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Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
1 | P a g e
Defining Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
for Smart Cities using IOT & Smart Sensors
Technicity Project – Nov’ 2015
Prabhdip Singh Rayat
Email: [email protected]
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
1 | P a g e
Foreword
EV Charging Infrastructure is the need of tomorrow
across the Globe, and integration of this
infrastructure to IOT (Internet of Things platform)
with Smart Sensors, will connect together the City
Services, city transportation and City Citizens. This
Smart System will help in planning of City Services,
City Transportation and will help citizens in their
day to day life. The brief of this report will explore,
how EV Charging infrastructure integration to new
era technology IOT, will enable Smart City Services
in near Future.
Objective
Electric Vehicles are increasing in Cities across the
Globe. There is a need to implement Electric
Vehicles Charging Ecosystem in Parking Systems,
City Fleets, household, buildings, commercial and
Industrial sites across the City. A system based on
Internet of Things platform has to be built which
will streamline operation of EV Charging and
address the impacts on Power Grid. This subject is
technology enabler for city transportation systems,
Vehicle to Grid systems, Grid to Vehicle systems,
Optimum use of Renewable resources and smart
charging systems in near future for Smart Cities.
City is a system of complex sub systems; therefore
multiple use cases are required to be evolved to
meet future needs.
In this report, I would be detailing out architecture
and sub systems to connect Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure across the Smart City and will define
the benefits of connected Smart Sensors and
Internet. Various sub systems, centralized control
center, city services and city citizen’s engagement
programs are the key to this Smart City use case.
Utilities and energy suppliers can use of
infrastructure, to do near term and long term
planning of EV penetration and network loads.
These systems will also enable use of renewables
and will benefit maintenance services with
communication and feedback to City citizens.
Report will detail out systems, apps and
connectivity to all new era technologies.
Current Issues
Nowadays, there are systems enabled with
Information Technology to meet City needs and
connected to Individual systems or City
departments. Therefore, going forward a uniform
system would be deployed across the City, to
address the traffic, congestion, road maintenance
and other city services, so that it smoothed the
process and flow of transportation across the
cities.
Electric vehicles are increasing and across the city,
EV charging infrastructure is growing, various
OEMs, system suppliers and vendors are deploying
different type of Electric Vehicle chargers, these
are connected to individual Vendor Central
systems, thus bringing a lots of frustration and
difficulty to citizens to locate and move across the
city. Going forward, this infrastructure would be
increased and will replace GAS stations, and there
is a mandatory need that everything is connected
to common & uniform platform.
In city of Toronto, major players likewise
Chargepoint, Tesla and Sun Country Highway have
deployed EV Charging infrastructure across the City
of Toronto and Greater Toronto Area. These
systems are smart and enabling new era
technology, but these are connected to individual
OEM Vendors Central systems and are not
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
2 | P a g e
connected to City services, city transportation and
have restricted connectivity to City Drivers &
citizens. Therefore there is a huge requirement to
define EV charging infrastructure connected to
Internet and enable ICT technology so that EV
drivers and citizens are connected under one roof.
Who is Most Impacted by Growing EV
Infrastructure across Cities?
Most impacted is Utility, Local Distribution
Companies (Toronto Hydro, Power Stream and
Hydro One), City services, public-private parking
spots, condominiums, buildings-malls, along with
EV owners. Therefore to address this problem,
either Cities Electric infrastructure is so immune to
adopt mass roll out of EVs or optimum
management to operate EV charging infrastructure
required.
Here is one case of problem statement: Slow
charging an EV at home is the equivalent of adding
1-2 new houses to the neighborhood transformer.
A larger Toronto & GTA home might draw 2-3 kW
of power at times of peak electricity demand.
Adding a new electric vehicle on a dedicated circuit
could draw 6.6 kW. Adding the current version of a
dedicated fast charge unit will add up to 20 kW of
load. If every motor vehicle owner seeks to do this,
we have a problem. If technology evolves and
consumer expectations drive the demand for rapid
or even instantaneous at-home charging, that
problem gets larger and significantly more complex
Source:
https://www.gowlings.com/KnowledgeCentre/article.as
p?pubID=3152;
http://www.signatureelectric.ca/blog/interview-with-
toronto-hydro-grid-gets-ready-for-evs/
Which Cities are affected and real
scenarios Example?
My hometown Toronto City and Greater Toronto
area (GTA). Toronto & GTA is most populous and
highly diverse culture in Canada.
