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European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform
“IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006”
IMPLEMENTATION PANEL
March 2007
European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform
“IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006”
IMPLEMENTATION PANEL
March 2007
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
2 www.HFPeurope.org
A message from the Implementation Panel Chairs
On January 10, 2007, the European Commission put forward key elements for a new Energy Policy, a common European response to the need for sustainable, secure and competitive energy. New technologies are a key ingredient of this Policy. It includes a Strategic Energy Technology Plan and calls for an increase of 50% in energy research spending to accelerate the shift towards a low-carbon, high efficiency energy system.
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies can play a significant role in Europe’s new energy system. They can allow renewable energy to be applied to transport, facilitate distributed power generation, and help us cope with the intermittent character of renewables such as wind power. But if they are to make a significant market penetration in transport and power generation, there will need to be research, development and deployment strategies in which all the stakeholders are committed to common objectives. This was the ambition of the European Union when it created the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform.
The first aim for this Platform was to define the technological and market developments needed by 2020 to create a hydrogen-oriented energy system by 2050. These strategies led us to define a concrete Implementation Plan for a European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Programme from 2007 to 2015. This document sets out that plan.
The Implementation Panel believes that this Programme represents a practical approach to meeting the needs for developing and deploying Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies in Europe. It focuses on four main innovation and development actions:
• Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations, for sustainable mobility • Fuel Cells for heat and power generation, for efficient, distributed and diversified
energy production • Sustainable hydrogen supply, to prepare for the transition to clean energy carriers • Fuel Cells for early markets, to foster commercial use of both hydrogen and fuel cells
This Programme will deliver secure and sustainable energy and create a new, high value industry in Europe.
The required investment is high, at €7.4 billion between 2007 and 2015. But it is also consistent with current spending commitments from the public and private sectors. The unique feature of this Programme is that it represents the first broadly agreed, pan-European effort to develop a strong position in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
This far-reaching Programme needs the right structure at the European level. The Joint Technology Initiative, an industry-led public-private partnership, appears to be the best candidate among the options.
More than 100 European stakeholders from across Europe and from all parts of society were involved in developing this Programme, as was the European Commission itself. Our work also benefited from extensive public consultation. We want to thank all stakeholders for their efforts so far. Now it is up to you to keep up the momentum and to make sure that this Programme succceeds.
François JACKOW
Air Liquide John LOUGHHEAD
UK Energy Research Centre
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
2 www.HFPeurope.org
A message from the Implementation Panel Chairs
On January 10, 2007, the European Commission put forward key elements for a new Energy Policy, a common European response to the need for sustainable, secure and competitive energy. New technologies are a key ingredient of this Policy. It includes a Strategic Energy Technology Plan and calls for an increase of 50% in energy research spending to accelerate the shift towards a low-carbon, high efficiency energy system.
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies can play a significant role in Europe’s new energy system. They can allow renewable energy to be applied to transport, facilitate distributed power generation, and help us cope with the intermittent character of renewables such as wind power. But if they are to make a significant market penetration in transport and power generation, there will need to be research, development and deployment strategies in which all the stakeholders are committed to common objectives. This was the ambition of the European Union when it created the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform.
The first aim for this Platform was to define the technological and market developments needed by 2020 to create a hydrogen-oriented energy system by 2050. These strategies led us to define a concrete Implementation Plan for a European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Programme from 2007 to 2015. This document sets out that plan.
The Implementation Panel believes that this Programme represents a practical approach to meeting the needs for developing and deploying Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies in Europe. It focuses on four main innovation and development actions:
• Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations, for sustainable mobility • Fuel Cells for heat and power generation, for efficient, distributed and diversified
energy production • Sustainable hydrogen supply, to prepare for the transition to clean energy carriers • Fuel Cells for early markets, to foster commercial use of both hydrogen and fuel cells
This Programme will deliver secure and sustainable energy and create a new, high value industry in Europe.
The required investment is high, at €7.4 billion between 2007 and 2015. But it is also consistent with current spending commitments from the public and private sectors. The unique feature of this Programme is that it represents the first broadly agreed, pan-European effort to develop a strong position in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
This far-reaching Programme needs the right structure at the European level. The Joint Technology Initiative, an industry-led public-private partnership, appears to be the best candidate among the options.
More than 100 European stakeholders from across Europe and from all parts of society were involved in developing this Programme, as was the European Commission itself. Our work also benefited from extensive public consultation. We want to thank all stakeholders for their efforts so far. Now it is up to you to keep up the momentum and to make sure that this Programme succceeds.
