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Angela Me
Chief Statistics and Survey Section
UNODC
European Parliament Special Committee on organized crime, corruption and money launderingBrussels, 11-12 July 2012
• No significant change in global status quo on drug use and health consequences
• Opium production returned to high levels in 2011 after the disease of opium poppy in Afghanistan in 2010
• ….but changes below the surface…..
Heroin Trafficking – From Afghanistan to Europe
Emerging route Emerging route
- 4 -
Signs that maritime heroin trafficking is increasing with increased use of containers and exploitation of growing commercial routes and hubs
Opiate Market: one year after the opium crop failure in Afghanistan
Underestimation of the global level of opiate consumption?– Asia and Africa account for 70% of the
estimated global number of opiates use, but they lack reliable data
• Increased law enforcement activities?
• Expansion of the raw opium market?
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000
10,000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Opi
um p
rodu
ctio
n (to
ns)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Opi
um p
rice
(Uni
ted
Sta
tes
dolla
rs p
er k
ilogr
am)
Global opium productionAfghanistan, dry opium (farm-gate price)Myanmar, dry opium (farm-gate price)Colombia, opium latex (farm -gate price)
An apparent imbalance in global supply and demand of Opiates
Cocaine Trafficking – From the Andean Region to Europe
Source Colombia, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia
Destination Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium & the rest of Europe
Annual Market Volume
212 tons depart; 124 consumed in Europe (2008)
Annual Value at Destination
US$34 billion (2008)
Use of containers taking advantage of the large volume of container shipments between South America and Europe
Cocaine: Shift in producing countries translated into a reduction in North America and a shit in European countries
020406080
100120140160180200
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Cas
es
ColombiaBolivia (Plurinational State of) and Peru
Number of seizures cases in Europe originating in coca producing countries
Cocaine Price in Europe and US
Cannabis: Europe: a market in transition?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Morocco Afghanistan Pakistan India Lebanon
Mai
n so
urce
cou
ntrie
s as
sha
re o
f tot
al
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Main source countries of cannabis resin Chance in cannabis resin seizures2001-2005/2006-2010
Cannabis: herb and resin
Polydrug trafficking
The decline of Amphetamines and the increase of Methamphetamine
“Ecstasy” seizures, by region,2001-2010
Source: Annual report questionnaire supplemented by other officia sources.
“Ecstasy” market recovers
• Mimic effects of illicit stimulants (e.g. “ecstasy”, amphetamines)
• Not controlled by the United Nations drug control treaties
• Reported in: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America
• Ketamine, piperazines (BZP), synthetic cathinones (mephedrone),synthetic cannabinoids (‘spice’), plant-based substances (Kratom)
New Threat: New psychoactive substances
Estimate of global interception rate of illicit financial flows in the financial sector
Global interception rate: < 1%
Funds seized and forfeited in 2009/2010: US$ 3.1 billion* Estimate of crime related amounts laundered: US$ 1.6 trillion Range US$ 1.2 – 2.3 trillionSeizures in % global illicit financial flows 0.2%Range: 0.1% - 0.3%
* based on information from 38 countries (out of 62 analysed) for 2010 or latest year available) Sources: US Dept. of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 2010 and 2011; U.S. Department of Justice Assets Forfeiture Fund for fiscal year 2010; Department of Treasury Assets Forfeiture Fund for fiscal year 2010.
Memo:Interception rate of opiates (2006-2010): ≈ 20% (16-31%)Interception rate of cocaine (2008-2010): ≈ 45% (40-55%)
… but are these all forms of crime that matter?
Trends in conventional types of crime
0
50
100
150
200
250
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Inde
x: 1
995=
100
Drug-related crime - 19countriesRobbery - 25 countries
Burglary - 17 countries
Rape - 22 countries
Motor Vehicle Theft - 22countriesHomicide - 40 countries
Trends of conventional crime
Are these the forms of crime that matter?
• Corruption • Economic/financial crime• Cybercrime• Money laundering• Organized crime
– Human trafficking
Develop methodology to measure the ‘difficult to
measure’ crime
For more information:http://www.unodc.org/
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION