EV-UNPLUGGED - Embedded and VLSI Design …embeddedandvlsidesignconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/...Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Jaipur, Mumbai, Lucknow ... a combustion engine that

EV-UNPLUGGED

17th International Conference on Embedded Systems

31st International Conference on VLSI Design

SAFE AND SECURE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Index

17th International Conference on Embedded Systems 31st International Conference on VLSI Design

History of Electric vehicleH

Basics of Electric MobilityB

Electric Motor / GeneratorE

Battery & Its ManagementB

SafetyS

Advanced Driver Assistant SystemA

Communication StructureC

Electric Vehicle ChargingE


History of Electric vehicleH

History of Electric Vehicle


1821

Thomas Davenport

builds the first

electric car with a

non-rechargeable

battery and a range

of 9 to 19 miles (15

to 30 km).

1860

The rechargeable

lead-acid battery

is invented.

1881-82

1881 : The first officially recognized

electric vehicle is a tricycle made by

Gustave Trouvé in Paris. Using a

rechargeable lead-acid battery, the vehicle

can reach speeds up to 7.5 mph (12 km/h)

1882 : In this year, Ernst Werner Siemens

builds an electrically driven carriage. This

vehicle, which was also known as the

“Elektro-Motte” or “Elektromote”, is

considered to be the world’s first

trolleybus.

189819001902

1898: A company belonging to Charles Jeantaud from Paris is the

leader in the field of electromobiles at the turn of the century (1893

to 1906). One of these vehicles sets a speed record by reaching

23.4 mph (37.7 km/h)

1900 :Ferdinand Porsche presents a vehicle with in-wheel motors

on both wheels of the front axle at the world exhibition in Paris.

1902: A. Tribelhorn, a pioneering Swiss electromobility company,

builds its first vehicles with an electric motor. Over a period of

almost 20 years, the company produces mainly electrically powered

commercial vehicles. They only manufacture passenger vehicles in

small numbers and mainly as prototypes.

1913

The first gasoline station starts

business in Pittsburgh (USA).

Soon after, gasoline stations open

in every town. A better

infrastructure, cheap gasoline and

the development of internal-

combustion engines with greater

ranges are all reasons for the

success of vehicles with internal-

combustion engines.

1960

Dr Charles Alexander

Escoffery presents

probably the world’s first

solar car. It is a Baker

Electric from 1912

registered in California

with a photovoltaic

panel made up of

10,640 single cells.

1969

The “Lunar Rover” is

developed in the USA for

the moon landings. It has an

electric motor at

each wheel. Two silver-zinc

batteries are used

as the power source giving the

“Lunar Rover” a

range of approximately 57

miles (92km).

1973

The first oil crisis shows

the industrial nations

how dependent they are

on oil-exporting

countries. Fuel prices

rise drastically.



The world’s first race

for solar-powered

cars, the “Tour de

Sol”, is staged in

Switzerland.

1985

1987

The “World Solar

Challenge”, a

competition for

solar vehicles, is

staged.

1991

The THINK is one of the first cars

to be

conceived as a purely electric

vehicle and not a

conversion into an electric vehicle.

1992

German car manufacturer Volkswagen

develops the VW Golf Citystromer, a

converted Golf that is equipped with an

electric motor.

1995

PSA Peugeot Citroën builds 10,000

electric vehicles from 1995 to 2005.

1996

General Motors offers the two

seater electric coupé “EV 1”

(Electric Vehicle 1) with 1,100 lb

(500 kg) lead-acid batteries.

Later nickel-metal hydride

batteries improved the

performance of the vehicle.

2008

The exclusively electric-powered

“Tesla Roadster” built by Tesla Motors

is launched on the US market with

6,187 laptop batteries

connected in series. It accelerates

from 0 to 62 mph (100 km/h) in 3.8

seconds.

2013

Government of India launched the National

Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)

2020 in 2013. It aims to achieve national

fuel security by promoting hybrid and

electric vehicles in the country. There is an

ambitious target to achieve 6-7 million sales

of hybrid and electric vehicles year on year

from 2020 onwards



Jan-17 Govt. promised to bear 60% of R&D costs of Evs

The project was undertaken under the Technology Platform for

Electric Mobility (TPEM) – a joint initiative of the departments of

heavy industry (DHI) and science and technology (DST).