François JACKOW
Air Liquide John LOUGHHEAD
UK Energy Research Centre
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
3 www.HFPeurope.org
EExxeeccuuttiivvee SSuummmmaarryy The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. They are a key element for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for European competitivness and prosperity. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces and points out to the need for an integrated energy policy. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a vital part of this policy. Hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to it. Within the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) an Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006 to take the HFP strategy for RTD and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies, elaborated in its Strategic Research Agenda and Deployment Strategy, to the implementation stage. More than 100 European stakeholders were involved in the working groups of the Implementation Panel. They came from research institutes, industry, associations, governmental agencies, NGOs and the European Commission. Through their contributions and extensive public consultation, a European programme in this area has been defined. This programme is designed to facilitate and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-competitive, world class European hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. They would find use in transport, stationary and portable power in the next ten years. It is tailored to build upon Europe’s strengths. Drawing on current and previous initiatives and successes at EU, national, regional and local levels, it presents a comprehensive and coherent work programme to mobilise research and industry in integrated and joint activities. The programme comprises four Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They spell out the priorities for Europe and point to the technology which must be developed and acquired to foster hydrogen and fuel cell use in transport, stationary and portable applications by 2010-2015, and to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” targets of the HFP. For each IDA, a comprehensive set of actions that covers both technology development and market-enabling activities is proposed. These actions are necessary as a whole to fulfil the objectives for the proposed Programme in response to the EU’s policy drivers. They are further analysed by priority to ensure meeting the development goals assigned to the IDAs, and by the contribution needed from research and industry. High priority levels are assigned to critical elements for the realisation of “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision”, especially those that help build up sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and competitive fuel cell supply chains across the EU and strengthen the European industry. It is therefore recommended that an integrated approach to these activities be adopted and that a critical mass be reached at the EU level.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
3 www.HFPeurope.org
EExxeeccuuttiivvee SSuummmmaarryy The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. They are a key element for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for European competitivness and prosperity. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces and points out to the need for an integrated energy policy. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a vital part of this policy. Hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to it. Within the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) an Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006 to take the HFP strategy for RTD and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies, elaborated in its Strategic Research Agenda and Deployment Strategy, to the implementation stage. More than 100 European stakeholders were involved in the working groups of the Implementation Panel. They came from research institutes, industry, associations, governmental agencies, NGOs and the European Commission. Through their contributions and extensive public consultation, a European programme in this area has been defined. This programme is designed to facilitate and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-competitive, world class European hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. They would find use in transport, stationary and portable power in the next ten years. It is tailored to build upon Europe’s strengths. Drawing on current and previous initiatives and successes at EU, national, regional and local levels, it presents a comprehensive and coherent work programme to mobilise research and industry in integrated and joint activities. The programme comprises four Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They spell out the priorities for Europe and point to the technology which must be developed and acquired to foster hydrogen and fuel cell use in transport, stationary and portable applications by 2010-2015, and to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” targets of the HFP. For each IDA, a comprehensive set of actions that covers both technology development and market-enabling activities is proposed. These actions are necessary as a whole to fulfil the objectives for the proposed Programme in response to the EU’s policy drivers. They are further analysed by priority to ensure meeting the development goals assigned to the IDAs, and by the contribution needed from research and industry. High priority levels are assigned to critical elements for the realisation of “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision”, especially those that help build up sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and competitive fuel cell supply chains across the EU and strengthen the European industry. It is therefore recommended that an integrated approach to these activities be adopted and that a critical mass be reached at the EU level.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
4 www.HFPeurope.org
The four Innovation and Development Actions (IDA) of the Programme Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport but also other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on component performance and reliability, aligned with the establishment of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and the supporting elements for market deployment and industry capacity build-up. Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply IDA 2 is key to enabling the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is low-temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. With rising demand for hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen (BTH) and fossil-based technologies with carbon capture and storage (CCS) will take up a growing share of the hydrogen supply chain. They are allocated a medium or lower priority. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies are prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of decision-making support tools that can assist an integrated analysis across the whole spectrum of the hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy and such analyses are considered as a high priority for the early days of the programme. Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation Reaching the planned distributed power generation capacity of 1 GW from fuel cells by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none of them have been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. This IDA suggests an integrated approach for the three FC technologies that includes basic, applied research and industrial capacity-oriented actions. The efforts dedicated to each technology are tailored to their respective states of maturity and their expected evolution during this programme. A strong focus is given to SOFC in line with its ability to be exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel Cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the “hydrogen economy” the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. The sectors addressed are portable generators, specialty vehicles, by-product hydrogen power generation and micro fuel cells. This IDA calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain operating experience which can feed back into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