A: City of Toronto has EV Pilot programs since
2009; there is a need to address EV owner’s
engagement and to bridge the gap between EV
users and City Services,
http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgne
xtoid=7345fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCR
D&vgnextchannel=a201fbfa98491410VgnVCM1000007
1d60f89RCRD
B: Being populous and government initiates, there
is a huge load on electric distribution network in
next decade and impacts have to be analyzed,
hence a common platform required wherein
multiple EV charging stations vendors can be
integrated to IOT and smart sensors to address
impact on Toronto and GTA Electric Distribution
Network.
C: Toronto has to detail the EV Infrastructure
assessment for technology, Grid integration, public
incentives, renewables integration, and residence
and building requirements.
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
3 | P a g e
http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environment_and_e
nergy/key_priorities/files/pdf/electric_vehicles_cocmment_w
all_summary.pdf
Assumptions
The City municipalities want to avoid the legacy
approach to connect city systems and city
transportation. The City Citizens would seek better
information and communication flow to make their
day to day life easier.
The deployment of proprietary and traditional,
individual systems would be discarded and A
uniform connected infrastructure would be
implemented and accepted across all cities.
The proprietary systems have immediate
advantage to lunch and deploy in short time, but
the cities that seek long term gain and use of
money, will take this EV infrastructure framework
for near term implementations
Brief Overview
Electric Vehicles are rising rapidly on roads and
government has driving policies directives to
decrease CO2 emission and hence to deploy
Electric Vehicle Charging systems across the cities.
The Internet of Things (IoT) along with Smart
sensors have strong benefits since they have ability
to mine new insights from disparate data and
assets – from EV charging station locations,
charging station occupancy, billing operations,
utility network devices, utility power flow to end
customer engagement systems. IoT along with
Smart sensing nodes will help cities streamline
services, save money and create new experiences
for citizens – all by adding & connecting their
existing data and services.
More precisely, how Electric Vehicle charging
stations, city residents, city organizations, and
electric Utilities collaborates together to map
loading on Electric Network, to implement smart
charging strategies with the use of Internet of
Things technology & Smart sensing nodes.
Additionally we will detail out how IOT will provide
real time information to Utility and Grid Systems so
that Grid operation can determine now and future
power needs, along with real time customer
engagement
The integration of various city systems, city services
to address EV Charging will be actualized in next
10-15 years from now.
Smart City Implementations, comprised of EV
charging infrastructure, in the first instance, focus
on goal setting whilst planning a physical EV
Chargers, ICT infrastructure, and logical connected
infrastructure that’s capable of providing a
platform for systems integration in support of
objectives listed in this report. And once
implemented, these systems should have life span
of 15-20 years so that return on Investment can be
gained and would be in line to best utilization of
city funds.
Brief points to address this approach are:
Physical deployment of right Electric Vehicle
chargers
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
4 | P a g e
Connected communications network to
streamline the status, utilization update to
Central system
Connected and centralized systems and sub
systems to address and manage the now
and future needs of EV infrastructure
Network Design and communication
services layout , so that it enables the fast
and rapid data communication flow across
the city
Development of adequate android apps
virtual intelligent infrastructure, so that
these communicate and transport the flow
of information from physical systems, to
central systems, EV driver, Utility crews ,
City workers to City Citizens
Integration of Renewables platform will
enable self-contained and locally generated
energy, so that EV charging infrastructure
can make use of clean energy and less
dependent on traditional Electric Utility
Grid
Implementation of open protocols for
status, health, control, management of
various EVSE, EV and Road Traffic, City
systems etc.
Interoperability to meet open standards so
that communications flow can be optimized
and system is scalable to accommodate
physical and virtual infrastructure to meet
future needs
Development of suitable middleware
platform and Centralized connected control
center, which will accommodate City
databases to hold& manage the EV charging
infrastructure all together – Under one roof.
Optimum monitoring and management of
City control center - Self sustained and self-
controlled most of the time, additionally,
enables supervisor control for manual
interventions to program or enable
emergency or ancillary services across the
city
Architecture
Overall architecture of EV Infrastructure system for
Smart cities will cover multiple use cases across the
city, Layout and components of centralized IOT
integrated cloud system which would manage EV
infrastructure. This system will manage Electric
Utility distribution network, in conjunction with
City Municipality. The system would be Network
operations center, will capture from various smart
charging stations, smart sensors deployed across
the city. Integration of this system to IESO Ontario
to enable demand response programs so that EV
charging can be optimized in case of Peak Period,
Grid Emergency and for various seasons/ time of
use periods
Image Source: Self
Smart City is a complex system and is comprised of
various sub-systems scattered across the city. For
EV Charging infrastructure, from Top Layers (Smart
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
5 | P a g e
City systems & Service) to Middle Layer (EV
Charging infrastructure and Bottom Layer( Physical
Infrastructure scattered across the city)
Top Layer is focused to Smart City Services inclusive
of Municipality, Administration, and transport,
Health Care, Utilities and Economy & Cultural
services.
