bars to slabs. As a Japanese study, while Sekisui Plastics Co.,

Ltd., focused on the development of voided slabs using half

precast concrete in the 1980s, in recent years the company has

been researching new technologies to prevent the detachment

or separation of void formers from slabs. Moreover, various

other companies in Japan such as Kurimoto, Penta Ocean, and

Shimizu are trying to develop new materials to fix or anchor

void former materials to a slab to secure their reliability and

durability. Table 2 summarises recently proposed technologies

and materials used in voided slabs in foreign countries and

regions.

Table 1. Research on voided slabs in South Korea

Authors Year Title

Chung et al. 2009 An analytical study of hollow slabs with optimal hollow spherical shapes

Kim et al. 2009 Structural performance tests of two-way void slabs

Joo et al. 2011 Structural performance test on installation method of void former for void slab using deck plate

Lee et al. 2011 Experimental evaluation on punching shear of two-way void slab-to-column connection with

TVS lightweight ball

Chung et al. 2013 Experimental study on the bond characteristics of deformed bar embedded in donut type biaxial

hollow slab



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Figure 1. Patents for voided slab technologies since 1974

Table 2. Voided slab systems used in foreign countries

Nation/Region The name

of the system

Characteristics of the void formers Weight

reduction ratio Materials Weight Shape

Europe Cobiax Plastic 1400 kg/m3 Round/donut shape 30%

U-Boot system Plastic 1400 kg/m3 Trapezoid/rectangle 35%

USA Fligree wide slab system Plastic 1400 kg/m3 Rectangle 25%

Japan Momslab Styrofoam 15–30 kg/m3 Rectangle/round 30%

EJ void Styrofoam 15–30 kg/m3 Rectangle 30%

MATERIALS AND TEST METHODS

Void deck slab system

The void deck slab (VDS) system is a newly developed voided

slab construction method that uses deck plates to anchor void

formers. VDS has certain advantages including an improved

constructability, easier installation, connection precision, and a

reduction in the amount of concrete used in the slabs. In

addition, VDS is environmentally friendly, including a

reduction of CO2, emissions, because the use of concrete in the

slabs can be reduced as the void former materials are inserted.

The deck plates used for VDS not only serve as a concrete

formwork, they also anchor the void former materials.

Additionally, the deck plates operate as a part of the structural

member, receiving additional structural strength and thereby

increasing the structural stability. Figure 2 shows the details

and a schematic view of VDS. VDS is composed of T-shaped

steel deck plates, lightweight void former materials, and

anchoring devices, as shown in Figure 2. As Figure 4 indicates,

in the cross section of VDS, the lightweight void former

materials are placed between the ribs of the T-shaped steel deck

plates. The anchoring materials of the void former materials to

deck plates would be the same as the void formers and they

would be installed by inserting and turning them 90 degrees.

Such ease of application makes it possible for novice workers

to install and fix the void formers with a high level of precision

and improved workability.



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(a) Schematic view of VDS (b) Details of VDS

Figure 2. Conceptual diagram and details of void deck slab (VDS) system

Test overview

Mock-up tests were carried out to evaluate the floor impact

sound insulation of reinforced concrete slab using the VDS

system. A three-bay two-storey building was constructed as a

mock-up test specimen using VDS, as shown in Figure 3. The

building used for the mock-up test has two floors of 4.8 m in

width and 5.5 m in length. The concrete and reinforcing bars

used for this specimen had a compressive strength of 24 MPa

and tensile strength of 400 MPa.

(a) Front view (b) Slab reinforcement

(c) Traverse section (d) Placement of void formers

Figure 3. Details of the mock-up test specimen



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(a) Installation of a void former (b) Details of VDS

Figure 4. Details of the void formers used in VDS

The VDS floor was finished with gypsum panels, lightweight

porous concrete, side insulation, and finishing mortar, as

popularly utilised in apartment housing in South Korea (see

Figure 5). The properties of the materials used in the mock-up

test specimen are summarised in Tables 3 and 4. Figure 3 shows

a placement illustration of the second floor and the cross

section of the specimen building.

Table 3. Material properties of T-shaped deck plate

Design

strength (MPa) W/C (%) S/a (%)

Unit content

(kg/m3) Air content

(%) Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Admixture

24 49.4 47.5 162 328 882 993 1.64 3.5

Figure 5. Details of the VDS floor finishing

Floor impact test

Equipment used for the floor impact sound generation and

measurement is shown in the Figure and Table. In this test, two

types of sound generator for light and heavy impact sounds

were used for generation of the floor impact sounds. In the case

of the heavy impact sound generator (i.e., a bang machine), the

tests were carried out at a tyre air pressure of (2.4 0.1) 105,

which is the air pressure for a bang machine as regulated by the

Korea Standard (KS).

