European PoliciesEuropean Policies and and PracticePractice twds twds MinoritiesMinorities

Department of Public and Social Policy Department of Public and Social Policy Institute of Sociology Studies, FSV UKInstitute of Sociology Studies, FSV UK

Winter term 2006/07Winter term 2006/07

Laura LaubeovaLaura Laubeovalaubeova@laubeova@fsv.cunifsv.cuni.cz.cz

Unit 1 - structureUnit 1 - structure

• Syllabus, readings, assessmentSyllabus, readings, assessment

• EthnicityEthnicity & R & Raceace

• MinorityMinority

Syllabus Syllabus & & readreadingsings

http://http://minoritiesminorities..fsvfsv..cunicuni.cz.cz

http://http://romaonlineromaonline..fsvfsv..cunicuni.cz.cz

Name: Name: datadata

Pass:Pass: MM202MM202

Student assessmentStudent assessment

ECTS Credits: ECTS Credits: 8 8 (two contact hours plus eight hours of work per week)(two contact hours plus eight hours of work per week)

Assessment:Assessment:

Three AQCI’s Three AQCI’s 3030%%AQCI assessmentAQCI assessment 20%20%

Field or researchField or research essay (up to 3,000 words, essay (up to 3,000 words, due due 20 November 200620 November 2006)) 30%30%Attendance and active participation Attendance and active participation 1010%%OralOral presentation presentation 1010%%

AQCIAQCIARGUMENTARGUMENT- - QUESTIONQUESTION – – CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS- - IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS

1.CENTRAL QUOTATION 1.CENTRAL QUOTATION

2. ARGUMENT 2. ARGUMENT

3. QUESTION 3. QUESTION

4. EXPERIENTIAL CONNECTION 4. EXPERIENTIAL CONNECTION

5. TEXTUAL CONNECTION5. TEXTUAL CONNECTION

6. IMPLICATIONS 6. IMPLICATIONS

Course overviewCourse overview

• Race, ethnicity, minority, identity• Multiculturalism, racism, discrimination, equity• International law and minorities, policies and

instruments• Immigration and asylum nexus• Country case studies:

1. UK and institutional racism2. Canada and its multiculturalism policy3. The Netherlands from multiculturalism to

integration• Minority case study – the Roma• Conclusions and ideas for further research

BackgroundBackground

• Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) • two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)• European Framework Convention for European Framework Convention for

protection of national minoritiesprotection of national minorities (FCNM) (FCNM)CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.

fframework for public policies ramework for public policies --promoting positive interethnic relations,promoting positive interethnic relations, eelimination of discrimination and racism. limination of discrimination and racism.

• Inclusion, rights, equityInclusion, rights, equity

Interdiscriplinary approachInterdiscriplinary approach

• Public Policy/Psychology/EducationPublic Policy/Psychology/Education

• Social TheorySocial Theory and and Political Philosophy: Selma Muhic Political Philosophy: Selma Muhic

• Social policy: Míťa Castle-Kaněrová Social policy: Míťa Castle-Kaněrová

• International International LawLaw, Acquis Communauteure, Human , Acquis Communauteure, Human

Rights Law, Minority Law, Refugee LawRights Law, Minority Law, Refugee Law

Ethnicity, race,Ethnicity, race, culture, culture, identity, racismidentity, racism, , discriminationdiscrimination

• Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “, Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “, text 4, in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, eds. (1996) text 4, in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, eds. (1996) EthnicityEthnicity

• Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”, Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”, ttext 9, in Hutchinson (above)ext 9, in Hutchinson (above)

• Cornell, SCornell, S.., Hartmann, D, Hartmann, D.. (1998) (1998) Ethnicity and Race. Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing WorldMaking Identities in a Changing World

text on The definition of racetext on The definition of race

• Richmond, ARichmond, A.. (1994) (1994) Global Apartheid Global Apartheidon power, conflict, identity (good description of race and ethnicity)on power, conflict, identity (good description of race and ethnicity)

DDefinitions related to ethnicityefinitions related to ethnicity

From From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community.

““Ethnie“ Ethnie“ is isa named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared

historical memories, historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homelandone or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland,, a sense of solidarity among at least some membersa sense of solidarity among at least some members.. - - covers both majority and minority population.covers both majority and minority population.

vsvs multiple identities, multiple identities,

situational (transcending) ethnicitiessituational (transcending) ethnicities, , hybridityhybridity

22 basic basic + 3+ 3 complementary approaches complementary approaches::

1. 1. Primordialists Primordialists focus on primordial tiesfocus on primordial ties ( but ( but static naturaliststatic naturalist, , ethnic id. ethnic id.

overlapping with other types of id.overlapping with other types of id.))SociobiologistsSociobiologists - - mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive

fitness based on genetic reproductive capacityfitness based on genetic reproductive capacity ((reductionismreductionism))

2. 2. InstrumentalistsInstrumentalistsSymbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially Symbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially

constructed nature of etconstructed nature of ethnicityhnicity. . But nBut neglect wider cultural environment, affective and eglect wider cultural environment, affective and

collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.

Approaches to ethnicity – cont.Approaches to ethnicity – cont.

3. 3. TransactionalistsTransactionalists

Frederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicityFrederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicity

4. 4. Social psychologicalSocial psychological

Horowitz, TajfelHorowitz, Tajfel

5. 5. Ethno-symbolistsEthno-symbolists

MythsMyths & symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong& symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong

(Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction)(Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction)

See alsoSee also Cornell,Cornell, Hartmann,Hartmann, in Reader p. 15: in Reader p. 15:

Circumstantialists vs PrimordialistsCircumstantialists vs Primordialists

RaceRace

• Biology Biology && natural sciences – no longerr since 70´s natural sciences – no longerr since 70´s• RRace remains a legitimate concept for sociological ace remains a legitimate concept for sociological

analysis because social actors treat is as real and analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it organise their lives and practices by reference to it (van den Berghe)(van den Berghe)

• Robert MilesRobert Miles:: race is only an ideological construct race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quostatus quo

• D. D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are”people behave as if there are”

Race in biologyRace in biology

see researches in genetics in the 80´s see researches in genetics in the 80´s

e.ge.g..

Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon (1990) (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and human naturehuman nature, London: Penguin Books, London: Penguin Books

Stephen GouldStephen Gould ( (19961996)) The Mismeasure of ManThe Mismeasure of Man

Ellis Cashmore (1996) Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of Race and Dictionary of Race and ethnic relationsethnic relations

Race – cont.Race – cont.

MasonMason:: „„race race isis a a social relationshipsocial relationship in which in which structural positions and social actions are structural positions and social actions are ordered, justified, and explained by reference ordered, justified, and explained by reference to systems of symbols and beliefs which to systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise the social and cultural relevance emphasise the social and cultural relevance of biologically rooted characteristicsof biologically rooted characteristics““. .

• In other words, the social relationship race In other words, the social relationship race presumes the existence of racism and presumes the existence of racism and institutional racism.institutional racism.

PPreamble of the EU Race reamble of the EU Race DirectiveDirective

““The European Union rejects theories which The European Union rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The use of the separate human races. The use of the term "racial origin" in this Directive does term "racial origin" in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of such theories”.not imply an acceptance of such theories”.

Race is a social construct, i.e. a category Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinningwithout any biological underpinning

Race vs ethnicityRace vs ethnicity

• Race is often treated as ideology Race is often treated as ideology • ethnicity as a real phenomenon.ethnicity as a real phenomenon.

• Racial refers mainly to physical terms, Racial refers mainly to physical terms,

• ethnic rather to cultural terms. ethnic rather to cultural terms.

• Race refers to them, Race refers to them, • ethnicity to us. ethnicity to us.

• Both concepts always imply social relationship.Both concepts always imply social relationship.

MinorityMinority

• ””group of people distinguished by physical group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristicsor cultural characteristics

• subject do different and unequal subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live treatment by the society in which they live

• and who regard themselves as victims of and who regard themselves as victims of collective collective ddiscrimination“iscrimination“

1945 Louis Wirth1945 Louis Wirth

MinorityMinority - - cont. cont.

• must be a 'nonmust be a 'non dominant' group; dominant' group; • its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or

linguistic characteristics differing from those of linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚the rest of the population‚

• must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' culture, traditions, religion or language'

((Capotorti Capotorti as quoted from MRGas quoted from MRG).).

MinorityMinority - - cont. cont.

• Also Also non non dominant groups that may dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, be a numerical majority in a state,

• those who are not necessarily those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.where they reside.

MRGMRG

Activity:Activity:Diamond ranking exercise to help you Diamond ranking exercise to help you think about INCLUSIONthink about INCLUSION

• There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to substitute your own ideas for any of them, but substitute your own ideas for any of them, but you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you decide between you which (in your view) is the decide between you which (in your view) is the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the next two most important ideas, then three, then next two most important ideas, then three, then two again, ending up with the one you think is two again, ending up with the one you think is less important than the others. It is not a less important than the others. It is not a competition, there are no “right or wrong” competition, there are no “right or wrong” answers; merely a game to get you to think about answers; merely a game to get you to think about the respective ideas. the respective ideas.

• Tolerance and respect for othersTolerance and respect for others• Strong opinions about issuesStrong opinions about issues• Willingness to allow others their point of Willingness to allow others their point of

viewview• Everyone has an equal right to voteEveryone has an equal right to vote• Notions of being fair to a minorityNotions of being fair to a minority• The majority decidesThe majority decides• A strong/charismatic leader to hold the A strong/charismatic leader to hold the

factions togetherfactions together• Becoming helpfully involved in the life and Becoming helpfully involved in the life and

concerns of your neighbourhoodconcerns of your neighbourhood• AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH

STATEMENTSTATEMENT

54

7 8

9

6

32

1

Identity and InclusionIdentity and Inclusion

• Citizens are not only individuals, but also Citizens are not only individuals, but also members of particular religious, ethnic, members of particular religious, ethnic, cultural and regional communities….Britain cultural and regional communities….Britain is both a community of citizens and a is both a community of citizens and a community of communities…Every society community of communities…Every society must find a way both to nurture diversity must find a way both to nurture diversity and foster a common sense of belonging and foster a common sense of belonging and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. viii-ix)viii-ix)

ActivityActivitySpend a moment now thinking about Spend a moment now thinking about your own multiple identitiesyour own multiple identities

• I have thought about my own and started off I have thought about my own and started off with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandchild of with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandchild of Russian immigrants; raised in South Africa, lived Russian immigrants; raised in South Africa, lived and worked in England for most of my life; and worked in England for most of my life; teacher and writer; immediate connections teacher and writer; immediate connections through my upbringing and my family with through my upbringing and my family with Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Guatemala; loves music and gardening.Guatemala; loves music and gardening.

When you have done this, the next step is for When you have done this, the next step is for you as a group to learn about each other and you as a group to learn about each other and consider the overlaps between your own and consider the overlaps between your own and

others’ sense of who they areothers’ sense of who they are..

Physically move around the room to form small Physically move around the room to form small groups who share at least one of your identities groups who share at least one of your identities (e.g. thinks themselves as musical). Change the (e.g. thinks themselves as musical). Change the categories decide for yourselves a category.categories decide for yourselves a category.

Whilst you are emphasising your personal and individual identities through let us say, art, poetry, music or dance, the important concept here is how identities overlap.