EV Charging infrastructure has mainly three
operations Centre:
1. Centralized EV Charging Infrastructure
Control Centre, which would be integrated
to Smart City Systems
2. Three Mini Control Centers to manage
Network, Utilities and Transport
I. Network Control Centre will manage
the overall network and enable
communication service using IOT and ICT
platform
II. Utilities Control Centre will enable the
power flow, administration of Electric
Network and additionally manage the
billing, EV device management,
maintenance and monitors the overall
health of EV Charging infrastructure
III. Transport Control Center, Captures
all data from Smart Sensors deployed across
the City and enables communication to City
Citizens for transportation, traffic, EV
Charging Map, EV chargers health, and
allows Citizens to communicate two ways
for feedback, participation and overall
engagement.
These three control centers along with one
Centralized system would streamline the
communication in the overall network and
facilitate the communications and ensure
consistent and reliable operation of EV
Charging infrastructure and hence validates
the Citizens feedback and improves
engagement process across the City.
EV Charging IOT & ICT Layer
EV Charging Infrastructure Management Layer is
comprised of Internet connected devices along
with Communications network to facilitate the flow
of information and data to EV Charging Control
Center and eventually enabling Smart City Systems
and Services.
Image Source: Self
Primarily ICT Layer has a middleware, which
integrates with Control Centre and Smart City
systems. The Middleware connects various utility
systems, integrates with Trader and IESO in Ontario
for Electric Network flow and enables billing and
ancillary services.
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
6 | P a g e
Additionally ICT /IOT Layer integrates to physical
infrastructure deployed across the City,
Electric Vehicles and EV Charging stations
Renewable Energy Sources, self-contained
local generation for commercial EVSE’s
Network and Communication Gateways
Smart Phones, EV Drivers and Smart
Citizens
Utility Transformer Monitors to enable
smooth power flow to EV Chargers and
hence balance the Electric Utility Network
City Transport infrastructure to
communicate the traffic, congestion,
Charger Occupancy, Distance, Charger Map
to City EV driver and City Citizens
EV Charging System Middleware
Middleware programs provide messaging services
so that different applications can communicate
using messaging frameworks for Simple Object
Access Protocol (SOAP), Web services,
Representational State Transfer (REST) and
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). The systematic
tying together of disparate applications, often
through the use of middleware, is known as
enterprise application integration (EAI).
At a basic level, EV Charging systems middleware
provides services required to connect applications
together such as concurrency, transaction
management, threading and messaging. More
sophisticated implementations of middleware
principles are baked into modern integration
infrastructure such as enterprise service bus (ESB)
and API management software to provide greater
governance, risk management and accountability.
Image Source: Self
Design Elements and Data Analytics
Following are key design elements:
I. IOT enabled Electric Vehicle
charging station
II. Communication systems integrated
to EV charging stations & sensing
elements to transport real time
information to Central system
III. Communication technologies –
ZigBee, 3G, Wi-Fi and Ethernet
broadband - which Facilitate real
time transport of data to various
Internet Enabled systems
components
IV. Smart Sensors to monitor
Transformer metering, operation
and health
V. Demand Response based scheduling
strategies
VI. Smart phones –android to capture
customer data points.
Following are detailed data acquisition points and
Data analytics for EV Charging Control Centre:
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
7 | P a g e
Data Points:
a) Smart Charging stations – Location,
Occupancy, Metering, Connectivity, Use,
Health, Event/Alarm/Fault, RFID Security
status
b) Smart Sensors – Meter on Utility
Distribution Transformers, Commercial/
residential Energy monitoring
c) Smart phones- app use based , billing
based, customer participation based,
surveys based
d) Existing Infrastructure Data: Utility SCADA
points, historical Electric Network
Monitoring data, Electric Asset Health data
Data analytics
a) Data analytics for Utility Distribution
network – Transformers, Distribution Line
loading
b) EV use based analytics, - User behavior,
User engagement
c) EV Charging station based – Occupancy ,
Health
d) City ancillary services based – Parking lots,
commercial/ buildings
e) Price based, Electricity Use based
f) Driving Patterns based
g) Renewables Use Based – Green energy and
CO2 Emission based.