May-17

Govt. was seeking investment from Softbank for

200K electric buses.

Inauguration of India's first multi-nodal electric

vehicle project

Govt. was seeking investment from Softbank for 200K electric

buses.

Inauguration of India's first multi-nodal electric vehicle project

Jun-17

Govt. was holding talks with Tesla about tax

exemption on import of electric vehicles

Central govt. was in talks with Mercedes Benz about

offering incentives to EV makers

Tesla CEO Elon Musk expressed interest in entering the country’s

electric vehicle market, provided the Indian government offered

some form of import exemption on EVs.

The German automaker claimed that it would be able to introduce

electric vehicles in India by 2020, provided it receives adequate

support from regulatory authorities.

Aug-17 JSW Ventures promised $545.72-$623.68 Mn

investment in electric vehicles

Tata Motors announced plans to build an electric

vehicle of Nano

The Mumbai-headquartered company also announced plans to

launch electric vehicles (EVs) in India by 2020.

The multinational automaker reportedly conducted a road test of

the Nano EV in Coimbatore.

Initiative taken by Govt. from January 2017 to December 2017 to Switch to 100% electric Vehicles by 2030:



Sep-17

Govt. invited tenders for 10,000 electric

vehicles and 4,000 charging stations in NCR

Mahindra & Mahindra launched its electric

three-wheeler called e-Alfa Mini

Tata Motors was awarded the tender, with

the first phase scheduled for November this

year

Karnataka govt. launched the Electric

Vehicle and Energy Storage Policy 2017.

The move is part of a bigger initiative aimed at putting more than 1 Mn

electric three-wheelers and 10,000 electrically-powered city buses on the

country’s roads by mid-2019.

Priced at $1,753 (INR 1.12 Lakh), the e-rickshaw boasts a top speed of

around 25 km/h and 85 km range and is available in Kolkata, Lucknow, and

other regions of the country

Tata Motors reportedly quoted the lowest price of $15,534 (INR 10.16 Lakh)

exclusive of GST (goods and services tax) in the competitive bidding.

Karnataka became the first state to roll out an Electric Vehicle and Energy

Storage Policy. As per the policy, the state government aims to attract

investments worth $4.83 Bn (INR 31K Cr) and create around 55,000

employment opportunities through electric vehicles.

Oct-17 Mahindra & Mahindra held talks with Ford

Motor to build an electric sedan

Government in talks to raise capital for bulk

purchase of electric vehicles

Ashok Leyland committed $77 Mn to its

electric vehicles business

The strategic partnership would allow Ford to enter India's automotive

market. In return, Mahindra would have access to the EV technologies being

built by Ford.

The Government of India held talks with 50 domestic and international

companies to raise investment for procuring electric vehicles, three-

wheelers, batteries and charging stations.

As part of the move, the company would be pumping $61.5 Mn to $77 Mn

into its electric vehicles arm over the next three to five years.



Oct-17 Ashok Leyland committed $77 Mn to its electric

vehicles business.

Maruti Suzuki announced plans to manufacture EVs

in India

Government invited snap bids on EV chargers

Telangana government created draft policy on

electric vehicles

As part of the move, the company would be pumping $61.5 Mn to

$77 Mn into its electric vehicles arm over the next three to five

years.

Maruti Suzuki announced plans to manufacture EVs in India

For the first phase of the electric vehicles tender, the Government

of India invited snap bids for EV chargers to ensure adequate

charging infrastructure for 500 electric sedans.

With this, Telangana became the second Indian state after

Karnataka to consider instituting a policy for electrically-powered

cars.

Nov-17 Government proposed incentives for cities under

FAME scheme

The initiative, which would involve offering incentives to cities

with more than 1 Mn population, is aimed at facilitating large-

scale adoption of Evs

Dec-17 The central government has shortlisted 11 cities in

India where the second version of the FAME India

scheme will see the rollout of electric public

transport. The first version of FAME, which was

launched in 2015, will end on March 31, 2018, and

FAME 2.0 will begin from April 1, 2018.

The 11 cities that have been shortlisted to get incentives for the

multi-modal electric public transport under FAME 2.0 are Delhi,

Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Jaipur, Mumbai, Lucknow, Hyderabad,

Indore, Kolkata, Jammu and Guwahati.