The tests were conducted in accordance with KS F 2810-1:2001

(Field measurement of impact sound insulation of floors – Part

1: Method using standard light impact source) and KS F 2810

– 2: 2012 (Field measurement of impact sound insulation of

floors – Part 2: Method using standard heavy impact source).

The frequency range of the lightweight impact sound was 125,

250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, and the heavy impact sound

frequency range was measured using a 1/1 octave band of 63,

125, 250, and 500 Hz, respectively.



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(a) Floor impact noise source (bang machine) (b) Light floor impact noise source

(c) FFT analyser and amplifier (d) Non-directional microphone

Figure 6. Floor impact noise source and measurement devices

To calibrate the effect of the background noise, the background

noise was measured for each frequency level before obtaining

the noise data. When the level difference between the

background and measured noise was 6 to 15 dB, the acquired

data were compensated through the following expression.

𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥= 10 log10(10

𝐿′𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥10 − 10

𝐿𝑏10⁄ ) (𝑑𝐵)

Here, 𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the compensated maximum sound pressure level

(dB), 𝐿′𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥

indicates the measured maximum sound pressure

level including the background, and 𝐿𝑏 represents the sound

pressure level of the background noise.

The floor impact noise level L of the sound receiving room,

which indicates the floor impact sound isolation performance

of the floor structure to be measured, was obtained according

to the formula for each measured frequency.

𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑘= 10 log10[

1

𝑚∑

𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑗

10

𝑚

𝑗=1

] (𝑑𝐵)

Here, 𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑗 is the maximum sound pressure level measured

at point j, and m represents the number of measurement points.

In the case of a lightweight impact sound level, the sound

absorption area of the receiver room was corrected through the

following equation after the level of the normalised floor

impact sound was measured.

𝐿𝑛 = 𝐿 + 10 log10

A

𝐴0

(𝑑𝐵)

Here, 𝐴0 is 10 m2, A is equal to 0.16𝑉

𝑇, A is the area of absorption

(m2), V is the volume of the receiver room, and T is the

reverberation time.

Floor structures and measurement location of the sound

The structures of the floor were composed using finishing

mortar, an impact isolator, lightweight porous concrete, and a

VDS slab, as shown in Figure 5. The floor impact sound was

measured 0.75 m away from the wall, and four points including

the centre of the floor were selected as the measurement

location in the mock-up specimen. Microphones were used to

obtain the impact sound data at a distance of 0.75 m from the

wall, and at a height of 1.2 m from the floor. Figure 7 shows

the floor plan of the mock-up test building, and the sound

source and reception points.



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(a) sound source points on 2nd floor (b) sound receiver points on 1st floor

Figure 7. Sound source and receiver points

Evaluation method of insulation performance for standard

lightweight impact sources

The measured data were analysed based on KS F 2863-1:2002

(Rating of floor impact sound insulation for impact source in

buildings and building element – Part 1: Floor impact sound

insulation against standard light impact source) and KS F 2810-

2:2012 (Field measurement of floor impact insulation of

buildings – Part 2: Method using standard heavy impact

sources).

Table 4. Standard level of floor impact sound insulation (unit: dB)

Grade Inverse A normalised floor impact sound level

(Lightweight floor impact noise)

Inverse A normalised floor impact sound level

(Floor impact noise)

1 𝐿′𝑛,𝐴𝑊 ≤ 43 𝐿′

𝑖,𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝐴𝑊 ≤ 40

2 43 < 𝐿′𝑛,𝐴𝑊 ≤ 48 40 < 𝐿′


3 48 < 𝐿′𝑛,𝐴𝑊 ≤ 53 43 < 𝐿′


4 53 < 𝐿′𝑛,𝐴𝑊 ≤ 58 47 < 𝐿′


Table 5. Floor impact noise (unit: dB)

Test 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz Single number quantity (𝑳′𝒏,𝑨𝑾)

1 46.0 31.9 30.7 32.5 31.6 32

2 46.6 30.6 27.5 26.3 25.4 28

3 49.1 33.5 27.9 25.6 25.4 29

Table 5 shows the insulation performance rating criteria for

light and heavy impact sounds. As indicated in Table 5, light

and heavy impact sound sources of at least 58 and 50 dB are

required, respectively, as a basis for the insulation performance

of the floor impact sound of an interlayer floor.

Evaluation of the floor vibration

The walking load and heel impact load applied to the slabs of a

building or structure cause unpleasant vibrations and stresses to

the residents in a building or structure. To prevent such

inconveniences in a building, domestic and international

institutes and organisations have established regulations and

standards to stipulate the performance level of the slabs. To

corroborate the applicability and suitability of VDS for

prevention of vibration insulation, it was necessary to test its

floor vibration performance.

