Ev Do Series

7/29/2019 Ev Do Series

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Module 340

Background and Introduction

Background and Introduction

10-2008 1(c)2008 Scott Baxter and Associates


2/310

340 Contents

Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies

Speed: 1xEV-DOs purpose and differences from 1xRTT

-

EV-DO Technical Details: Channels and Dataflow MAC Indices what they do, and how many are available

C/I instead of Ec/Io

Managing the APs attention to mobiles: Proportional Fairnessgna ompos on an : y r epea - eques ro oco

Reverse Rate Control

EV-DO Rev. A Forward and Reverse rate indices

oute p ate an t e s gna pat n ot rect ons Network Architecture of main manufacturers, Mobile and Simple IP

Interoperability Basics



3/310

Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008

Total 3,051,659,279 252,018,131

Global USA

GSM 2,571,563,279 84.3% 102,200,000 40.6%

CDMA 451,400,000 14.8% 132,243,131 52.5%

IDEN 28,696,000 0.9% 17,575,000 7.0%

Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landlinecustomers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each.

o wor w e w re ess cus omers use e ec no ogy CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8%

In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration


IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE


4/310

World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

World Wireless Subscribers 14.8% 83.1% 2.1%

Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 145.49 814.98 20.30

Operator Country Subscribers CDMA GSM IDEN

China Mobile China 246.65 246.65

China Unicom China 127.79 27.79 100.00

MTS Russia 58.19 58.19Cingular US 54.1 54.10

Verizon US 51.3 51.30

. .

Sprint Nextel US 45.6 25.30 20.30

Telcel Mexico 33.6 33.60

T-Mobile Germany 29.5 29.50D2 Vodafone Germany 29.16 29.16

Vivo Brazil 28.8 28.80

Turkcell Turkey 27.9 27.90

Telecom Italia Italy 27.25 27.25

T-Mobile USA 21.7 21.70

. .

KDDI Japan 21.57 21.57

Telefonica Moviles Spain 19.6 19.60

SK Telecom South Korea 19.53 19.53

Vodafone Italy Italy 18.2 18.20


- o e . .

Vodafone UK UK 16.325 16.33

Vodafone KK Japan 14.77 14.77


5/310

US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006re ess u scr ers . . .

198,444,627 95,963,297 82,336,426 20,144,904

Carrier Subscribers CDMA GSM>WCDMA iDEN

Cingular Wireless 54,100,000 54,100,000

Verizon Wireless 51,300,000 51,300,000

, , , , , ,

T-Mobile 21,700,000 21,700,000

Al ltel 11,040,000 11,040,000US Cellular 5,500,000 5,500,000

Leap Wireless 1,670,000 1,670,000

Dobson Communications 1 543 000 1 543 000

SunCom 964,824 964,824

Rural Cellular Corp. 705,602 705,602

Centennial Communications 586,000 586,000

Cincinnati Bell 496,000 496,000Ntelos 336,300 336,300

SouthernLinc 300,000 300,000

Alaska Communications 117,000 117,000

Cellular South 670,000 670,000

Commnet Wireless 420,000 420,000

West Coast/SureWest Wireless 350,000 350,000

er we er omms. , ,

Ai rad igm 380,000 380,000

Lewis and Clark 370,000 370,000

Clear Talk 520,000 520,000

Entertainment Unlimited 220,000 220,000


, ,

Poplar PCS 190,000 190,000

Edge Wireless 120,000 120,000

Salmon PCS 114,000 114,000


6/310

A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

FOURTH

GENERATION

LTE12000 6000 kb/s

WiMAX12000 6000 kb/s

Flarion OFDM1500 900 kb/s

THIRD

GENERATION1xEV-DO A3100 800 DL

WCDMA 12000 - 800 kb/s

WCDMA HSDPA12000 6000 kb/s

1xEV-DV5000 - 1200 DL307 - 153 UL

IDEN

EDGE200 - 90 kb/s DL

45 kb/s UL

1xRTT RC4307.2 144 kb/s

1800 600 UL

384 250 kb/s

TD-SCDMAIn Development

1xRTT RC3 2.5G

SECOND

GENERATION

IS-136 TDMA19.2 9.6 kb/sGSM HSCSD

32 19.2 kb/s

. .

-

IS-95B64 -32 kb/s

CDPD

40 30 kb/s DL15 kb/s UL

Mobitex

CELLULAR153.6 90 kb/s

This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all thehigh-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies

9.6 4.8 kb/s14.4 9.6 kb/s 19.2 4.8 kb/sdiscontinued 9.6 4.8 kb/sobsolete


Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above?Email to [email protected]. Thanks for your comments!


7/310

The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

CDMAone CDMA2000 / IS-2000

Generation 1G 2G 2G 2.5G? 3G 3G3G

x -

Rev. AIS-856

RL FLSpectrum

x -

Rev. 0IS-856Technology AMPS

IS-95A/

J-Std008 IS-95B

IS-2000:

1xRTT

1xEV-DV

1xTreme

IS-2000:

3xRTT

RL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FL

1250 kHz.

114 active

users

3.1 Mb/s

1250 kHz.

59 active

users

2.4 Mb/s

Signal

Bandwidth,

#Users

30 kHz.1

None

1250 kHz.

20-35

1250 kHz.

25-40

1250 kHz.

50-80 voice

and data

153K

1250 kHz.

Many packet

users

F: 3x 1250kR: 3687k

120-210 per3 carriers

Hi her

1.8 Mb/sUL

Hi h data

DL153 Kb/s

ULCapabilities

First

2.4K bymodem

14.4K 64K

307K

230K

High data

5 Mb/s

Faster

1.0 Mb/s

data rateson data-

only CDMA

carrier

rates ondata-only

CDMA

carrier

Features:Incremental

Progress

System,Capacity

&Handoffs

rsCDMA,

Capacity,

Quality

mproved Access

Smarter

Handoffs

n anceAccess

Channel

Structure

raes onData-Voice

shared

CDMA

carrie

data rateson shared

3-carrier

bundle



8/310

Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternativefast-data schemes that can be implemented on a1x CDMA carrier.

QPSKCDMA IS-95,

IS-2000 1xRTT,

x means 1x Evolution, Data Only,

originally proposed by Qualcomm as High DataRates (HDR).

Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps

of 1xEV-DO, DV

A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data,and does not support circuit-switched voice

Commercially available in 2003

16QAM1xEV-DOat highest

, .

Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2kreverse

Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTTvoice calls on the same carrier as the data

Not yet commercially available; workcontinues

All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulationtechniques to achieve high throughputs.

64QAM1xEV-DV

at highest



9/310

GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Generation 1G 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G

Technologyvarious

analog GSM GPRS EDGE

UMTS

UTRAWCDMA

3.84 MHz.

Bandwidth,

#Users

variousz.

7.5 avg.

.Many

Pkt. users

9-160 Kb/s

.fast data

many users

up to +voice users

and data

Integrated

Capabilitiesvarious none

Packet IP

(conditionsdetermine)

mobile user static user

(Future rates

to 12 MBPS

using adv.

modulation?)


Progress

variousEuropes

first Digitalwireless

accessMultipleattached

users

3x Fasterdata rates

than GPRS



10/310

TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G

2GGeneration 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G1G 2G

the familiar GSM path!

CDPDTechnology

TDMA

IS-54IS-136

GPRS EDGE

UMTS

UTRAWCDMA

3.84 MHz.

AMPS GSM

.Many

Pkt UsrsBandwidth,

#Users

z.3 users

.Many

Pkt. users

9-160 Kb/s

.fast data

many users

up to +voice users

and data

z.1

None,

z.7.5 avg.

.kbpsCapabilities

none

Packet IP

(conditionsdetermine)

mobile user

IntegratedFirst

2.4K bymodem

static user

none

PacketDataSvc.


Progress

firstDigital

wireless

accessMultipleattached

users

3x Fasterdata rates

than GPRS

(Future rates

to 12 MBPS

using adv.

modulation?)

System,Capacity

&Handoffs

firstDigital

wireless



11/310

SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose

Differences from CDMA2000 1xRTT

SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose

Differences from CDMA2000 1xRTT



12/310

Why 1xEV-DO?

To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:

-

144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3 384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k)

2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV

To provide new applications for CDMA2000 users

hi h s eed data access and web a lications in the mobileenvironment

speeds up to 2.4 mbps



13/310

Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track

-

which can be used for a burst of data sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time

,

other times the conditions are better than expected at thetime of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly thanactuall could have been received

Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introducedinto error correction and packet repetition schemes

For all these reasons somethin more nimble is needed



14/310

Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

lativedB+6

+4

athLoss

,r

+2

+0P

-2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Path Loss, db

Time, Seconds

Slow Fading due toobstructions and user

Fast Fading due touser motion through

multi ath fadin

Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimble enough to quicklyadapt for best results during changing channel conditions

mo on standing-wave pattern


in choosing what data rate to transmit

in power control of the forward and reverse links


15/310

1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

DATA BURST

ACTUALLY OCCURS

NOWION

lativedB

dB

GOOD CONDITIONS+6

+4

EDECI

athLoss,r

Eb/Nt,

+2

+0

AT

ARAP

Path Loss, db

BAD CONDITIONS

-2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fixed Rate!BTSF-SCH

-F-SCH Burst

Setup TimeTime, Seconds

ILE

R-FCH

R-SCH

SCH-Assignment Msg.


MOB

T

seconds 0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4


16/310

1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

AP

Traffic

1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

DRC

., .AT

T

0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Time, Seconds

BTS

F-SCHF-SCH Burst

Setup Time Fixed Rate!x

LE

-

R-FCHSCH-Request Msg.

SCH-Assignment Msg.


MOBI -

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.


17/310

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of

Packets and SubpacketsAP

Traffic

1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

DRC

., .AT

.

The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful

decoding is achieved. ,with no wasted excess energy!

Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destinationmobile

No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flow Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition

ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions in


ess an ms.


18/310

The Key Features

and Structure of 1xEV-DO

The Key Features

and Structure of 1xEV-DO



19/310

Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

CHANNEL STRUCTURE

IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each

IS-95 AND 1xRTTMany users simul taneous forward

and reverse traffic channelsW0PILOT

traffic channels transmissions arranged,

requested, confirmed by layer-3

W32

W1

W17W25

W41

SYNC

PAGING

F-FCH1

F-FCH2F-FCH3

1xEV-DO -- Very Different:

Forward Link goes to one user at atime like TDMA!

BTSW3

W53

F-SCH

F-FCH4

users are rapidly time-multiplexed,each receives fair share ofavailable sector time

instant preference given to user

1xEV-DO AP(Access Point)

ATs(Access Terminals)

1xEV-DO Forward Link

w ea rece v ng con ons, omaximize average throughput transmissions arranged and

requested via steady MAC-layer AP



20/310

Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

POWER MANAGEMENTMaximum Sector Transmit Power

IS-95: VARIABLE POWERTO MAINTAIN USER FER

-

sectors adjust each userschannel power to maintain a

34

55

56 7

8

wer

1xEV-DO IS-856:

sectors always operate atPILOT

PAGINGSYNC

User 12

time

po

sector output is time-multiplexed, with only oneuser served at an instant

1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,DATA RATE OPTIMIZED

The transmission data rate isset to the maximum speedthe user can receive at that p

ower


momenttime


21/310

Some EV-DO Terminology

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT EV-DO

Phone,Mobile,

Handset, or

ATAccess

Subscriber

Terminal

erm na

Base Station, APAccess,

Cell Site Point



22/310

1xEV-DO Technical Details1xEV-DO Technical Details



23/310

1xEV-DO Transmission TimingForward Link

All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmitFrames

IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20

ms. long 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long

each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into1/16ths, called slots

The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DO

One 1xEV-DO Frame

orwar n ransm ss on

Each slot is directed toward somebody andholds a subpacket of information for them

Some slots are used to carr the control

channel for everyone to hear; most slots areintended for individual users or private groups

Users dont own long continuing series of slotslike in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or small

One Slot


string of slots is dynamically addressed towhoever needs it at the moment


24/310

Whats In a Slot?

SLOT DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA

Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips

The main cargo in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

u a users nee o ge con nuous m ng an a m n s ra veinformation, even when all the slots are going to somebody else

Twice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing andadministrative information for ever one to use

MAC (Media Access Control) information such as powercontrol bits

a burst of pure Pilot

allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time

mobiles use it to decide which sector should send them


their next forward link packet


25/310

What if theres No Data to Send?

empty empty empty emptySLOTMAC

PILOT

MAC

MAC

PILOT

MAC


Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectors


When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be

suspended during the data portions of that slot u --- e an mus e ransm e

New and existing mobiles on this sector and surroundingsectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectors

,

Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse linkneed power control bits


,slot


26/310

Slots and Frames

SLOT DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



Slot

FRAME

1 Frame = 16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms

Two Half-Slots make a Slot

16 Slots make a frame



27/310

Frames and Control Channel Cycles

A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2second)

The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible usecarry ng ontro anne pac ets

The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, havetheir slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users

FRAME


Slot

CONTROL

CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL

16-FRAME

16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 msCONTROL CHANNELCYCLE

Thats a lot of slots!