4 www.HFPeurope.org
The four Innovation and Development Actions (IDA) of the Programme Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport but also other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on component performance and reliability, aligned with the establishment of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and the supporting elements for market deployment and industry capacity build-up. Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply IDA 2 is key to enabling the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is low-temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. With rising demand for hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen (BTH) and fossil-based technologies with carbon capture and storage (CCS) will take up a growing share of the hydrogen supply chain. They are allocated a medium or lower priority. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies are prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of decision-making support tools that can assist an integrated analysis across the whole spectrum of the hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy and such analyses are considered as a high priority for the early days of the programme. Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation Reaching the planned distributed power generation capacity of 1 GW from fuel cells by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none of them have been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. This IDA suggests an integrated approach for the three FC technologies that includes basic, applied research and industrial capacity-oriented actions. The efforts dedicated to each technology are tailored to their respective states of maturity and their expected evolution during this programme. A strong focus is given to SOFC in line with its ability to be exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel Cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the “hydrogen economy” the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. The sectors addressed are portable generators, specialty vehicles, by-product hydrogen power generation and micro fuel cells. This IDA calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain operating experience which can feed back into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
5 www.HFPeurope.org
The main components and timelines of the programme are shown in the Figure below. Specific milestones have been included which show gradual and appropriately-timed increases in performance and capacities towards tangible market penetration by 2020. The programme’s emphasis on technology deployment includes efforts to foster SME development, provide relevant education and training, stimulate early demand through the identification and structuring of buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market products.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
5 www.HFPeurope.org
The main components and timelines of the programme are shown in the Figure below. Specific milestones have been included which show gradual and appropriately-timed increases in performance and capacities towards tangible market penetration by 2020. The programme’s emphasis on technology deployment includes efforts to foster SME development, provide relevant education and training, stimulate early demand through the identification and structuring of buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market products.
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tech
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pean
Roa
dmap
for
dev
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t an
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ploy
men
t of
H2
& FC
Tec
hnolog
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Long
term
R&
D o
n pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gies
2007
2010
2015
Supporting Activities (SMEs, RCS, Safety, Socio-economics, Training, Financing, Awareness)
Mar
ket
Gro
wth
M9
M7
M10
M3
M4
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M2
M5
M6
M8
M1
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
6www.HFPeurope.org
Phas
e I
Phas
e II
R&
D: c
ompo
nent
s, in
tegr
atio
n, H
2st
orag
e, re
fuel
ling
tech
nolo
gies
Dem
o 1
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2Ex
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ion
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val
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ion
Dem
o 2
Tech
nolo
gy D
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tion
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generation
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Euro
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dmap
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t of
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& FC
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Long
term
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D o
n pr
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tion
tech
nolo
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2007
2010
2015
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M3
M4
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M8
M5
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Mar
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Phas
e II
R&
D: c
ompo
nent
s, in
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n, H
2st
orag
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fuel
ling
tech
nolo
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Dem
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tsD
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sys
tem
val
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nolo
gy D
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stra
tion
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FCsfor CHP & power
generation
FCsforearly markets
“Sna
psho
t 202
0”
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millio
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its
for
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gene
ratio
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oduc
ts
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ium
term
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D o
n pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gies
Euro
pean
Roa
dmap
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men
t an
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ploy
men
t of
H2
& FC
Tec
hnolog
ies
Long
term
R&
D o
n pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gies
2007
2010
2015
Supporting Activities (SMEs, RCS, Safety, Socio-economics, Training, Financing, Awareness)
Mar
ket
Gro
wth
M9
M7
M10
M3
M4
M4
M2
M5
M6
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tus 2
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HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
8 www.HFPeurope.org
The total public and private resource requirements for the proposed programme are €7.4 billion for 2007 – 2015. This is consistent with existing public and private investments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and involves only an achievable increase over current or planned spending from public and from private sources. European funding has an especially important role to play but aligning the various sources of public funding is needed to achieve the Plan’s goals. Without major contributions from member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals of this Implementation Plan. However, this Plan is strongly market-driven. It envisages two-thirds of its resources being spent on demonstration activities. It also recognises the importance of research and development in achieving the widespread use of hydrogen and fuel cells by 2050. A third of the planned resources are for research and development and cross-cutting activities. To meet the technological challenges that exist for hydrogen and fuel cells during the course of the programme, this plan suggests devoting more resources to R&D in the early stages. The focus shifts increasingly to demonstration and pre-commercial deployment later on, to prepare for and kick-start market entry. This calls for a two-phase programme, with the first phase running until 2010. Sustained, albeit relatively smaller, efforts and resources are foreseen to be allocated to long-term technology development activities for sustainable H2 supply just before the end of the 2nd Phase of the programme; this is noted as Phase III taking place beyond 2015 in the planning. The suggested distribution of the resources of the programme is shown in the figures below. The proposed plan for resource allocation is by no means prescriptive, but does show how effort could be directed over the duration of the programme.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
