• Evaluate the history, purpose, and methods of taxonomy.

• Explain the meaning of a scientific name.

• Describe the organization of taxa in a biological classification system.

Section Objectives:

• Biologists want to better understand organisms so they organize them by classification—the grouping of objects or information based on similarities

How Classification BeganHow Classification Began

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY• Taxonomy is the branch of

biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.

Linnaeus’s system of binomial nomenclatureLinnaeus’s system of binomial nomenclature• Linnaeus developed a method of

grouping organisms based on physical & structural similarities of organisms.

• Modern classification systems use a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature. It is written in Latin.

Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature• A genus (genera) consists of a group of

similar species. It is the first word in the species name and is capitalized.

• The second word, which sometimes describes a characteristic of the organism, is called the species identifier. It is not capitalized.

Writing the scientific name

• The scientific name (species name) for each species is a combination of the genus name and species identifier.

• Genus capitalized, species is not

• It is written in italics and in latin (underline it when you write it).

• Ex. Homo sapiens, Acer ruber

How Living Things Are ClassifiedHow Living Things Are Classified• A group of organisms is called a taxon (plural taxa).

• The taxa are – Kingdom (Kelly)

– Phylum (Payton)

– Class (came)

– Order (over)

– Family (for)

– Genus (good)

– Species (soup)

Order of Taxonomic rankingsOrder of Taxonomic rankings•The broader a taxon, the more general its characteristics, and the more species it contains.

•The very largest, and the most broad is the Kingdom

•The next to smallest taxon is a genus—a group of similar species that have similar features and are closely related.

•The smallest taxon is species. Organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed belong to the same species.

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key

• A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement.

Section Objectives

•Compare the six kingdoms of organisms.

•Monera

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

• Protists

• Fungi

• Plants

• Animals

From 5 to 6 Kingdoms of OrganismsFrom 5 to 6 Kingdoms of Organisms

• These organisms are cells that lack distinct nuclei bounded by a membrane, are microscopic and unicellular.

• Some are heterotrophs and some are autotrophs

•2 kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

• Ancient bacteria

• Live in extreme conditions (extreme heat, salt, acidity)

•Most of these environments are oxygen-free making this organism anaerobic.

•

Kingdom Archaebacteria (monerans)Kingdom Archaebacteria (monerans)

Kingdom Eubacteria (monerans)Kingdom Eubacteria (monerans)• True bacteria

• They live in most habitats except the extreme ones.

• Most common

•Although some cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.

•

CyanobacteriaA “blue – green bacteria,

photosynthetic; lives in salt and fresh water and on land

Prochlorobacteriacontains chlorophyll a & b

4 Phyla of Monerans1. Eubacteria

2. cyanobacteria3. Archaebacteria

4. Prochlorobacteria

3 Basic Bacteria Shapes1. Bacillus – rod shaped2. Cocci – round shaped3. Spirilla – spiral shaped

Monerans Reproduction Methods

1. Binary Fission: replication of DNA and divides in ½ (asexual)

2. Conjugation: bridge of protein between two cells where genetic

material is passed from one to another

Importance of Monerans- Used to make cheese, yogurt, sour cream,

sauerkraut, vinegar, wine, and pickles- Used to clean up oil spills

- Used to synthesize medications and chemicals- Used to remove wastes and poisons from water

-Symbiotic relationship with the other 4 kingdoms

Ex: E. Coli helps us digest food and in turn it has food, shelter, and transportation

Bacterial Diseases1. Diptheria

2. Tuberculosis3. Tetanus4. Syphilis

5. Bubonic Plague6. Typhoid Fever

Viruses • Not a part of the classification system• NOT alive• Only act alive while within a living

organism (when they reproduce)• Cannot be stopped by antibiotics• Ex. Common cold, flu, HIV

VirusesViruses are non – cellular particles

made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells

Virus structure/characteristics- Capsid – core of nucleic acid

surrounded by a protein coat. The core has DNA or RNA, but never both

Virus structure/characteristics Cont.