=



28/310

Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

SLOT DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



FRAME


CONTROL

CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL

16-FRAME

Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel C cles!

16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 msCONTROL CHANNELCYCLE


Shorter Control Channel Cycles can be used for fast setup (PTT)


29/310

Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

SLOT DATA


FRAME


1 Subframe

Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames

holds

1 Subpacketu rame u rame u rame

e mo e oes not nc u e separate an ot ursts Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal bysimultaneous walsh codes


mobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs to


30/310

Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure

RRI

ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC

DATA CHANNEL

DRC CHANNEL

AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL

PILOT CHANNEL

1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot

-

1 Sub-Frame

slots, called a reverse link sub-frame. If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the

additional sub ackets are s aced in ever third subframe until


done


31/310

EV-DO Rev. A Channels

set

Acc

LongPN

FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS

PilotPilotW064 W016Access Channel

for session setup

hortPN

Off

eIS-95

ss

offse

t

Data

Primary PilotMAC

Rev Activ ity

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

W016

W24

MAC

ARQ Auxil iary PilotW2832

cto

rhasaS

justlik u

blicorP

riv

LongPNoffset

Access

Point

Control

Traffic

MACRRI

Wx16

Wx16

W416

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Traffic Channel

DRC

DSC

W816

W1232

Se te

Data

ACKFORWARD

W1232

W12Walshcode

Walshcode

a data session

The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0

MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences



32/310

Functions of Rev. A Forward ChannelsAP

set

CHANNELS

PilotW064

Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds

The Reverse Activity Channel tells

hortPN

Off

eIS-95 MAC

Rev Activ ity

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

MAC

ARQ

ATs If the reverse link loading is

too high, requir ing rate reduction

cto

rhasaS

justlik

Access

Point

Control

Traffic

Wx16

Wx16

Each connected AT has MAC channel:

DRCLock indication i f sector busy RPC (Reverse Power Control)

ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets as

Se

Walshcode

soon as complete packet is recovered

The Control channel carriesoverhead messages for idle ATs

Traffic channelscarry user data to

but can also carry user trafficone user at a time

AC

OT

AC

AC

OT

AC

Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)


M PI M M P

I M




33/310

Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels

Acc

LongPN

REVERSE CHANNELS

Pilot W016Access Channel

for session setup

e o s use as a pream eduring access probes

Data channel dur ing accesscarries mobile requests

ss

offse

t

Data

Primary Pilot

W24

Auxil iary Pilot

Primary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionand also carries the RRI channel

W016

W2832

Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionduring high data rates

ublicorP

riv

LongPNoffset

MACRRI

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Traffic Channel

DRC

DSC

RRI reverse rate indicatortells

W416

W816

W1232

te

Data

ACK

Walshcode

a data session

AP what rate is being sent by AT

DRC Data Rate Control channeltells desired downlink speed

W1232

W12

ACK channel allows AT to si nalDATA channel during traffic

DSC Data Source Control channeltells which sector will send burst


successful reception of a packet


34/310

Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses

MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE PREAMBLE USE PREAMBLE LENGTH

0, 1 Not Used Not Used N/A

2 Not Used Control 76.8 kbps 512

.

4 RA Channel Not Used N/A

5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC if no Bcst Variable64 and 65 Not Used Not Used N/A

66 Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 256

67 Not Used Multi-User 2048 128

68 Not Used Multi-user 3072 64



114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets

. , . , .

6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC, Single User Variable

5 MAC indices are reserved for multi-user packets

1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users



35/310

Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents



36/310

The Earlier 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels

set Ac

c

LongP

FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS

PilotPilotW064 W016

Access Channel

for session setup

hortPN

Off

eIS-95

ess

Noffs

et

Data

Pilot

MAC

Rev Activ ity

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

W016

W24

MAC

cto

rhasaS

justlik u

blicorP

riv

LongPNoffset

Access

Point

Control

Traffic MAC

FORWARD

DRC

Wx16

Wx16 W816

W0 W4

W1 W5

W2 W6

W3 W7

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Traffic Channel

Se te

Data

ACK W48

W24

a scode

Walshcode

a data session

ese c anne s are e - or x

They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individualusers or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor

Re ardless of who owns a SLOT, the slot also carries two small


generic bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone canmonitor


37/310

Functions of Rev. 0 Forward ChannelsAP

set

FORWARD CHANNELS

PilotW064

Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds

The Reverse Activity Channel tells

hortPN

Off

MAC

Rev Activ ity

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

MAC

ATs If the reverse link loading is

too high, requir ing rate reduction

Each AT with open connection has a

cto

rhasaS

Control

Traffic

Wx16

Wx16Access

Point

MAC channel including DRCLock and

RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed

using the same MAC index 5-63.

Se

overhead messages for idle ATs

but can also carry user traffic

carry user data to

one user at a time

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA

Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)





38/310

Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels

Acc

LongP

REVERSE CHANNELS

Pilot W016

The Pilot is used as a preambleduring access probes

ess

Noffs

et

Data

PilotW016

W24

carries mobile requests

Pilot during traffic channelublicorP

riv

LongPNo

ffset

MAC DRC W816

W0 W4

W1 W5

W2 W6

W3 W7

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

and also carries the RRI channel

RRI reverse rate indicatortells te

Data

ACK W48

W24

reverse link data channel

DRC Data Rate Control channel

to the AT at a specific rate

ACK channel allows AT to signal DATA channel during traffic



39/310


40/310

Forward Link Data TransmissionForward Link Data Transmission



41/310

Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO

AP

DRC: 5

a a rom or e o e

MP3, web page, or other content

The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requeststhe sector to send it a packet

there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, calledDRC Indices. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specificationincluding specific values for:

what data speed will be transmitted

how bi a chunk of waitin data will be sent that amount of data will becut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packettransmitted)

what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5xTurbo, etc. and the s mbol re etition, if an

after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will bedivided into

Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on the


The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can

begin the receiving process


42/310

Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO

AP

a a ea ya a rom or e o e

MP3, web page, or other content

A user has ini tiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,

accessing a favorite website.