8 www.HFPeurope.org
The total public and private resource requirements for the proposed programme are €7.4 billion for 2007 – 2015. This is consistent with existing public and private investments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and involves only an achievable increase over current or planned spending from public and from private sources. European funding has an especially important role to play but aligning the various sources of public funding is needed to achieve the Plan’s goals. Without major contributions from member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals of this Implementation Plan. However, this Plan is strongly market-driven. It envisages two-thirds of its resources being spent on demonstration activities. It also recognises the importance of research and development in achieving the widespread use of hydrogen and fuel cells by 2050. A third of the planned resources are for research and development and cross-cutting activities. To meet the technological challenges that exist for hydrogen and fuel cells during the course of the programme, this plan suggests devoting more resources to R&D in the early stages. The focus shifts increasingly to demonstration and pre-commercial deployment later on, to prepare for and kick-start market entry. This calls for a two-phase programme, with the first phase running until 2010. Sustained, albeit relatively smaller, efforts and resources are foreseen to be allocated to long-term technology development activities for sustainable H2 supply just before the end of the 2nd Phase of the programme; this is noted as Phase III taking place beyond 2015 in the planning. The suggested distribution of the resources of the programme is shown in the figures below. The proposed plan for resource allocation is by no means prescriptive, but does show how effort could be directed over the duration of the programme.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
9 www.HFPeurope.org
Planning and Distribution of the proposed Programme's Resources
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€)
R&D DEMONSTRATION SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES
IDA 12661
IDA 2759
IDA 32853
IDA 41110
IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4(Resources in M€)
Finally, this report contains proposals for the full implementation of this programme. This will call for a strong, long-term, public-private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies with several aims:
• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe takes a leading role in global technology development
• to leverage efforts in a more efficient way and with better focus, to make sure the technology will progress rapidly
• to set the frame for coherent research and deployment activities with clear commercialisation targets, and to avoid fragmentation of this large investment
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
9 www.HFPeurope.org
Planning and Distribution of the proposed Programme's Resources
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€)
R&D DEMONSTRATION SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES
IDA 12661
IDA 2759
IDA 32853
IDA 41110
IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4(Resources in M€)
Finally, this report contains proposals for the full implementation of this programme. This will call for a strong, long-term, public-private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies with several aims:
• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe takes a leading role in global technology development
• to leverage efforts in a more efficient way and with better focus, to make sure the technology will progress rapidly
• to set the frame for coherent research and deployment activities with clear commercialisation targets, and to avoid fragmentation of this large investment
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
10 www.HFPeurope.org
The Joint Technology Initiative is expected to play a critical catalysing role. The activities carried out through the JTI will be generally market-driven and will focus on the 2015 – 2020 period market enetry targets. They will encompass applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. It is recommended to concentrate on high and medium priority activities in the four IDAs described in the plan. The JTI should be the interface to national programmes on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in the Member States or European Regions, and to other international programmes. The goal should be to identify possibilities for mutual beneficial global cooperation. On behalf of the Implementation Panel, its Coordination Group:
Chairs J. Loughhead
F. Jackow
Vice-Chairs D. Stolten
K. Scheuerer
WG Lead Deputy
Transport K. Bonhoff G. Rovera
Stationary R. Rosenberg J. Lewis
H2 Production P. Mulard J. Reijerkerk
Portable, Early Markets
(A. Delfrate) E. Middelman
M. Diehl
Cross-cutting H. Wancura B. Mayo
For more information on the Implementation Plan contact could be made with the HFP Secretariat: Estathios D. Peteves E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +31 – 224 - 565245
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
10 www.HFPeurope.org
The Joint Technology Initiative is expected to play a critical catalysing role. The activities carried out through the JTI will be generally market-driven and will focus on the 2015 – 2020 period market enetry targets. They will encompass applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. It is recommended to concentrate on high and medium priority activities in the four IDAs described in the plan. The JTI should be the interface to national programmes on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in the Member States or European Regions, and to other international programmes. The goal should be to identify possibilities for mutual beneficial global cooperation. On behalf of the Implementation Panel, its Coordination Group:
Chairs J. Loughhead
F. Jackow
Vice-Chairs D. Stolten
K. Scheuerer
WG Lead Deputy
Transport K. Bonhoff G. Rovera
Stationary R. Rosenberg J. Lewis
H2 Production P. Mulard J. Reijerkerk
Portable, Early Markets
(A. Delfrate) E. Middelman
M. Diehl
Cross-cutting H. Wancura B. Mayo
For more information on the Implementation Plan contact could be made with the HFP Secretariat: Estathios D. Peteves E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +31 – 224 - 565245
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
11 www.HFPeurope.org
Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Background .................................................................................. 13
1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development and Demonstration Programme ...................................................... 14
2 The basis for a European Programme ................................................................ 15
2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” ........................................... 15
2.2 Programme Outline ....................................................................................... 16
3 Programme description ....................................................................................... 18
3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations ................................... 18 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents ......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 24
3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................. 25 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 30
3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ...................................... 31 3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 35