- Bacteriophage: viruses that invade bacteria; has a capsid, nucleic acid

core, and a tail - Viruses have varied shapes such as

rods, cubes, and tadpole – like- Examples of viruses: Polio, HIV,

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Virus Structure/Characteristics Cont.

- A virus can infect every kind of organism, but are specific to each

organism (plant virus can’t infect an animal)

- A virus must have a host to reproduce- Viruses infect by attacking a host and

injecting its DNA into the cell

Viruses Structure/Characteristics Cont.

- A virus grows by coping the host cell DNA, taking over the cell, and eventually

the host cell bursts spreading the virus to all cells (this process takes about 20 min!)

-A virus must have a host to live, feed and reproduce, can’t live outside the cell

Viral Diseases1. Smallpox2. Measles3. Mumps

4. Flu5. AIDS6. Rabies7. Colds8. Polio

Kingdom Fungi: Earth’s decomposersKingdom Fungi: Earth’s decomposers• Organisms are heterotrophs that do not move from place to place.

•A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment.

•They have a cell wall (made of chitin) but do not make their own food.

•

Fungi Characteristics

-Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular (except yeast)

- Saprophytic – obtain food from decaying organic matter

- Parasitic – live directly on the body of a plant or animal

Fungi Reproduction

Asexual through production of spores or fragmentation of the hyphae

Sexually through (+) hyphae mating type joining with (-) mating type forming a gamete

Mycelium – many tiny filamentsHyphae – individual filament of a mycelium

Phyla of Fungi

1. Oomycota – “protist – like fungi” produce motile spores Ex: water molds

2. Zygomycota – “common molds” Ex. Molds on cheese, bread, and meat

3 Types of Hyphae1. Rhizoids – Like roots that penetrate the surface

2. Stolens – run along the surface3. Sporandiophores – form sporangia

Phyla of Fungi Cont.

3. Ascomycota – “sac fungi” largest group, reproduce by budding which is the formation

of smaller cell from a larger one Ex: yeast

4. Basidiomycota – “club fungi” Ex. Mushroom; the basidium is a spore producing

structure, one mushroom can produce 1 billion spores

Phyla of Fungi Cont.

5. Deuteromycota – “imperfect fungi” ; have characteristics similar to all of the other phyla,

reproduction has never been observed, Ex: ringworm, athletes foot, tomato blight, black spot

of roses

- Lichen – symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a bacteria, they help plants grow, orchids will

not grow without a lichen

Ecological Advantages of Fungi

1. Decompose and recycle living material

2. Replace used elements and nutrients back into the soil

3. Used in baking and brewing

4. Serves as a food source for animals

Diseases Caused By Fungi

1. Potato Blight – potato looks normal but inside is a spongy sac of dust

2. Wheat Rust – kills wheat before grains can be produced

3. Mildew – affects fruit

4. Athlete’s foot – highly contagious and easily spread

Kingdom Protista (protists)Kingdom Protista (protists)• Very diverse with similar characteristics.

• A protist is a eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments.

• Some protists are unicellular, others are multicellular.

•Some are plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae•All of the organisms are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes.

•They do not move (non-motile.)

•A plant’s cells usually contain chloroplasts and have cell walls composed of cellulose.

•Instead of phyla, we call their classification Kingdom–DIVISION–class–order–family-genus-species

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia• Animals are multicellular heterotrophs.

• Nearly all are able to move from place to place.

• Animal cells do not have cell walls.

• Their cells are organized into tissues that, in turn, are organized into organs and complex organ systems.

• Archaebacteria & Eubacteria contain only unicellular prokaryotes. Commonly called Kingdom Monera

• Protista contains eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems. (many are unicellular eukaryotes)

• Fungi includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb their nutrients.

• Plantae includes multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic.

• Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cells that lack cell walls.

The Six Kingdoms Summary