Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emission Controls with a …. TEN-YEAR... · 2019. 4. 11. · Caldecott Tunnel, UCB Long haul fleet Port of Los Angeles, U. Denver, Drayage fleet

Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emission Controls with a Decade of California Real-World Observations

Chris RuehlResearch Division

CA Air Resources Board 1

CARB Contractors

2

University of California Berkeley

Rob HarleyTom Kirchstetter amp Chelsea Preble

University of Denver

Don Stedman Gary Bishop amp Molly Haugen

Preble Dallmann Kreisberg Hering Harley amp Kirchstetter (2015)Haugen amp Bishop (2017)Preble Cados Harley amp Kirchstetter (2018)Haugen amp Bishop (2018)

Intro Oakland LA Cottonwood Caldecott

HD plume capture locations

3

Cottonwood CHP U Denver Long haul fleet

Port of Oakland UCBDrayage fleet

Caldecott Tunnel UCBLong haul fleet

Port of Los Angeles U Denver Drayage fleet

Year POak Cald PLA Ctnwd

roadside HDV observations

2011 380

20122013 1016 1219 1866

2014 1587

2015 496 1590 1456 694

2016

2017 795 1043

2018 2150

total 1892 5327 3470 3603

emissions data not yet received


4

HD plume capture methods

Tent (Denver University)

Overpass(UC Berkeley) PEAQS

(CARB)

Port of LA 2017CARB 11-309 Final Report Port of Oakland 2013

Preble et al (ESampT 2015)

Port of LA 2017


5



Overpass(UC Berkeley)

PEAQS(CARB)

Veh speed 5 ndash 10 mph

Sample inlet 50rsquo perforated tube along top of tent

Only upward exhaust pipes sampled

Veh speed up to 55 mph

Sample inlet 12rdquo vertical duct


Veh speed 5 - 10 mph

Inlet perforated tube above amp below

Can also sample downward pipes


HDV Emissions at the Pork of Oakland

6

Measured by Robert Harley Thomas Kirchstetter Chelsea Preble et al (University of California Berkeley)


7

Preble et al ESampT 2015


DTR (CARB)CARB efforts to reduce HDV emissions began with the Drayage Truck Regulation (DTR 2008)

This prompted turnover of the fleets at the Ports of Oakland and Los Angeles

8



Increasing Importance of ldquoHigh Emittersrdquo

bull A smaller fraction of trucks emits a greater fraction of total emissions

bull High emitters more an issue for particle (not gas) phase emissions

9


Black Carbon

CARBrsquos Truck and Bus Rule required pre-2007 HDVs to be retrofit with DPFs

This has reduced emissions much more quickly that ldquonaturalrdquo fleet turnover


10



NOX

No retrofit requirements for SCR

Gradual decrease in emissions with MY but still much higher than predicted from certification standards

Port of LA and Cottonwood Weigh Station

11

Measured by Gary Bishop amp Molly Haugen (University of Denver)


CARB contract 11-309 Final Report

12

Haugen amp Bishop ESampT 2018Intro Oakland LA Cottonwood Caldecott

Gaseous emissions

bull Because fleets largely turned over before 2013 not much change in emissions from 2013 to 2017

bull Similar results for port and long-haul fleet

13

Haugen amp Bishop ESampT 2018


NOX vs Model Year

bull NOX emissions decrease in 2010 with introduction of SCR

bull In locations like the Port of LA SCR temperatures are likely too cold for efficient NOX removal

14


Particulate emissions

bull Long-haul (Cottonwood) fleet still had many non-DPF HDVs in 2013

bull Many high-emitting HDVs from LA in 2015 were not seen in 2017

15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year

Long-haul (Cottonwood) fleet still turning over from 2013 ndash 2017

Retrofits apparent for older trucks in 2017 ndash emissions much lower than in 2013 similar to new trucks

Cottonwood

HDV Emissions at the Caldecott Tunnel

16

Measured by Thomas Kirchstetter Chelsea Preble et al (UC Berkeley)


17


Figure 2 Distributions of black carbon (BC) emission factors for trucks with and without diesel particle filters (DPFs) measured at (a) the Port of Oakland in 2011 2013 and 2015 and (b) the Caldecott Tunnel in 2014 and 2015


Change in BC with DPF adoption

Apparent in both port (Oakland) and long-haul (Caldecott) fleets

2007 certification standard of 001 gbhphr asymp 007 gkg fuel

medians lt stnd means gt stnd

18


Figure 3 Distributions of black carbon (BC) emission factors for diesel particle filter (DPF) categories as measured at the Caldecott Tunnel in 2014 and 2015


Change in BC 2014 to 2015 campaigns

Retrofit emissions decreased

DPF-only emissions increased

DPF + SCR emissions decreasedB

C g

kg

fuel

19

High emitters What of fleet emits half of all Black Carbon (BC)

Consistent decline over past decade

Currently just under 4

(1 out of 25 trucks emits half of BC)

DU (red) amp UCB (black) similar

Summarybull CARB has sponsored 12 campaigns over the past decade measuring

real-world Heavy-Duty Vehicle emissionsbull 4 of high-emitting trucks now emit 50 of BCbull At the Port of Oakland

bull BC increasingly associated with high-emittersbull Evidence of success of retrofit requirements

bull At the Port of LA and Cottonwood Weigh Stationbull Port fleet turned over by 2011 long-haul fleet through 2017bull NOX emissions still elevated at Port of LA ndash SCR too coldbull Evidence of success of retrofit requirements

bull At the Caldecott Tunnelbull DPFs bring median emissions well below standard

20

Thanks for your attention

21

22

CARB Contractors

2

University of California Berkeley

Rob HarleyTom Kirchstetter amp Chelsea Preble

University of Denver

Don Stedman Gary Bishop amp Molly Haugen

Preble Dallmann Kreisberg Hering Harley amp Kirchstetter (2015)Haugen amp Bishop (2017)Preble Cados Harley amp Kirchstetter (2018)Haugen amp Bishop (2018)



3







2011 380

20122013 1016 1219 1866

2014 1587

2015 496 1590 1456 694

2016

2017 795 1043

2018 2150

total 1892 5327 3470 3603



4




(CARB)



Port of LA 2017


5




PEAQS(CARB)












6



7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22


3







2011 380

20122013 1016 1219 1866

2014 1587

2015 496 1590 1456 694

2016

2017 795 1043

2018 2150

total 1892 5327 3470 3603



4




(CARB)



Port of LA 2017


5




PEAQS(CARB)












6



7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

4




(CARB)



Port of LA 2017


5




PEAQS(CARB)












6



7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

5




PEAQS(CARB)












6



7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22


6



7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

7





8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

8






9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

9


Black Carbon




10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

10



NOX




11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22


11




12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

12


Gaseous emissions



13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

13



NOX vs Model Year



14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

14





15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

15

Haugen amp

Bishop ESampT 2018


BC vs Model Year



Cottonwood


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22


16



17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

17








18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

18








C g

kg

fuel

19











20


21

22

19











20


21

22






20


21

22


21

22

22

Documents

Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emission Controls with a …. TEN-YEAR... · 2019. 4. 11. · Caldecott Tunnel, UCB Long haul fleet Port of Los Angeles, U. Denver, Drayage fleet