3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets ............................................................. 36 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents ......................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 40 3.4.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 42
3.5 Programme highlights .................................................................................. 43 3.5.1 Priority highlights ...................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements ................................................................. 44
3.6 Synergies ....................................................................................................... 46
3.7 Managerial aspects ....................................................................................... 49
4 Joint Technology Initiative .................................................................................. 51
5 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 55
6 TABLES ................................................................................................................. 56
7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance ............................. 57
7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations .................................... 57 7.1.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 58 7.1.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 60 7.1.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 62
7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................... 63 7.2.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 64 7.2.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 66 7.2.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 67
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
11 www.HFPeurope.org
Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Background .................................................................................. 13
1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development and Demonstration Programme ...................................................... 14
2 The basis for a European Programme ................................................................ 15
2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” ........................................... 15
2.2 Programme Outline ....................................................................................... 16
3 Programme description ....................................................................................... 18
3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations ................................... 18 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents ......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 24
3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................. 25 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 30
3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ...................................... 31 3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 35
3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets ............................................................. 36 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents ......................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 40 3.4.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 42
3.5 Programme highlights .................................................................................. 43 3.5.1 Priority highlights ...................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements ................................................................. 44
3.6 Synergies ....................................................................................................... 46
3.7 Managerial aspects ....................................................................................... 49
4 Joint Technology Initiative .................................................................................. 51
5 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 55
6 TABLES ................................................................................................................. 56
7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance ............................. 57
7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations .................................... 57 7.1.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 58 7.1.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 60 7.1.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 62
7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................... 63 7.2.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 64 7.2.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 66 7.2.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 67
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
12 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ....................................... 68 7.3.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 69 7.3.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 70 7.3.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 71
7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets .............................................................. 72 7.4.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 73 7.4.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 74 7.4.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 76
8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP .............................................................. 77
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
12 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ....................................... 68 7.3.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 69 7.3.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 70 7.3.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 71
7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets .............................................................. 72 7.4.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 73 7.4.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 74 7.4.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 76
8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP .............................................................. 77
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
13 www.HFPeurope.org
1 Introduction – Background
The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. For the EU, energy is vital for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for Europe’s future economic prosperity and competitiveness. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces. It also points to the need for an integrated energy policy. This will involve a range of strategic options ranging from improving energy efficiency and reducing energy demand, shifting to low-carbon energy and implementing abatement technologies such as carbon capture and storage. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a crucial part of this policy. Within Europe’s future energy mix, hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to become a complementary energy carrier to electricity and the main energy conversion device of a sustainable energy system, whilst supporting and benefiting from other alternatives. The Implementation Panel is clear that the greatest benefits and results will only be delivered if a range of new technology pathways is implemented in a coordinated and synergetic way over time. In 2005 the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) defined future Research and Deployment Strategies1 for this sector. These detail how technology leadership can be achieved through an integrated 10-year programme of research, technological development and demonstration as well as market preparation. This would position Europe to achieve the market penetration levels foreseen in “Snapshot 2020” and lead towards the “2050 Vision”2 of a hydrogen-oriented economy by the middle of the century. An Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006, under the direction of the Advisory Council (AC), and in consultation with the Member States Mirror Group (MG). Its aim was to take the strategy for research and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies to the implementation stage. To do this, it is developing a programme of research and demonstration which is consistent with the strategic documents of the HFP, including the Action Plans of the Initiative Groups. It is designed to foster the use of hydrogen and fuel cells for transport, stationary and portable use by 2010-2015. It could form part of the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). It is also intended to provide recommendations for the core contents of a possible Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) in this field. The Implementation Plan described in the following sections summarises the findings of the IP Working Groups (IP-WG) and the ensuing discussions in the Coordination Group and the Plenary of the IP3. It also addresses the comments of the two public