The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.

The PDSN and Radio Network Contro ller send a Data

Ready message to let the AT know i t has data waiting.



43/310


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48/310

E /I d C/I


49/310

Ec/Io and C/I

There are two main ways of expressingsignal quality in 1xEV-DO

AP

everything else

C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot

Relationship ofC/I and Ec/Io

burst period, then from it decide whatdata rate to request on the DRC

Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power to

-

Power from EC

mobile receive power

the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose whichsectors to request for its active set

Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be

Io

I Interference Powerfrom other cells0

0

calculated from the other

EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector,and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge

Ec/Io,

db

-20

-10


can e a ove + near asector, and -20 or lower at the edge

C/I, db-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20

-30

R l ti hi f E /I d C/I i 1 EV DO S t


50/310

Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

0

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Ec/Io,

db

C/I,

db

-0.04 20

-5-0.14 15

-0.17 14

-0.21 13-0.27 12

-0.33 11

-15

-

/Io,

db

- .

-0.51 9

-0.64 8

-0.79 7

-0.97 6

-1.19 5

-20

E.

-1.46 4

-1.76 3

-2.12 2

-2.54 1

-3.01 0

-25

-3.54 -1

-4.12 -2-4.76 -3

-5.46 -4

-6.97 -6


-30

C/I, db

- . -

-10.41 -10

-12.27 -12

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA


51/310

1xEV DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point -

Access

Point

Access

(AP)(AP)


(UserTerminal)



52/310

gAnimation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVENEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Route Update

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

Access

Point

NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



53/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

These sectors are your ACTIVE SET.Point

(AP)You may send DRC requests to any of them anyt ime.

Maybe you ll get some data in response!

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



54/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBORGood Signal!

Point

(AP)

DRC

@ x speed

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



55/310

Animation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR FOR YOU!Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

DRC

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



56/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Good Si nal !Point

(AP)

DRC

PACKET PLEASE!@ y speed

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



57/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR FOR YOU!Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

DRC

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i ti P ti l F i

A


58/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Good Signal!

Point

(AP)

DRC

PACKET PLEASE!@ z speed

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)


A


59/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

This isnt one of hisbetter receiving

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

.serve somebodybetter this time.

Point

(AP)

DRC

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)


A


60/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

did it forget

me?

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)


A


61/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

DRC

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation Proportional Fairness

A


62/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

DRC

Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVEFOR YOU!

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)


A


63/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Good Signal!

Point

(AP)

DRC


Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)



64/310


Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR THIS ISAccess

Point

(AP)

Access

NEIGHBOR

Point

(AP)

DRC

Good Signal!


Access

Point

Access

Point

ACTIVE ACTIVE

-

Access

(AP) (AP)


(UserTerminal)


65/310

1xEV-DO Forward Link Details1xEV-DO Forward Link Details


1xEV-DO Protective Coding


66/310

Discard

6-bit

TurboEncoderwith anData

EncodingInter-

bits symbols

Forward Traffic Channel Packetsor Control Channel Packets

Code

Data Total Bits Bits/Pkt S mbols

Encoder

Tail Field

Internally-generated

tail

Packet Scramblingleaving Symbols

ur o co ng s e e auencoding method for 1xEV-DO onboth forward and reverse link

The code rate is determined b :

Rate Slots Code per - Tail per

(kbps) Used Rate Packet Field Packet

38.4 16 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

76.8 8 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

input bit rate

effective turbo coder rate,including number of coder

153.6 4 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

307.2 2 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

614.4 1 1/3 1,024 1,018 3,072

307.2 4 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144outputs an sym o punctur ng

The data rate and number of slotsused per packet determine theother forward link variables as

614.4 2 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144

1,228.8 8 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144921.6 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216

1,843.2 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216


shown in the table at right 1,228.8 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,2882,457.6 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,288

Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO


67/310

TurboEncoding &Puncturing

Data

Scrambling

BlockInterleaving

Data Bits

Symbols

ready to

Transmit

IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN

co e rom e prev ous rame

the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users sothat the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-to-

a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy

1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize thedata and avoid unbalanced waveforms

the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user security is already provided in a standard-defined layer

the eneric scramblin re ister coefficients are s ecified in the


standard


68/310


69/310


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80/310

Forward MAC ContentsAP


81/310

RA: Reverse Activity

The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noiseeve managea e

Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at whichmobiles transmit on the reverse link

,

DRC Lock

This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether

the reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditionalparameters are also involved

The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent per.

sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests toother sectors in its active set

RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase or


decrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in muchthe same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.

Reverse MAC Channel Contents


82/310

The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information

data rate and desired sector

Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding Desired sector is re uested usin 8-ar Walsh cover

Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliabledetection

DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize thee ay e ween es ma on an e s ar o ransm ss on

RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 differentdesired reverse data transmission rates

-

The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make


How the DRC Channel Operates


83/310

The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies thefeasible data rate and the re uested sector to be used

The AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel

Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT

the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediatelypreceding slot

,the payload has been fully transmitted



84/310

Hybrid ARQ:Hybrid ARQ:


The Hybrid ARQ Process


85/310

SYSTEMCDMA2000 1xRTT

Appl ication layer

Stream layer

AP Access Point AT Access TerminalCDMA2000 1xEV-DO

Appl ication layer

Stream layer

MAClayer

RLP RadioLink Protocol

Appl ication layer

LAC layer

MAClayer

RLP RadioLink Protocol

Appl ication layer

LAC layer

ess on ayer

Connection layer

Security layer

MAC layer

ess on ayer

Connection layer

Security layer

MAC layer

ys calayer

ys calayer

F-FCHR-FCH

ys calayer protocol

ys calayer protocol

R-ACKF-TFC repeats

n x , re ransm ss on pro oco stypically work at the link layer

Radio Link Protocol (RLP)

communicates using

n x - , unc ons arereplicated at the physical layer

HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol

fast physical layer ACK bitssignaling packets

lost data packets arentrecognized and arediscarded at the decoder

Chase Combining of multiple

repeats unneeded repeats pre-empted


This method is slow and wasteful!

This method is fast and efficient!

The Hybrid ARQ Process


86/310

Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets

acknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending moresubpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration

The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so it

each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signalpower to aid in the detection of its parent packet

decoding in systems without HARQ

the channel changes rapidly during transmission

various estimation errors noise bias etc.

exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel!

