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The Concept of Jobs-Housing Balance• Jobs-housing balance occurs in areas where people
can both live and work• Seen as a solution to congestion, commutes and air
pollution • Jobs-housing ratio= # of jobs in an area/ # of
housing units in the area• According to Southern California Association of
Governments (SCAG)▫An area with more housing then jobs is housing
rich with a ratio less than 1 ▫An area in balance has a ratio between 1 and
1.29 ▫An area with more jobs then housing is job rich
with a ratio greater than 1.29
Questions•How valid is this concept? Can it really be
used to reduce congestion, commutes, and pollution?
Map created by Diana Gonzalez GonzalezSources: U.S. Census 2009 County Business Patterns Survey, U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey (ACS) , and SCAG’s Rtp 2012 growth forecast. Skills: Inset map, geoprocessing (clip, merge), aggregating attribute fields (jobs housing ratio=total number of jobs in a neighborhood / total number of housing units in neighborhood), attribute sub-sets selections (freeways taken out of a larger road file), charts
LA County Jobs-Housing
Ratio by Neighborhoo
ds
Housing Rich
Balanced Job Rich0
50
100
150Jobs-Housing Status
Average Commute Time Comparison
Maps Created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey (ACS) Skills: Aggregated attribute fields (mean commute time =total minutes spent commuting in a neighborhood/ total number of workers in neighborhood)
Comparing Two Different Neighborhoods: Vermont Square and Beverly Hills
Vermont Square mean travel time 1.5x
longer than Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills jobs-housing ratio 10x
larger than Vermont Square
Maps created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Sources: U.S. Census 2009 County Business Patterns Survey and U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey (ACS)Skills: Inset Map, Graduated Symbols
Why the Difference in Ratio?Comparing BH and VS Land Parcel Use
Maps created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source: LA County Land Assessor Parcel Files Skills: Inset Map, Original Data (Base map layer created using georefrencing)
Beverly Hills 90210 Vermont Square 90062
Problem #1: Why are Job Rich Residents Commuting Outside Job Rich Areas
Map created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source: U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey and UCLA MapshareSkills: Network Analysis, Measurement/Analysis
Comparing BH and VS Average
Commute Distance
% Workers Working
Outside their Balanced
Neighborhoods
Map created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source: U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey
Problem #2: Why are residents of balanced neighborhoods working outside?
Multiple Workers per Household
Map created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source: U.S. Census 2009 American Community SurveySkills: Aggregating attribute fields (workers per household=total number of workers in a neighborhood/total housing units in a neighborhood)
Problem #3: What does living near work mean for households with more then one worker?
Changing the Geographic
Scale to Ideal Commute
Area
Map created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Source: U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey, U.S. Census 2009 County Business Patterns Survey, and Redmond and Mokhtarian (2001 ) “The Positive Utility of the Commutes Modeling Ideal Commute Time and Relative Desired Commute Amount”, and LA Metro Skills: Buffer, extracting data from a buffer, modeling, measurement/analysis
Problem #4: What is the appropriate area at which to calculate the ratio?
Changing the Definition of
Balance to 1.5
Map created by Diana Gonzalez Gonzalez Sources: U.S. Census 2009 American Community Survey, U.S. Census 2009 County Business Patterns Survey, and Cervero’s (1989) article “Jobs Housing Balancing and Regional Mobility “Skill: Charts
Change No Change0
50
100
150
Neighborhood Ratio Status Change
Problem #5: What is the appropriate balance ratio?
Conclusions• There does seems to be a connection between a
neighborhood’s job-housing ratio and average commute time
• Nevertheless this concept cannot be used to reduce congestion, commutes, and pollution
• Problems with the concept▫ Large % of workers in balanced and jobs rich
neighborhoods working outside their neighborhood▫ Multiple workers per household▫ Lack of consensus on the appropriate geographic scale to
calculate the ratio Problematic since different scales produce different ratios
▫ Lack of consensus on what ratio means balance• The issues of congestion, commutes, and pollution
should be addressed directly and not indirectly through this concept
List of Skills Used • 1. Original Data• 2. Measurement/Analysis• 3. Modeling• 4. Inset Map• 5. Geoprocessing• 6. Aggregating Attribute Fields• 7. Graduated Symbols• 8. Network Analyst• 9. Extracting Data from a Buffer• 10. Buffering• 11. Charts and Images• 12. Attribute Sub Selections
Sources• (2008). Rtp 2012 growth forecast. Los Angeles: Southern California Association of Governments.
Retrieved from http://www.scag.ca.gov/forecast/downloads/excel/RTP2012-GROWTH-FORECAST.xls
• (2012). Los Angeles County Parcels. Los Angeles: Office of Assessor. Retrieved from http://gis.ats.ucla.edu//Mapshare/Default.cfm#
• Cervero, R. (1989). Jobs-housing balancing and regional mobility. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(2), 136-150. Retrieved from www.uctc.net/papers/050.pdf
• Metro. (2012). I-405 Sepulveda Pass Improvement Projects. Retrieved February 7, 2012 from http://www.metro.net/projects_studies/I405/images/I405-Project-Benefits-Fact-Sheet.pdf
• Redmond, L. and Mokhtarian, P. (2001 ). The positive utility of the commutes modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount. University of California Transportation Center. Retrieved from http://uctc.net/research/papers/526.pdf
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Aggregate travel time to work (in minutes) of workers by sex. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_5YR_B08013&prodType=table
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_5YR_S0801&prodType=table
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). County business patterns: zip code business statistics: total for zip code. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=BP_2009_00CZ1&prodType=table
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Sex of workers by place of work-place level .Retrieved March 14, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_5YR_B08008&prod Type=table
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Universe: Housing units. Retrieved January 25, 2012, from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_5YR_B25001&prodType=table