1 HFP Strategic Research Agenda; July 2005; HFP Deployment Strategy; August 2005, & HFP Deployment Strategy Report 2005, October 2005, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 2 EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 3 The IP Working Group reports are available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
13 www.HFPeurope.org
1 Introduction – Background
The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. For the EU, energy is vital for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for Europe’s future economic prosperity and competitiveness. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces. It also points to the need for an integrated energy policy. This will involve a range of strategic options ranging from improving energy efficiency and reducing energy demand, shifting to low-carbon energy and implementing abatement technologies such as carbon capture and storage. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a crucial part of this policy. Within Europe’s future energy mix, hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to become a complementary energy carrier to electricity and the main energy conversion device of a sustainable energy system, whilst supporting and benefiting from other alternatives. The Implementation Panel is clear that the greatest benefits and results will only be delivered if a range of new technology pathways is implemented in a coordinated and synergetic way over time. In 2005 the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) defined future Research and Deployment Strategies1 for this sector. These detail how technology leadership can be achieved through an integrated 10-year programme of research, technological development and demonstration as well as market preparation. This would position Europe to achieve the market penetration levels foreseen in “Snapshot 2020” and lead towards the “2050 Vision”2 of a hydrogen-oriented economy by the middle of the century. An Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006, under the direction of the Advisory Council (AC), and in consultation with the Member States Mirror Group (MG). Its aim was to take the strategy for research and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies to the implementation stage. To do this, it is developing a programme of research and demonstration which is consistent with the strategic documents of the HFP, including the Action Plans of the Initiative Groups. It is designed to foster the use of hydrogen and fuel cells for transport, stationary and portable use by 2010-2015. It could form part of the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). It is also intended to provide recommendations for the core contents of a possible Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) in this field. The Implementation Plan described in the following sections summarises the findings of the IP Working Groups (IP-WG) and the ensuing discussions in the Coordination Group and the Plenary of the IP3. It also addresses the comments of the two public
1 HFP Strategic Research Agenda; July 2005; HFP Deployment Strategy; August 2005, & HFP Deployment Strategy Report 2005, October 2005, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 2 EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 3 The IP Working Group reports are available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
14 www.HFPeurope.org
consulations on its interim and draft reports4, the views and recommendations of the Advisory Council and the Mirror Group of the Member States on its ‘work in progress,’ supplemented by its own internal quality assurance process. 1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development
and Demonstration Programme The strategic importance of hydrogen and fuel cells in the EU’s search for a long-term, sustainable and secure energy supply is confirmed in FP7. It is seen as a key technological priority requiring a European approach and a long-term public-private partnership in the form of a JTI. European Framework Programmes have already contributed to the development of these technologies since the 1980s. EU support for research and demonstration in this area has totalled more than €500 million, with €300 million in FP6 alone between 2002 and 2006. It is apparent that the next stage should be a European-level programme backed by the commitment of all stakeholders, including the Member States. The risks involved mean that market forces alone are not sufficient to ensure success in this field. But at the same time, public intervention may not be able to meet the required volume of effort and coordination to overcome the technical and other challenges. The volume of coordinated effort needed for “Snapshot 2020” cannot be achieved by a short-term initiative which is fragmented by technology or end use. A long-term programme is needed which aligns resources along the complete value chain from research to the final user. This approach will allow Europe to match the global competition and ensure that its sustainability goals are met. Such a programme will facilitate Member State coordination while strengthening the EU’s interests in the international arena of hydrogen and fuel cells. It will point to opportunities for mutually beneficial global cooperation and make the EU the partner of choice for developing and deploying these technologies.
4 The results of the two public consultations on the IP drafts are available at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ip_consultation
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
14 www.HFPeurope.org
consulations on its interim and draft reports4, the views and recommendations of the Advisory Council and the Mirror Group of the Member States on its ‘work in progress,’ supplemented by its own internal quality assurance process. 1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development
and Demonstration Programme The strategic importance of hydrogen and fuel cells in the EU’s search for a long-term, sustainable and secure energy supply is confirmed in FP7. It is seen as a key technological priority requiring a European approach and a long-term public-private partnership in the form of a JTI. European Framework Programmes have already contributed to the development of these technologies since the 1980s. EU support for research and demonstration in this area has totalled more than €500 million, with €300 million in FP6 alone between 2002 and 2006. It is apparent that the next stage should be a European-level programme backed by the commitment of all stakeholders, including the Member States. The risks involved mean that market forces alone are not sufficient to ensure success in this field. But at the same time, public intervention may not be able to meet the required volume of effort and coordination to overcome the technical and other challenges. The volume of coordinated effort needed for “Snapshot 2020” cannot be achieved by a short-term initiative which is fragmented by technology or end use. A long-term programme is needed which aligns resources along the complete value chain from research to the final user. This approach will allow Europe to match the global competition and ensure that its sustainability goals are met. Such a programme will facilitate Member State coordination while strengthening the EU’s interests in the international arena of hydrogen and fuel cells. It will point to opportunities for mutually beneficial global cooperation and make the EU the partner of choice for developing and deploying these technologies.
