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European Transformations (1350-1650)
Spain and the Dutch Republic
Regina Europa, Cosmographia, 1544 (Sebestian Munster)
Why not Spain?
Philip II and Queen MaryCharles V
Queen Elizabeth I
Why the Dutch?
• Anti-Spanish revolution (1557-1648)
• Merchant oligarchy (strong support for state)
• Productive hinterland (livestock)
• Dependence on international trade (Baltic)
• Religious freedom (Attract Protestants, Jews)
• Balance of power in Europe
Fluit-model
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Dutch trading post, Java, 1660’s
Tulip design in Ottoman art
Ambassadors by Holbein (1533)
Temperance