EV Charging Integration Standards
EV charging infrastructure has to be integrated
with city systems and ICT infrastructure using
standards framework. The Following are list of
open standards accepted globally to address
interoperability for integration of EV infrastructure
across cities.
The list includes Micro Grid integration,
Middleware integration and EV Chargers
integration to Smart City Sub systems.
Image Source: Self
EV Charging Integration Infrastructure
Connected to Grid
In an intelligently controlled EV charging system,
the controller must obtain basic information to
make decisions and fulfill the required tasks such
as track users, queue charging, take payment, track
power consumption, allocate resources, etc. The
first piece of data that the control center requires
to begin a charge sequence is user/vehicle
identification and the charge point that the EV is
connected to. Correct mapping of each
user/vehicle ID with the ID of the charge point it is
connected to, is critical. This ensures that the
proper charge point is energized and provides
power to the customers EV. Correct mapping also
facilitates accurate payment transactions, optimal
resource allocation, and statistics tracking to
enhance the system. The implementation of the EV
charging system requires the user to have signed
up for an account. When the user arrives at a
charge port, the vehicle must be connected to an
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
8 | P a g e
EVSE port and the port ID must be noted in order
to relay that information to the control server.
Users log into the EV charging system’s control
website with an internet enabled device such as a
smart phone or a computer, identifying oneself or
the vehicle, then choosing from the menus the
identification of the charging station and the
charge port the vehicle is plugged into. In this way
the control server has associated the vehicle or
user with a given charge port and charging can be
initialized. This method works, but has a few
shortcomings. It requires the user to have an
account, and the user may find the process
cumbersome. These issues can be overcome by
adding features such as accepting credit cards and
automatic user identification.
Image Source: Self Customized
SAE J1772 is a North American standard for
connecting EVSEs to EVs. This standard includes the
cables, the communication interface and the safety
system requirements. The communication between
the EVSE and the EV through the J1772 system is
limited to the state of cable connection, whether
devices are ready to power up, the electric voltage
and current available to the vehicle to charge. No
vehicle ID or battery charge information is
communicated through the J1772 cable. In order to
obtain a vehicle ID or battery state of charge, other
communication channels must be implemented.
Once the control server has the vehicle/user ID and
the ID of the charge port the vehicle is connected
to, the server can put the vehicle into the charging
queue and initiate charging as appropriate. The
charge sequence and queuing will depend on the
algorithms implemented in the server. How the
EVSE reacts to charge instructions depends on the
type of EVSE. There are two types of EVSEs in the
deployed charging system. The first is a level 1
only, trickle charge device that that turns 120V
household outlets on and off while allowing the
120V EV cable provided with each EV to fulfill all
the J1772 communication protocols and safety
requirements regarding EV charging. The second is
a level 1 or 2 box that uses J1772 cables to connect
directly with the EVs. This EVSE fulfills all the
standard J1772 communication and safety
requirements.
System Network Topology: In order to provide the
above mentioned flexibility, the central control
system needs to be highly configurable. Because
this EV charging system is network and hardware
neutral, its controls can be any collection of
processing and memory capability whether it is a
server, a network of computing assets or cloud
based. How intelligently the control system
manages the EV charging with respect to fairness
to the users, the stabilizing effects it has on the
wider grid and amount of money it can save by
optimally and dynamically scheduling EV charging
is only limited by the capabilities of the software,
the computing hardware and the network that
support it. The system can be set up to aggregate
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
9 | P a g e
demand and participate in the energy market, it
can be set up to respond to DR (demand response)
signals, or it can focus solely on meeting the
customers demand. It also can be configured to
work seamlessly with Micro-grid controllers. The
network topology between charging systems can
be optimized to match the given circumstance.
These topologies may range from one central
controller directly controlling all EVSEs, to local
networks connected to a more centralized
controllers that branch together making a tree like
topology. The optimal topology depends on the
goals of the system and how to best interact with
the larger grid. There are some opposing
motivations. A centralized controller may give the
network more influence over the larger grid,
making it a bigger asset in terms of DR and grid
control. A centralized controller may not be as
robust as more localized controllers. Furthermore,
a localized controller that directly communicates
with the local grid may better respond to the local
needs of the grid in terms of power quality and
response to local shortages and outages. The
current setup uses one central server connected to
a network and controls all the EVSEs on the
network, regardless of where the EVSE is located.