In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is justenough and the packet is successfully decoded


Construction of a Forward Link Packet

bit b l


87/310

Sub-packet

0

Sub-packet

1

Sub-packet

2

Sub-packet

3

Sub-packet

0

Data

PacketEncoding

Inter-

leaving

bits symbols

Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets

each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet

Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot

Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap betweensuccessive subpackets

PacketSubpacket

00

otherpkts

01

02

03

10

otherpkts

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

Forward

ChannelTraffic

The receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes thecomplete packet contents


this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy

Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination

User A diff A A A Adiff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP


88/310

UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

A02

A03

A10

F-Traffic

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.userAP

R-DRCAT1/2 Slotoffset

One Slot

R-ACK

NAK NAK NAK AK!

se ec s sec or, sen s reques or a a

AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time

After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel

In this example,

AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 beforethe AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK


then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket

Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination

UserP k t A0 diff A0 A1 A1 A2diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP UserP k t A0 diff A0diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff


89/310

UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

A10

A11

A20

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.userAP UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

F-Traffic

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

AT R-DRC1/2 Slotoffset

NAK NAK AK!AK!One Slot

R-ACK

NAK NAK AK!

se ec s sec or, sen s reques or a a AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time

After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel

n s examp e,

AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receivingonly the first two subpackets


.packet #1

Multiple ARQ InstancesA

Packet 0bits symbols


90/310

Packet 0Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Data

Packets

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

bits symbols

PacketSub acket

00

1.0

01

02

03

2.0

3.0

1.1

2.1

3.1

1.2

2.2

3.2

1.3

2.3

3.3

One Slot

orwar

ChannelTraffic

the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously

sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels

Packets in the different ARQ instances

may be for the same user (the most common situation)


Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble



Packet 1


91/310

Packet 0Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Data

Packets

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

y Packet 1Subpackets

0 1 2 3

PacketSub acket

00

1.0

01

02

03

2.0

3.0

1.1

2.1

3.1

1.2

2.2

3.2

1.3

2.3

3.3

One Slot

orwar

ChannelTraffic









Packet 1 Packet 2


92/310

Packet 0Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Data

Packets

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

Packet 1Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Packet 2Subpackets

0 1 2 3

PacketSub acket

00

1.0

01

02

03

2.0

3.0

1.1

2.1

3.1

1.2

2.2

3.2

1.3

2.3

3.3

One Slot

orwar

ChannelTraffic







Multiple ARQ Instances


Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3


93/310

Packet 0Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Data

Packets

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

Packet 1Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Packet 2Subpackets

0 1 2 3

Packet 3Subpackets

0 1 2 3

PacketSub acket

00

1.0

01

02

03

2.0

3.0

1.1

2.1

3.1

1.2

2.2

3.2

1.3

2.3

3.3

One Slot

orwar

ChannelTraffic







Reverse Power Control

600 bits per second


94/310

RX RFAPReverse

600 bits per second

Digital

TX RF Digi talSNR target

target SNR? RF

OpenLoop

ose

Loop

1xEV-DO reverse link power control is similar to IS-95/IS-2000

-

Access Terminal

ratio at the Access Point

The DRC, RRI, and ACK channels are also controlled

The ideal ratio of reverse pilot to other channels also dependson the reverse data rate

Power control bits are sent on the forward MAC channel one bit per slot (thats 600 per second), sent as four symbols --


one n eac o e per o s o a s o


95/310

Reverse Rate ControlReverse Rate Control


Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control


96/310

The essence is immediate rate reduct ion by every sector user when commanded , thenstatistical throttling of rate increases when permissible

ar a es: ax a e, urren a e, om ne usy , an urren a e m .

CurrentRateLimit is set initially to 9.6kbps.

After the AT receives a BroadcastReverseRateLimit message or a UnicastReverseRateLimitmessage it updates the CurrentRateLimit value as follows:

a e m n e message s = urren a e m , mme a e y se s urren a e m=RateLimit given in the message.

If RateLimit in the message is > CurrentRateLimit, the AT waits one frame (16 slots) beforesetting CurrentRateLimit = RateLimit value in the message.

If the last received reverse activit bit is set to 1 from an sector in the ATs active set the ATsets CombinedBusyBit to 1. Otherwise, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 0.

CurrentRate is set to rate at the AT was transmitting just prior to new transmission time. If theAT was not transmitting data just prior, the AT sets CurrentRate to 0.

The AT sets MaxRate based on current transmission rate, CombinedBusyBit, and a randomnum er un orm y s r u e x, < x < , us ng e proce ure spec e n . .

The AT evaluates the expression shown in the table, using the values of CurrentRate,CombinedBusyBit, and Condition.

If the Condition is true, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateTrue value for the


.

Otherwise, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateFalse value for the corresponding row inthe Table

Rev. A Reverse Rate Control

Rev. A Reverse Rate Control is based on a Token Bucket


97/310

Rev. A Reverse Rate Control is based on a Token BucketAlgorithm. A user is granted tokens at a system-determined levelbased on OS factors reverse link loadin and traffic-to- ilot(T2P) considerations.

When the Reverse Activity Bit is 0, operation is unrestricted andusers accumulate tokens allowing rapid uplink speeds.

When the Reverse Activity Bit is 1, token assignment issubstantially reduced and uplink rates rapidly decline.



98/310

Forward Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Forward Link Enhancements


99/310

Peak rates increased from 2.4 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps

-

Small payload sizes (128, 256, 512 bits) improve frame fill efficiency

The DRC channel functions are broken out into two channels

new Data Source Control (DSC) Channel shows desired serving cell

Minimizes interruptions due to server switching on FL


Reverse Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Reverse Link Enhancements


100/310

Higher data rates and finer quantization

. .

4 slots/sub-packets regardless of payload size (6.66 ms)

Modulation: ,

Medium rates: 1 walsh channel, QPSK modulation

High Rates: 2 walsh channels, QPSK modulation

Highest Rate: 2 walsh channels, 8PSK modulation

Hybrid ARQ using fast re-transmission (re-tx) and early termination

Flexible rate allocation: each AT has autonomous and scheduled mode

Efficient VOIP support

3-channel synchronous stop-and-wait protocol

The mobile can use higher power and finish earlier when transmittingpackets of applications requiring minimum latency



101/310

Basic Access TerminalBasic Access Terminal


How Does an Access Terminal Work?

g a

Rake Receiver SymbolsChi T ffi C l t


102/310

Chipsing

Traffic Correlator

PN xxx Walsh xx

Traffic Correlator

PN xxx Walsh xx Symbolssum

ontrol

bits

RF SectionIF, Detector

PN xxx Walsh xx

Traffic Correlator

,Convl. Decoder,Demultiplexer

PacketsAGC

ime-aligned

power

c

Pilot Searcher

PN xxx Walsh 0CPUDuplexer

Open

MessagesRFt

UART

Transmitter

oo

pTransmit Gain Adjust Messages

RFConv orTurbo

Coder


RF Section

Long Code Gen.

1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers

Access TerminalRake Receiver

ONE sector at a time!!


103/310

Rake Receiver

PN Walsh

RF

PN Walsh

PN Walsh

user

data

SearcherPN W=0 Pilot Ec/Io

AP

Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whicheverActive sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use

Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal usesthe combined outputs of the four traffic correlators (rake fingers)

Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal

The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode


, ,capability isnt needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode

1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff

Access TerminalRake Receiver

All Active Set sectors

can listen to the AT


104/310

Rake Receiver

PN Walsh

RF

PN Walsh

PN Walsh

user

data

APSearcher

PN W=0 Pilot Ec/IoDO-RNC choosescleanest packet

The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update itspreferences of which sectors it wants in its active set

Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the ATss gna

Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back tothe DO-RNC.


The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet

1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics

DO-RNCAccess Terminal

Rake ReceiverPN W l h


105/310

?DO RNC

PN Walsh

PN Walsh

?AP

AP

e . RF PN WalshPN Walsh

SearcherPN W=0

userdata

Pilot Ec/Io

1xEV-DO Route Update is driven by the Access Terminal

Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots

System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal

Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best

so there is no Soft Handoff on the forward link, just fast choices All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC


Route Update Pilot Management Rules

The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets PILOT SETS


106/310

Active: sectors who listen and can transmit 6ActiveAT

Candidates: sectors AT requested, but notyet approved by system to be active

Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as

6Candidate

Neighbor 20

must

sup

Remaining: any pilots used by system butnot already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC)

Access Terminal sends a Route Update

Remainingort

HANDOFFMessage to the system whenever:

It transmits on the Access Channel

In idle state, it notices the serving sector is PilotPilotAdd PilotDrop

PilotDrop

PARAMETERS

In connected state, whenever it notices theHandoff Parameters suggest a change

Dynamic Thresholds?

SoftslopeAddIntercept


DropInterceptNeighborMaxAge

Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message

The Traffic Channel


107/310

The Traffic ChannelAssi nment Messa eassigns all or some of thesectors the access terminalrequested in its most recent

The message lists everyActive pilot; if it doesnt list it,

Notice the MAC index and

DRC Cover so the accessterminal knows how torequest forward link bursts

on the data rate controlchannel


Pilot PN Channel SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset

Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT


108/310

1xEV-DO Network Architecture1xEV-DO Network Architecture


CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls


109/310

(C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

- -

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

switched voice calls


CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

PDSNForeign Agent

B kb


110/310

BackboneNetworkInternet

PDSNHome Agent

Authent icationAuthor izat ion

Accounting

AAA (C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new ca abilities:

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams ofsymbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal

this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95

a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile

through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct


-

The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface

1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

PDSNForeign Agent

Backbone

DORadio

DO-OMC


111/310

BackboneNetworkInternet Network

PDSNHome Agent


Accounting

AAA (C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch CE

on ro er

1xEV-DO re uires faster resource mana ement than 1x BSCs can ive

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)

A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS tomanage the radio resources for EV sessions

in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is

used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition


Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading

The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions

Simple IP Network Architecture

FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC

Simple IPIP Basedtransport to


112/310

PDSNp

data networks Internet

R-P Interface

TAuthent icationAuthor izat ionAccountingAAA

BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

Dynamic/staticconnectionfrom local

PDSN

VPNsrf

Fast!

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC WirelessMobile Device

POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS

beyond servingPDSN

In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the externalpacket networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC

The IP address for the internet connection is assi ned b the localPDSN from the pool of addresses available to it

If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the


new ne wor , es re

Mobile IP in a Multi-Market Network

InternetPrivate IPNetworks


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Re ional

Data

CenterHome

AgentHome

AgentAAA

Server

Operator's Private Network

IP Data IP Data IP Data

Nortel System Lucent System Motorola System

PDSNFA

BSC

PDSNFA

PDSN/FA

RP Interface

RPRP

Switch

SwitchMgr. Switch


PSTN PSTN PSTN

Mobile IP

Subscribers IP routing service is


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rovided b a ublic IP network

Mobile station is assigned a static IP

address belonging to its Home Agent MOBILE IPIMPLICATIONSaddress even for handoff betweenradio networks connected to separatePDSNs!

Handoffs possible betweenPDSNs

Mobile can roam in the

Mobile IP capabilities will beespecially important for mobiles onsystem boundaries

public IP networkMobile termination ispossible while Mobile is in

dormant or active mode

ou o e roam ng

capability, data service for border-area mobiles will be erratic


How the PDSN HA and FA Forward Your Packets

Mobile IP is a packet-forwarding


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forwarding

allows the mobile userto send and receivepackets just as if theyJust likeHome!were physically presentat their home agentlocation.

158767

158768

158769

158770

158775

158776

158778

158783

158784

158785

158786

158791

158792

158793

158794

Home

Agent

ForeignAgent

158771

158772

158773

158779

158780

158781

158787

158788

158789

158795

158796

158797

dEx

dEx

Secure TunnelingFe

Fe

Forward and ReverseMobile

User

This box is themobile user's

Postal address



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1xEV-DO Network Architecture1xEV-DO Network Architecture


CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls


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(C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

- -

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

switched voice calls


CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network

PDSNForeign Agent



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NetworkInternet

PDSNHome Agent


AccountingAAA (C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new ca abilities:

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams ofsymbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal

this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95

a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile

through to the outside internet including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct


-

The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface

1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network

PDSNForeign Agent


DORadio

Network

DO-OMC


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NetworkInternet Network

PDSNHome Agent


AccountingAAA (C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch CE

on ro er

1xEV-DO re uires faster resource mana ement than 1x BSCs can ive

t1t1v CESEL

t1PSTN

BTS

this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)

A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS tomanage the radio resources for EV sessions

in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is

used for the EV-DO traffic The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition


Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading

The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions


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Lucent 1xEV-DO ArchitectureLucent 1xEV-DO Architecture


Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN)

T-1/E-1Ethernet

RF

AAA

OMP FX

Element ManagementSystem

RouterAP


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AAA

Internet

Server

FlexentMobilityServer

DownlinkInput

Router

UplinkInput

Router Packet

Data

Servin

AP

AP

DownlinkInput

Router

UplinkInput

Router


Node

(PDSN)

User ATs(Access Terminals)

RF

AP

A Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN) includes

1xEV-DO base stations and the

x - exen o y erver .