Basics of Electric MobilityB

Basics of Electric Mobility


Inte

rnal-

Com

bust

ion

Engin

eConventional Gasoline/ Diesel Vehicles

Hybrid D

rive

Micro Hybrid

The electric components are only used for the start/stop function.

Mild Hybrid Like micro hybrid plus:

The electric motor supports the combustion engine. It is not possible to drive exclusively with electricity. Regenerative braking

Full Hybrid (HEV) Like mild hybrid plus:

The electric motor supports the combustion engine. Purely electric driving is possible.

Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) Like HEV plus:

Plug-in hybrids have high voltage batteries that can also be charged externally.

Hybrid with Range Extender (RXBEV) Like BEV plus:

The range is extended by a combustion engine that generates electrical energy for the electric motor



Elec

tric

D

rivi

ng

Electric Vehicles with Battery (BEV) Moved only by an electric drive:

The energy required to run the vehicle is supplied by a high-voltage battery that is charged externally.

Electric Vehicles with Fuel Cell (FCBEV) Moved only by an electric drive.

The energy for operation is produced by a fuel cell. It is fueled with hydrogen.

• Emission-free vehicles that do not release exhaust gases into the environment during operation are also called “zero-emission vehicles” (ZEV).

• Battery-powered vehicles that are moved exclusively by an electric drive are also called “battery electric vehicles” (BEV). The energy required to run the vehicle is supplied by a high-voltage battery that is charged externally.

BEV - Battery Electric Vehicle HEV - Hybrid Electric Vehicle; full hybrid vehicle FCBEV - Fuel Cell Battery Electric Vehicle; battery-powered vehicle with fuel cell PHEV - Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle; vehicle with full hybrid drive and external charging facility RXBEV - Range Extender Battery Electric Vehicle; battery-powered vehicle with additional generator drive to increase range (range extender)



The Main components of an Electric Vehicle :1 Electric motor/generator 2 Transmission with differential 3 Power electronics 4 High-voltage lines 5 High-voltage battery 6 Electronics box with control unit for battery

regulation 7 Cooling system 8 Brake system 9 High-voltage air conditioner compressor 10 High-voltage heating 11 Battery charger 12 Charging contact for external charging 13 External charging source


Electric Motor / GeneratorE


1- Electric motor/generator 2- Rotor 3- Stator 4- Power electronics 5- High-voltage battery

Electric Motor


Electric MotorStrength of Electric Motor :• The electric motor/generator is very environmentally compatible, lack of noise and harmful emissions.

• Responds quickly, has good acceleration figures and a high level of efficiency.

• The maximum torque is available even at low rpm (i.e. when pulling away) and only drops once the motor reaches very highspeeds. As a result, neither a manually operated transmission, an automatic transmission nor a clutch are required.

• The direction of rotation of an electric drive motor is freely selectable. It can turn clockwise to move the vehicle forwards andcounter-clockwise to reverse it.

• Electric motors start automatically. A separate starter motor is not required.

• Electric motors have a simpler design and have considerably fewer moving parts.

• There are no vibrating masses as in internal combustion engines.

• Oil changes are not necessary as lubricating oil is not required.

• Consequently electrically powered vehicles are low-maintenance in terms of their drive unit.


Battery & Its ManagementB

Battery Technology & Its Management


High Voltage Battery :

The battery is the heart of electric vehicles. The high voltage battery supplies its direct voltage to the power electronics. The power electronics convert the direct voltage into an alternating voltage and supply the electric motor/ generator with three electrical phases via the three wires (U, V and W).



Lead-Acid Battery

Nickel-Cadmium Battery

Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery

Lithium-Ion Battery

Types of Rechargeable Batteries


Battery Technology & Its ManagementThere are about 6 types of Lithium Ion Battery Chemistry that are currently applicable for EV

Lithium-Nickel- Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) Lithium-Manganese-Oxide (LMO) Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP)

Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) Lithium-Titanate (LTO) Lithium-Cobalt (LCO)


Building blocks of a BMS :

• Cutoff FETs,

• A fuel gauge monitor,

• Cell voltage monitor,

• Cell voltage balance,

• Real time clock (RTC),

• Temperature monitors and

• A state machine.



Key Functions

• Monitors

• Computation

• Protection


BMS Key Functions


SafetyS

Safety


Electric System Safety

•Protection against direct contact

•Protection against indirect contact

Functional System Safety

•System activation warning

•Power on procedure

•Driving backwards

•Emergency disconnect device

Battery Charging safety

•Electrical

•Mechanical

•Chemical

•Explosion hazards

Vehicle maint, operation and

training

•First Line :vehicle washing, windscreen top-up

•Second Line :battery top-up, routine mechanical maintenance, controller replacement

•Third Line: major electrical repairs

• Limiting chemical spillage from batteries• Securing batteries during a crash • Isolating the chassis from the high-voltage system to prevent electric shock.• require minimal scheduled maintenance to the battery, electrical motor, and associated electronics.


Advanced Driver Assistant SystemA


Advanced Driver Assistant SystemADAS is made of the following physical sensors:

,

Radar LIDAR ultrasonic

photonic mixer device (PMD) cameras night vision devicesthat allow a vehicle to monitornear and far fields in everydirection and of evolving andimproving sensor fusionalgorithms that ensure vehicle,driver, passenger’s, andpedestrian’s safety based onfactors such as traffic, weather,dangerous conditions, etc.Modern ADAS systems act in realtime via warnings to the driveror by actuation of the controlsystems directly and areprecursors to the autonomousvehicles of the future.


Advanced Driver Assistant System


Advanced Driver Assistant System ADAS Sensors


Communication StructureC

Communication Structure In Electric Mobility


i) Electric mobility is a current topic accelerated by the need for an alternative means of transportation.ii) ii) The integration of EV as mobile energy storages into the electrical grid requires a communication structure

and standardized communication protocols.The tasks of the mobility area control room are monitoring of the energy need caused by the stationary EV and the forecast of leaving and entering EVs in the balance area.



• The battery management systemdispenses the steady and dynamicparameters of the battery whichare necessary for range forecast.

• The communication to the chargeris needed to influence the chargingprocess. Thereby, it is possible toaffect the power flow dimensionand direction while the car isconnected.


• The bidirectional data exchangefrom and to an electric vehicleis necessary to realise theintegration of EV into the grid.

• This enables the controlled andback-looped controlledcharging. The connectedvehicle receives data from thecharging point and the chargingpoint receives data from thevehicle.



Electric Vehicle ChargingE

EV Charging


AC & DC charging

EV Charging


Smart EV-Charging

EV Charging


Connectors Type:

EV Charging


Connectors Type:

EV Charging


Connectors Type:

EV Charging


Battery & connector in Electric Vehicle: Car Battery Connector plug

BMW i3 60 Ah 22 kWh lithium-ion battery CCS

BMW i3 94 Ah 33 kWh lithium-ion battery CCS

BMW i8 – Plugin Hybrid 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery CCS

Chevrolet Beat 20 KWh lithium-ion battery CCS

Chevrolet Electric Spark / Chevrolet E-Spark 20 kWh lithium-ion battery CCS

Chevrolet Volt 17 kWh lithium-ion battery CCS

Hyundai i10 Electric 16 kW lithium-ion

Mahindra E Verito 15 kWh lithium-ion battery GB/T

Mahindra Reva e2o 11-16kWh Lithium-ion battery GB/T

Nissan Leaf 24 kWh lithium ion CHAdeMO

EV Motors Custom Lithium Ion battery CCS2 / Pantograph


Sources / References:

Basics of electric Vehicles : http://www.natef.org/NATEF/media/NATEFMedia/VW%20Files/820233-Electric-Drives-7_9_2013_sm-(2).pdf

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/transportation/electric-cars/

Battery University : batteryuniversity.com/

Elrctronic design : http://www.electronicdesign.com/power/look-inside-battery-management-systems

ADAS an overview : https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/adas-overview-shubham-walia

EV Charging : http://www.lastmilesolutions.com/wp/?page_id=41&lang=en

http://www.mpoweruk.com/infrastructure.htm

https://greentransportation.info/ev-charging/range-confidence/chap8-tech/ev-dc-fast-charging-standards-chademo-ccs-sae-combo-tesla-supercharger-etc.html

https://longtailpipe.com/2014/02/13/chinas-electric-car-fast-charging-gb/


www.ev-motors.com Nicco

VP-Technology

[email protected]

http://www.ev-motors.com/

Documents

EV-UNPLUGGED - Embedded and VLSI Design …embeddedandvlsidesignconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/...Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Jaipur, Mumbai, Lucknow ... a combustion engine that