New, locally controlled networks will be setup to
control independent charge systems. In the future,
these independent networks could be connected
with another central controller that allows the
larger network that can influence the grid and
respond to DR signals on mass.
Cloud-Based Load Management – This IOT enabled
cloud based Load Management Engine allows
Middleware to manage thousands of stations at
under a 5-second latency. EV Chargers and
contained controllers are capable to communicate
and respond to even faster grid events by
uploading local response profiles. All the EV
charging station, Electric Vehicles are connected to
the centralized EV Charging Control Center to
respond to local grid events and eventually
performing billing operations.
This cloud based technology integrated to IOT, also
enables ancillary service for Smart City needs. Due
to IOT it has scalability to enhance and consume
more advanced services on the same platform.
Table : Typical Charging Times by Power Level
and Electric Vehicle
Charger Voltage
/Amperage
Demand
Impact
Plug-in
Hybrids
All
EVs
120 volts/<20
amps
1.4-2.0
kilowatts
6-9
hours
12-14
hours
240 volts/<80
amps
<19
kilowatts
2-3
hours
3-4
hours
250-450 volts-
dc/<200 amps
<90
kilowatts
NA 80% in
30
minutes
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
10 | P a g e
Android App - 01:
IOT enabled app for EV owner to trace EV charging
station location, occupancy, real time billing, and
will illustrate the cost saving and will enable bi-
directional power flow (to and from Grid – V2G,
G2V,V2H, V2B), and additionally will provide
information about use of Renewable resources and
carbon footprint
The App screen shots for Green Energy use, EV
charging source and EV Charge Grid Connectivity
profile and a collective report for daily, weekly and
monthly usage.
Screen Shot – 01, 02 & 03:
1. Energy Charge , EV charge status, Source
used for Charge
2. EV Charge – Grid Profile and green energy
use
3. Report – Daily, weekly and monthly KWh
consumed and delivered to Grid
Charge / Source
119k
EV Charge – Grid Profile
Charge / Source
119k
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
11 | P a g e
Android App – 02
IOT and Smart Transformer sensors enabled app
for Utility crew, to manage the EV charging
network with real time asset information, which
will facilitate streamline operation and diagnosis of
Electric distribution network and hence will
determine overall health of utility systems
This helps crew and utility staff to monitor the
overall asset health and provides real time
information flow with the use of Smart Sensors
Two images depicted below, comprised of four
apps sample screen shots:
1. Distribution Network – Transformer Health
Status, provides Oil temperature value
2. Line Fault: Line Health Status and depicts if there
is a need of cable replacement
3. Crew Repair Progress and type of repair required
and updated utility asset Current Status
4 Crew Status: Crew status – reached or in-transit,
time to reach to fault location, and depicts fault
criticality
Distribution Network
Maintenance Required Yes Replacement Required No
Line Fault
Line Fault
Cable Replacement
Line Status Flag
Yes
No
Crew Repair - Progress
Crew Repair under Progress Yes
Transformer Replacement No
Crew Status
Fault Type Critical
SCADA Flag
Time to Restoration:02 Hrs. Time to Reach : 0.5 Hrs.
Severe
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
12 | P a g e
Vehicle to Grid Integration
The term vehicle-grid integration or VGI, as used in
this roadmap, encompasses the ways EVs can
provide grid services. To that end, EVs must have
capabilities to manage charging or support two-
way interaction between vehicles and the grid.
Managed charging refers to the technical capability
to modulate the electric charging of the vehicle
through delay, throttling to draw more or less
electricity, or switching load on or off. Two-way
interaction refers to the controlled absorption and
discharge of power between the grid and a vehicle
battery or a building and a vehicle battery. VGI is
enabled through technology tools and products
that provide reliable and dependable vehicle
charging services to EV owners, and potentially
additional revenue opportunities, while reducing
risks and creating cost savings opportunities for
grid operators. Such tools might include
technologies such as inverters, controls or
chargers, or programs and products, such as time
of use tariffs or bundled charging packages. Use
cases can help define the many combinations
possible with VGI and their benefits, costs, and
possible regulatory barriers
The four use cases categories are:
1. Unidirectional power flow (V1G) with one
Resource and unified actors
2. V1G with aggregated resources
3. V1G with fragmented actor objectives
4. Bidirectional power flow (V2G)
Time-of-use price-based charging using a standard
outlet to charge an EV in a residential setting could
be classified in use case 1
Bidirectional power flow at multiple workplace
electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE),
coordinated by an aggregator in response to
information based on local grid conditions would
be classified in use case 4.