The 1xEV-DO equipment may be collocated with IS-95 and/or1xRTT equipment, creating 1xEV-DO/IS-95 and 1xEVDO/3G-1X


.

Details of Lucent RAN Elements

T-1/E-1Ethernet

RF

AAA

OMP FX

Element ManagementSystem

RouterAP


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AAA

Internet

Server


DownlinkInput

Router

UplinkInput

Router Packet

Data

Servin

AP

AP

DownlinkInput

Router

UplinkInput

Router


Node

(PDSN)

User ATs(Access Terminals)

RF

AP

The PDSN maintains the link layer to the AT

it terminates the PPP link protocol with mobile

it serves as the Forei n A ent for Mobile IP functionalit

The AAA server does authentication, authorization, and accounting

it authenticates terminal equipment users when they establishconnections


s ores an orwar s ng n orma on o cus omers a a usage

1xEV-DO in Lucent Flexent Mod Cell Cabinets

Lucent Mod Cell cabinets cansu ort u to three IS-95 or


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su ort u to three IS 95 or 1xRTT carriers on threesectors

1xEV-DO CDMA DigitalModules (CDM) can be mixedwith conventional CDMs inthe same cabinet

e same ar ware(filters, amplifiers, other RFcomponents) can be used forIS-95 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO


Lucent CDMA Digital Module(CDM) Configurations

At upper left is a CDM for conventionalIS-95 / 1xRTT service. It includes


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up to 6 CCU CDMA Channel Units

PCU power converter module CBR CDMA Baseband Radio

At lower left is a CDM for 1xEV-DO

it must be occu the leftmost slot

all CCU packs are removed andreplaced by a single 1xEV-DOmodem (EVM) occupying 2 slots

the CRC must be 44WW13D or

later


1xEV-DO in Lucent Mod Cell 4.0 Cabinets

The Mod Cell 4 cabinet comes inmany variations

Instead of per-carrier dedicated


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CDMs, resources are pooled

URCs (Universal Radio

Controllers) are used to steer dataor eac carr er o s or

or CMUs for IS-95/1xRTT.

in a mixed-mode system, a

a URC for IS-95/1xRTT

The modulated signal from a 4.0

RF carrier frequency by the UCR

each UCR (Universal CDMARadio can handle u to three

UniversalRadio

Controller(URC) Evolution

Modem(4.0 EVM) Universal

CDMARadio(UCR)CDMA

FMS

Antenna

Carr1

Carr

g a eFlow


carrierso emUnit

(CMU)Universal

RadioController

(URC)

ECP

,

Lucent 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS)

The Flexent Mobility Server is theheart of the Radio Access Network


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It provides four processors runningthe 1xEV-DO Application Processor(DO-AP), which provides the PacketController Function (PCF)

The PCF provides air link and radioresource management to implement

x - user sess ons, nc u ngthe dormant state and other DO-specific features



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Motorola 1xEV-DO ArchitectureMotorola 1xEV-DO Architecture


Motorola 1xEV-DO System Architecture

MSC

MM/SDU

OMC-IP OMC-DO

BSC-DO

AAA

AN-AAA

PDSNs


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OMC-R 1x-AN

AN-DO HAsPacket Core

VPU

1x-BTS MCC-DO

1xEV-DOIS-95/1x

ConnectionsElements

Existing IS-95

New 1xEV-DO

-

New 1xEV-DO carrier appears as a standard carrier addition toex s ng ne wor e emen s

new MCC-DO cards and OMC-R database revisions needed AAA and PDSN need software upgrades


New Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements

MSC

MM/SDU

OMC-IP OMC-DO

BSC-DO

AAA

AN-AAA

PDSNs


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OMC-R 1x-AN

AN-DO HAsPacket Core

VPU

1x-BTS MCC-DO

1xEV-DOIS-95/1x

ConnectionsElements

Existing IS-95

New 1xEV-DO

-

MCC-DO (Multi-Channel Controller - Data Only)

AN-DO (Access Node - Data only)

CR Consolidation Router Similar in function to the 1x-AN MGX

LSW (Layer 3 Switch) Similar in function to the 1x-AN CATs

BSC-DO (Base Station Controller-Data Only) Mobility functions like 1x MM - Packet Control & Selection like SDU


OMC-DO (Operations & Maintenance Center - Data Only)

LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal)

Motorola 1xEV-DO Block Diagramand Network Upgrade Summary

BTS

1x BBX


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BSC-DO

R

FFrontEnd

1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

-

IS-2000 1xEV-DO PDSN

AN-DO

Tool LMF LMT

MCC-1X

GLI Traffic

BTS frame & CCP shelf

BTS

MCC-DO

LPA

BBX-1X

RFFrontEnd

1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

T1 or E1I i

AN (MGX8800) CR

AN (Catalyst 6509) LSW

BSC CBSC BSC-DO

OMC-R

UNO

GLI (Contro l)

OMC-DO

AN

O&M

OMC-DO AN-AAAMCC-

DO


IP Network

Telephone Network MSC/HLR Not Required

Data Network Not Required AAA

PDSN (Note 1)

Motorola MCC-DO FunctionsBTS

1xEV-DO Modem

1 carrier, 3 sectors er

BSC-DORFFrontE

nd

1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

MCC-DO

MCC DO cardAN DO


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MCC-DO card

Supports 59 channels per

sectorCR PDSNLSWBTS

AN-DO

Up to 3 Active Span linesper MCC-DO

Most operators willRFFrontEnd

1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

T1 or E1

spans per BTS

BTS provides control:

SCAP messaging

OMC-DO AN-AAAMCC-DO

Redundant BBX Selection

Enhanced BBX interface


MCC- DO

Motorola 1xEV-DO AN-DO Elements

Consolidation Router (CR)BSC-DO

BTS

RFFrontEnd1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

MCC-DO

-


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for DO access points Similar to 1x MGX

