European Nitrogen Assessment:Supplementary Material:

Powerpoint Graphics to Chapter 5.

Source:Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman J.W., Bealey J.W., Billen G., Bleeker, A., Bouwman A., Grennfelt, G., van Grinsven, H. & Grizzetti G. (2011) The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies. Chapter 5, in: The European Nitrogen Assessment (Eds. Sutton et al.), Cambridge University Press.

Trend of Nr inputs and emissionsfor the EU27

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1900 1950 1980 2000

An

nu

al N

itro

ge

n in

puts

(Tg

)

crop N2 fixation

imported feed & food

fertiliser application

N2 fix by industry and traffic

2

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

1900 1950 1980 2000

An

nu

al N

em

issi

on

(T

g) Nr to water

N2O emission

NH3 emission

NOx emission

r

2

3

x

Land-atmosphere exchange of nitrogenNitrogen community split into separated research efforts

Ammonia(NH3)

AerosolNH4NO3

Nitric Acid(HNO3)

Nitric oxide(NO)

Ozone(O3)

Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)

Wet depositionNH4

+ and NO3-

Volatile Organic Nitrogen (VON)

Particle Organic Nitrogen (PON)

Nitrous oxide(N2O)

Carbon dioxide(CO2)

Methane(CH4)

Net GHG

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Nitrogen oxides(NOx)

Nitrous Oxide(N2O)

Ammonia(NH3)

Leached Nitrate (NO3

-)

Further emissionof NOx & N2O carrying on the cascade

Natural ecosystems

Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH4NO3)

Nitrate in streams,groundwater &

coastal seas

High temperaturecombustion& industry

Nr

Livestock farmingfor food

Nr in manure

Eventual denitrification

to N2

Simplified view of the Nitrogen Cascade

Unintended N flows

N form in the cascade

Terrestrial Eutrophication

Freshwater Eutrophication

Greenhouse gas balance

Particulate Matter

Tropospheric ozone formation

Stratospheric ozone loss

Soil acidification

Urban air quality

Marine Eutrophication

Environmental concern from Nr

25 (13%)

N2→Nr

121 (63%)

45 (24%)

N2→Nr

N2→Nr

Anthropogenic annual N fixationN2→Nr (Tg / yr):

World (% in world)

3.7 (21%)

1.3 (8%)

11.5 (70%)

EU27 (% in EU27)

Fertilizermanufacture

Crops for food &animal feed

Crop biological nitrogen fixation

Intended N flow

European Nitrogen policies & future challenges Part E

Water Air Greenhouse Ecosystems Soilquality quality balance & biodiversity quality

Part D

Scaling up of issues through the European Nitrogen Assessment

Part C

Part B

Nitrogen processing in the

biosphere

Nitrogen flowsand fate in rural

landscapes

Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes.

Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe.

Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European Scale

Geographic variation in terrestrial nitrogen budgets across Europe

Atmospheric transport & deposition of nitrogen in Europe

Nitrogen flows from European watersheds to

coastal marine waters

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Upscaling & Integration

Processes &Mechanisms

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Aquaticeutrophication &

water quality

Coastal& marine

eutrophication

Terrestrialeutrophication &

biodiversity

Acidificationof soils & waters

Stratosphericchemistry and ozone

Greenhouse gas& global warming

Ozonevegetation

& health

Urbanair quality & health

Particleshealth, visibility

& global dimming

Aquaticeutrophication &

water quality

Coastal& marine

eutrophication

Terrestrialeutrophication &

biodiversity

Acidificationof soils & waters

Stratosphericchemistry and ozone

Greenhouse gas& global warming

Ozonevegetation

& health

Urbanair quality & health

Particleshealth, visibility

& global dimming

The NinE major environmental concerns of excess reactive nitrogen

FIRE

AIR EARTH

WATER

Dry

Moist

Hot

Cold

Fitting the world together: The classical Greek model of the macrocosm

AETHERQUINTESSENCE

Empedocles (fragments c. 450 B.C.) Aristotle (De Caelo I.2, c. 280 B.C.)

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

GREENHOUSE BALANCE

AIRQUALITY

SOILQUALITY

WATER QUALITY

ECOSYSTEMS& BIODIVERSITY

Dry

Moist

Hot

Cold

Nitrogen Threats and the Environmental Macrocosm

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Key nitrogen forms in the environmental macrocosmNitrous oxide (N2O) &

Nitrogen-GHG interactions

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

particles (PM2.5)& ozone (O3)

in air

Soil OrganicNitrogen (SON)

Aqueous nitrate (NO3-)

& other dissolved N

Ammonia & organic N

in Ecosystems

Storage oforganic matter

Humanhealth

Atmosphericchemistry

Aqueous Transformations

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Nr & Society“The NitroNet Poll”

In collaboration with The Green Room, BBC News.

BBC News Articlehttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7496036.stm

NitroNet Poll www.nine-esf.org/?q=nitronet_poll

• The public view reflects a wide range of Nr priorities• All Nr issues must be addressed• Highest score given to water quality• Shared letters on the bars (left) show where there is no significant difference (P=0.05)

Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Soil quality

Ecosystems & biodiversity

Greenhouse gas balance

Air quality

Water quality a

ad

abd

bc

bc

Score

The Five Key Threats of Excess Reactive Nitrogen in the Environment

© Ian Leith © Mark Sutton

© Gilles Billen

Additional copy:The N cascade as single graphical group Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)

Fertilizermanufacture

Crops for food &animal feed

Nr

Nitrogen oxides(NOx)

Nitrous Oxide(N2O)

Ammonia(NH3)

Leached Nitrate (NO3

-)

Further emissionof NOx & N2O carrying on the cascade

Livestock farmingNatural ecosystems

Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH4NO3)

Nitrate in streams,groundwater &

coastal seas

Terrestrial Eutrophication

Freshwater Eutrophication

Greenhouse gas balance

Particulate Matter

High temperaturecombustion& industry

Crop biological nitrogen fixation

Tropospheric ozone formation

Stratospheric ozone loss

Nr in manure

121 (63%)

25 (13%)

45 (24%)

N2→Nr

N2→Nr

Soil acidification

3.7 (21%)

1.3 (8%)

11.5 (70%)

N2→Nr

Eventual denitrification

to N2

Urban air quality

Marine Eutrophication