Image Source: Self
Image Source: http://www.ieahev.org/by-
country/denmark-research/
EV to Grid Integration has major impact on Smart
City Infrastructure. Above diagrams explain the use
case and communication infrastructure to bi-
directional power flow and hence enable more
sustainable energy use across the City
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
13 | P a g e
Lessons Learned
Learning is about the integration of various city
systems to address EV Charging needs in next 10-
15 years from now. More precisely, how Electric
Vehicle charging stations, city residents, city
organizations, and electric Utilities collaborates
together to map loading on Electric Network, to
implement smart charging strategies with the use
of Internet of Things technology & Smart sensing
nodes.
IOT will provide real time information to Utility and
Grid Systems so that Grid operation can determine
now and future power needs, along with real time
customer engagement.
The IOT technology is still evolving and it will take
another 3 years down the line to mature the
technology
Implementations would be accepted gradually
across the Globe. But Europe and North America
will be among leader to adopt and implement in
real time across Smart City Projects
Conclusion
Electric Vehicles are increasing in Cities across the
Globe. EVs are adopted by developing and
developed countries; there is a huge motivation to
promote green energy and carbon reduction. EV
Charging infrastructure systems are being deployed
by EV Charging Network Vendors, but as of now all
systems operate in silos, and are not uniformly
integrated to one common platform to enable
Smart City service.
Down the line , in next 5 years from now: Electric
Vehicles Charging Ecosystem in Parking Systems,
City Fleets, household, buildings, commercial and
Industrial sites, would be integrated with City
Municipality Services across the City.
This EV Charging Infrastructures based on Internet
of Things platform will be built and strongly
adopted to streamline operation of EV Charging
and address the impacts on Power Grid.
This subject is technology enabler for city
transportation systems, Vehicle to Grid systems,
Grid to Vehicle systems, Optimum use of
Renewable resources and smart charging systems
in near future for Smart Cities.
City is a system of complex sub systems; therefore
still more use cases would be evolved and
eventually need to be explored to meet future
generation service for Smart Cities, Smart EV
drivers and Smart Citizens
Technicity - Nov’ 2015 Project Report
14 | P a g e
Acronyms Used
IOT Internet of Things
ICT Information Communications
Technology
EV Electric Vehicle
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
V2G Vehicle to Grid
G2V Grid to Vehicle
V2B Vehicle to Building
V2H Vehicle to Home
GTA Greater Toronto Area
ON Ontario
RFID Radio frequency identification
Wi-Fi wireless fidelity
3G 3rd Generation Cellular
GPRS General Packet radio service
V1G Vehicle to Grid (Uni-directional)
V2G Vehicle to Grid (Bi-directional)
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol
REST Representational State Transfer
JSON JavaScript Object
EAI Enterprise application integration
SCADA Supervisory control and data
acquisition
ESB Enterprise service bus
WSDL Web Service Definition Language
OCPP Open Charge Point Protocol
SEP Smart Energy Profile
ZIGBEE ZigBee RF Communication protocol
DPWS Device Profiles for Web Services
References
A. http://www.ieahev.org/by-country/denmark-
research/
B. http://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/environm
ent_and_energy/key_priorities/files/pdf/electric_ve
hicles_cocmment_wall_summary.pdf \
C. http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl
D. http://www.service-architecture.com/articles/web-
services/web_services_description_language_wsdl.
html
E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Charge_Point_
Protocol
F. https://www.chargepoint.com/files/OCPP-Fact-
Sheet.pdf
G. http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/12/vehicle-grid-
integration-revenue-could-be-worth-nearly-21-
million-by-2024/
H. https://www.caiso.com/Documents/Vehicle-
GridIntegrationRoadmap.pdf
I. http://www.edison.com/home/innovation/electric-
transportation/vehicle-to-grid-technology.html
J. http://www.caa.ca/evstations/
K. http://www.plugshare.com/
L. http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/vehicles/electric
/charging-electric-vehicle.shtml
M. http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?v
gnextoid=7345fbfa98491410VgnVCM10000071d60f
89RCRD&vgnextchannel=a201fbfa98491410VgnVC
M10000071d60f89RCRD
N. https://plugndrive.ca/condo