-

CR PDSNLSWBTS

nd

1x BBX

Layer 3 Switch (LSW)

Performs IP transport across

OMC-DO AN-AAARFFrontE1x Modems

DO BBX

MCC-DO

T1 or E1

1x CAT

Two CAT4006 Cages perframe

CR LSW

1 LSW frame will serve all

1xEV-DO frames in a typicalMTSO


Motorola BSC-DO FunctionsBTS

BSC Functionality:

RF-scheduling, channel,connection, mobility management,security

BSC-DO

RFFrontEnd

1x Modems

DO BBX

1x BBX

MCC-DO

AN-DO Access Network Control


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Access Network Control

Radio Resource Management

Connection Control

Access control / Collision control

CR PDSNLSWBTS

nd

1x BBX

Handoff control

Packet Control and Session Control

Transmission of packet data-

OMC-DO AN-AAA

RFFront

x o ems

DO BBX

MCC-DO

T1 or E1

Packet Data Control PDSN selection

Provides Authentication

Management of Data Session

Support up to 80 MCC-DO cardsper a BSC-DO


- -

Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements: OMC-DOBTS

OMC-DO provides GUI basedO&M functions

BSC-DO

RFFront

End

1x ModemsDO BBX

1x BBX

MCC-DO

AN-DO


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Status Management

Fault Management

CR PDSNLSWBTS

nd

1x BBX

Software Management

System ParameterOMC-DO AN-AAA

RFFront

DO BBX

MCC-DO

T1 or E1

anagemen Performance Monitoring

CDL collection

DO network element manager

Manages BSC-DO and MCC-DO

Diagnostic & System Test

Logging

Ethernet interface to BSC-DO

Supports networkmanagement applications


(fault, alarm, performance,configuration)


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Nortel 1xEV-DO ArchitectureNortel 1xEV-DO Architecture


A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 SystemProviding 1xRTT Voice, Data, and 1xEV-DO


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A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 SystemProviding Only 1xRTT Voice, Data


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A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 SystemProviding 1xEV-DO Only


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Nortel Multiple Backhaul and ConfigurationPossibilities


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Nortel Univity Indoor Metrocell

Univity Metro Cell cansu ort:

up to six CDMA 1 25 MHz


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up to six CDMA 1.25 MHzcarrier frequencies

.

High Power Amplifiers andLow Noise Amplifiers arehoused in an external unit

the Multi-Carrier FlexibleRadio Module (MFRM)

MFRM ma be mastmounted to improve AP RF

link budget


Univity CDMA Metro Cell Indoor

Base Transceiver System (AP)

Nortel DOM: Data-Only Module

The Data Only Module (DOM) adds 1xEV-DOca abilit to a MetroCell AP CEM shelf

transmits/receives baseband data to/from


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transmits/receives baseband data to/fromthe digital control group (DCG) in the CORE

module CORE switches baseband to proper carrier

on the MFRM for transmission

the DOM erforms all encodin /decodin of

IP packets for transport on data-onlynetwork to the Data-Only Radio NetworkController (DO-RNC)

ne suppor s up o a ree-sec or,one-carrier MetroCell AP

Additional DOMs support additional carriers


Nortels DO-RNCThe Data-Only Radio Network Controller

DO-RNC is the heart of a 1xEV-DO network,located at the central office (CO) with the BSCan or anager

DO RNC is a stand alone node supporting


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DO-RNC is a stand-alone node supporting1xEV-DO. It manages:

DOMs at multiple APs (even on differentband classes) over IP-based backhaulnetwork

access terminal state, both idle andconnected

handoffs of ATs between cells and carrierfrequencies (reverse); sector selection (fwd).

connections from airlink to PDSN overstandard A10-A11 interfaces

Nortel DO-RNCData-Onl

connects to MetroCell AP via dedicated IPbackhaul network

DO-RNC is the peer of the access terminal for

Radio Network Controller


- - ,session and connection layers

Nortel DO-RNC Functionality

DO-RNC functions similar to CDMA-2000 BSC and packet control unit:

handoff rocessin reverse onl , sector selection forward onl

selection of reverse link traffic frames


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data session connected/dormant transition management

termination of the A10/A11 RP interface to the PDSN application, stream, session and connection layer management

radio link protocol (RLP)

connection control of access terminals

resource managemen , mo y managemen

packet control function (PCF)

data flow control

- -

service negotiation

paging and access channel message termination forwards MAC-la er ackets to the best-servin DOM


data-environment-specific performance logging

The Nortel DO-EMS(Data-Only Element Management System)

The DO-EMS consists of Hardware (the server) and Software (the client)

-Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) for the1xEV DO radio access network (RAN)


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1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN)

The existing BSS Manager (BSSM) continuesmana ement of the 1xEV-DO DOM module in aMetroCell AP

The DO-EMS is a stand-alone platform providingOAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DOnetwork onl . Its functions include:

collecting, reporting, and managing DO-RNC andDOM alarms

collecting and storing OMs from DO-RNC and

administering 1xEV-DO carrier/sector neighbor

lists, including limited diagnostic capabilities(reciprocal neighbor analysis, etc)


- , -controls for management of OAM&P messaging trafficduring system events

The Nortel DO-EMS Server and Client

The DO-EMS server is a Sun Netra20

normally located in the central office with theBSC/DO-RNC

auto-discovery


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y

configuration management

fault management

performance management

DO-EMS Client / Management Terminal

since the Netra20 is a headless server, aterminal is required for monitor, keyboardand mouse functionality

The terminal connects to the DO-EMS toperform all required OAM&P functions forthe 1xEV-DO network

The management terminal is a SunBlade150


alternatively, customers may use a PCrunning an X-Windows application

The Nortel DO-EMS Client

The DO-EMS client is web-based

runs n stan ar webrowsers


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browsers

offers network ,easy-to-use interface

provides robust,

performance managementtools


Nortels Univity CDMA PDSN

PDSN

The Univit CDMA PDSN rovides CDMA radio network acket dataaccess to the Public Data Network (PDN) and is integrated on theShasta BSN 5000 chassis. With the addition of the AT IP access


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model, a Foreign Agent (FA) and Home Agent (HA) are required. The

FA is always integrated onto the Shasta BSN with the Univity PDSN.

Component Breakdown

The Shasta BSN is comprised of several components including theSubscriber Service Gateway (SS

Documents

Ev Do Series