EV – HV (1) General description

• Market – failure in the past for EV

– Public acceptance hard to determine

• Technology– A continuum from hybrid to full EV

– Core technologies: battery and electric engine (capacity, volume, weight, cost, life duration)

• Leaders– Hybrid led by Japanese companies (Toyota)

– Pure EV leaders still debatable (only small companies and few sales China, India)

– Every car manufacturer is making announcement

• Potential impact very high in long term– May disrupt the market

– May modify the relation to the car (city car versus country car…)

– Innovative future: cars connected both ways to electric smart grid

– May lead to innovative new car architecture

• Full EV need electric infrastructure and electric power a.puissochet@wanadoo.fr

APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (2) Trends and drivers• Main drivers for change

– Efficiency: electric motors are more efficient than combustion engine– Consumption: energy is cheaper– Political: reduce the dependence on oil for countries without significant oil resources– Environmental: reduce pollution and resources consumption (depending on the way

electricity is produced)– Economy: an answer to the financial crisis– For less competitive countries: a way to catch up

• Therefore a large political push– China

• A strong industry and policy push towards it, with the aim to be the leading world industry. Still a level of technology considered by some observers as lower than in western world

– Europe• European Green cars initiative + “Responding to the crisis in the European automotive industry” Feb 2009• Nissan in UK 220MEUR from EIB and UK grant 20,7 million pounds

– USA• Specific funding for "the manufacturing and deployment of electric vehicles, batteries and components"

– Everywhere• Taxes and incentives• Public procurement of EV• Public support to infrastructure development

• But still in search for a business model

APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (3) Software issues

• Main current issue: powertrain control– Control electric engine and battery

– For hybrid vehicles, need to manage a complex system, and deal with a large set of architectural choices in the balance between the electric part and the combustion engine part

– Problems: • Significant safety issues (high voltage) need to be addressed• Conflicts between autonomy and comfort (heating, lighting,).

• Need to increase performance (notably in autonomy) impacts all subsystems

– implies to modify all car subsystems with the goal to reduce energy consumption: power recuperation (braking, engine,…), low power solutions, solar panels,…

– Telematics may contribute (“find the next loading station”)

• Totally new architectures appearing– Active wheel

APE 28 April 2010

EV – HV (4) Software issues

• Software will be a key issue for EV competitiveness– Software for electric car is not a mature technology– A need to manage a full range of systems

• A full range from mild hybrid to full EV

• Towards a common software platform?

– Software is key for managing performance (and range left)– Currently largest costs are material costs– Key issue: have a volume production with competitive cost and sufficient

reliability– Need for complex modelisation (battery): may be an European advantage

APE 28 April 2010