The method for evaluating the floor vibration performance in

South Korea is stipulated in the KS and regulations. This

evaluation method in South Korea has a number of difficulties

when assessing the usability of slabs. First, the limit state

design of steel and reinforced concrete structures applied by the

KS were developed through an interpretation and citing of

foreign standards and regulations rather than establishing

Korean-specific rules. With these design guidelines, the

vibration limit is only for the structural stability, rather than the

usability of the occupants. Moreover, a usability evaluation

exists regarding floor vibration in the design codes of



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composite slabs with a deck plate, and in the design

specifications for cold-formed steel sections. However, the

evaluation methods in these criteria limit the minimum natural

frequency of the slabs, and thus it might be difficult to evaluate

the usability in terms of the occupants or users being able to

feel vibrations. Lastly, the Noise and Vibration Control Act in

South Korea measures the damage level of a building or

structure by defining the horizontal limits regardless of the

frequency bands rather than an evaluation of the usability of the

residents in the building.

On the other hand, the evaluation method of the vibration

performance in other countries is divided into two evaluation

criteria. The first is an evaluation method using an allowable

limit of natural frequency. This method uses the modified

Reiher-Meister curve, which applies the average value obtained

from experience and actual experiments. The other is evaluated

using the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and limit

accelerations using evaluation or empirical formulas. In

particular, ISO 2631-2 (1989), “Guidelines for evaluating

residential performance on vibration of buildings,” by the

Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), and DIN 4150-3 (1999)

are guidelines for evaluating the direct habitability in which the

residents will feel floor vibrations. In this study, the evaluation

method proposed by AIJ was adopted to examine the usability

and habitability of VDS.

The AIJ method for evaluating floor vibrations is based on

analysing various standards such as ISO 2631-2, Reiher-

Meister, GSA, and CSA, and a response curve in accordance

with the Japanese design criteria was proposed. To assess the

vibration using this evaluation method, the performance

evaluation curves are divided into impact vibrations and

continuous vibrations. To meet the criteria, the applied

vibration is separated into heel drop and walking loads.

For the heel impact load on a slab, a person with a body weight

of 700 N, chosen based on the existing references, lifted their

heels 50 mm above the floor, and the vibration of the slab was

measured when applying a free fall impact, as shown in Figure

X. Additionally, the walking load was applied by a person 700

N in weight while watching a sensor placed in the centre of the

floor while walking from a wall toward the centre point at a

velocity of 2 Hz. Figure 8 shows the vibration measurement

method on a slab and the equipment used in the experiment.

(a) Heel impact load (b) Walking load

Figure 8. Floor vibration loads

DATA ANALYSIS

Results of floor impact sound

Tables 6 and 7 show the results of light and heavy impact floor

sounds applied in this study. The test results indicate that the

performance of the light floor impact sound isolation reached

grade 1 in all areas where VDS was applied. In addition, the

heavy impact sound isolation performance was measured as

grade 2 in one location in the mock-up test specimen, and grade

3 in two locations. The sound isolation performance was found

to completely satisfy the minimum requirements of sound

isolation, which should reach a mark of grade 3 or higher.

Based on the results of these experiments, it is expected that the

application of VDS into the slabs of apartment housing will be

useful and effective with an excellent sound insulation

performance.

Table 6. Test results of walking load

Test Natural

frequency (Hz)

Maximum acceleration

response (s/m2)

Grade

1 9.0 0.23 1

2 13.7 0.30 1

3 11.5 0.25 1



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(a) Test 1

(b) Test 2

(c) Test 3

Figure 9. Results of heel impact and walking load tests



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(a) Test 1

(b) Test 2

(c) Test 3

Figure 10. Natural frequency of heel impact



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CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of

a voided deck slab (VDS) system that can insulate the floor

impact sounds and vibrations in apartment housing in South

Korea. The test results show that the light impact sound

insulation performance reached grade 1, and the heavy impact

sound insulation performance reached grade 3. These results

satisfy the required impact sound insulation performance of

apartment housing. Based on these results, it is expected that

the application of VDS can be useful in preventing interlayer

noise issues in apartment housing in South Korea.

In addition, the vertical vibration performance of VDS was

assessed based on the “Guidelines for evaluating residential

performance on vibration of buildings” by AIJ. The results of

the vertical vibration performance of VDS were measured as

grade 1, which applies to the living room or bedrooms of

apartment housing to insulate from annoying vibrations.

However, when the length of the slab is longer than that used

in the present research, and the size and the number of rooms

are increased, the floor impact sound is expected to be

measured as between grade 1 and grade 2. Thus, it is necessary

to conduct additional experiments to investigate the effects of

the number of rooms and the length of the span of the slabs on

the sound insulation performance of VDS.

Finally, based on the results of this study, the application of

VDS to apartment housing is considered a useful

countermeasure to reduce disputes and discomfort caused by

interlayer floor noise and vibrations in apartment housing in

South Korea. In addition, it is thought that a reduction of in the

quantity of concrete required will not only improve the

workability in construction sites, it will also reduce the

emissions of carbon dioxide. Thus, VDS will be a useful

alternative method to improving the habitability for occupants

and the workability for workers at construction sites.

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