4 The results of the two public consultations on the IP drafts are available at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ip_consultation
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
15 www.HFPeurope.org
2 The basis for a European Programme
2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” The “Snapshot 2020” as depicted in the Deployment Strategy, Figure 1, has been accepted by the IP as a reference market scenario for the Implementation Plan. Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a
2020 Scenario
Portable FCs for handheld
electronic devices
Portable Generators & Early
Markets
Stationary FCs Combined Heat and Power
(CHP)
Road Transport
EU H2/ FC units sold per year projection 2020
~ 250 million ~ 100,000 per year
(~ 1 GWe)
100,000 to 200,000 per year
(2-4 GWe)
0.4 million to 1.8 million
EU cumulative sales projections until 2020
n.a. ~ 600,000
(~ 6 GWe)
400,000 to 800,000 (8-16 GWe)
1-5 million
EU Expected 2020 Market Status
Established Established Growth Mass market roll-out
Average power FC system
15 W 10 kW <100 kW (Micro HP) >100 kW (industrial
CHP)
80 kW
FC system cost target
1-2 €/ W 500 €/kW 2000 €/kW (Micro) 1.000-1.500 €/kW (industrial CHP)
< 100 €/kW (for 150.000
units per year) From this scenario, it is possible, with a number of assumptions, to roughly evaluate hydrogen demand in Europe by 2020. A preliminary estimate5 for a high and a low scenario has been undertaken by the IP for the Road Transport, Portable Generators and Portable micro-Fuel Cells and is shown in Table 2-1 below. The high scenario allows for higher market penetration in the transport sector by hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, for higher power for each micro fuel cell unit, and for longer operational times in applications using portable generators. It is anticipated that stationary fuel cells installed by 2020 will mostly rely on other sources of energy than hydrogen. 5 An in-depth analysis is required to give more elaborate demand profiles such as these developed in the EU project HYWAYS ( www.hyways.de )
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
15 www.HFPeurope.org
2 The basis for a European Programme
2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” The “Snapshot 2020” as depicted in the Deployment Strategy, Figure 1, has been accepted by the IP as a reference market scenario for the Implementation Plan. Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a
2020 Scenario
Portable FCs for handheld
electronic devices
Portable Generators & Early
Markets
Stationary FCs Combined Heat and Power
(CHP)
Road Transport
EU H2/ FC units sold per year projection 2020
~ 250 million ~ 100,000 per year
(~ 1 GWe)
100,000 to 200,000 per year
(2-4 GWe)
0.4 million to 1.8 million
EU cumulative sales projections until 2020
n.a. ~ 600,000
(~ 6 GWe)
400,000 to 800,000 (8-16 GWe)
1-5 million
EU Expected 2020 Market Status
Established Established Growth Mass market roll-out
Average power FC system
15 W 10 kW <100 kW (Micro HP) >100 kW (industrial
CHP)
80 kW
FC system cost target
1-2 €/ W 500 €/kW 2000 €/kW (Micro) 1.000-1.500 €/kW (industrial CHP)
< 100 €/kW (for 150.000
units per year) From this scenario, it is possible, with a number of assumptions, to roughly evaluate hydrogen demand in Europe by 2020. A preliminary estimate5 for a high and a low scenario has been undertaken by the IP for the Road Transport, Portable Generators and Portable micro-Fuel Cells and is shown in Table 2-1 below. The high scenario allows for higher market penetration in the transport sector by hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, for higher power for each micro fuel cell unit, and for longer operational times in applications using portable generators. It is anticipated that stationary fuel cells installed by 2020 will mostly rely on other sources of energy than hydrogen. 5 An in-depth analysis is required to give more elaborate demand profiles such as these developed in the EU project HYWAYS ( www.hyways.de )
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
16 www.HFPeurope.org
Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets
Application Hydrogen demand (ton)6 Low Scenario High Scenario
Road transport 58,500 750,000
Portable Generators 720,000 1,150,000
Portable micro-Fuel Cells 82,000 620,000
Total 860,500 2,520,000 The challenging performance and cost targets detailed in the HFP Strategic documents, notably the Strategic Research Agenda, can be addressed and met by 2015, enabling the EU to realise “Snapshot 2020”, provided that strong public and private partnerships are established and adequate investments are made to support a highly focused, long-term RTD, demonstration and deployment programme. 2.2 Programme Outline In order to mobilise research and industry communities towards implementable joint objectives, the programme is structured according to four main Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They target hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations for transport applications, fuel cells for combined heat and power and power generation, sustainable hydrogen production and supply, and fuel cells for early markets, especially portable applications. These development pathways for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are intended to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” reference scenario and pave the way for the realisation of the High Level Group (HLG) vision for Europe in 2050, as depicted in Figure 2. Important interfaces are expected between these programme clusters. They are considered synergistically in this programme, drawing mutual benefits from each other’s results. Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme
6 1 kg of hydrogen = 120 MJ = 33.33 kWh = 2.75 kg of gasoline
European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme
IDA 1: H2 Vehicles & RefuellingStations
IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Snapshot 2020
HLG
2050 Vision
IDA 2: Sustainable H2 Production& Supply
European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme
IDA 1: H2 Vehicles & RefuellingStations
IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Snapshot 2020
HLG
2050 Vision
IDA 2: Sustainable H2 Production& Supply
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
16 www.HFPeurope.org
Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets
Application Hydrogen demand (ton)6 Low Scenario High Scenario
Road transport 58,500 750,000
Portable Generators 720,000 1,150,000
Portable micro-Fuel Cells 82,000 620,000
Total 860,500 2,520,000 The challenging performance and cost targets detailed in the HFP Strategic documents, notably the Strategic Research Agenda, can be addressed and met by 2015, enabling the EU to realise “Snapshot 2020”, provided that strong public and private partnerships are established and adequate investments are made to support a highly focused, long-term RTD, demonstration and deployment programme. 2.2 Programme Outline In order to mobilise research and industry communities towards implementable joint objectives, the programme is structured according to four main Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They target hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations for transport applications, fuel cells for combined heat and power and power generation, sustainable hydrogen production and supply, and fuel cells for early markets, especially portable applications. These development pathways for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are intended to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” reference scenario and pave the way for the realisation of the High Level Group (HLG) vision for Europe in 2050, as depicted in Figure 2. Important interfaces are expected between these programme clusters. They are considered synergistically in this programme, drawing mutual benefits from each other’s results. Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme
6 1 kg of hydrogen = 120 MJ = 33.33 kWh = 2.75 kg of gasoline
European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme
IDA 1: H2 Vehicles & RefuellingStations
IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Snapshot 2020
HLG
2050 Vision
IDA 2: Sustainable H2 Production& Supply
European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme
IDA 1: H2 Vehicles & RefuellingStations
IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Snapshot 2020
HLG
2050 Vision
IDA 2: Sustainable H2 Production& Supply
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
17 www.HFPeurope.org
The following chapters present a comprehensive set of actions for each IDA. They cover technology developments and market enabling activities. The technology-related activities may be supported by long-term research, technology validation, small or large-scale demonstration, and deployment. These are all essential to fulfil the objectives set for the proposed Programme. The actions are further analysed in terms of their priority and of the contributions needed from the research and industrial communities if the development goals assigned to the IDAs are to be met. The required level of contributions is based on the stage of development of the targeted technologies, market enablers and the amount of action required such as R&D and technology demonstration. This is linked to the stakeholder's know-how, capabilities and potential interest in carrying out these activities. Note that this analysis only provides an indication that the Panel considers consistent with the contents of the JTI on hydrogen and fuel cells. It is clear that implementating the proposed plan will involve all stakeholders, from large companies, SMEs and the research community. High priority levels are granted to actions that are critical for the realisation of the “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision” and are important to building up a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and a competitive fuel cell supply chain across the EU, and for strengthening the EU's industry capacities. An integrated approach is needed to ensure a critical mass of activity at the EU level. Medium priority levels are allocated to actions that are needed to achieve and consolidate the transition and build-up of Europe’s hydrogen and fuel cell infrastructure and industry. This requires coordination of current and future activities taking place across Europe. Low priority levels are assigned to actions focused on components of the hydrogen and fuel cell value chain that already have a comparatively well established infrastructure, or are of limited scope for the long-term development of a sustainable hydrogen economy. These are activities which should continue but do not require additional effort. These priority levels have been designed to provide some preliminary recommendations on the implementation of the programme in chapter 4 at European, national and regional levels. A short summary of the content of each IDA, including resource distributions, preliminary timelines, and key technical and non-technical targets is also provided in Annex I at the action level.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
17 www.HFPeurope.org
The following chapters present a comprehensive set of actions for each IDA. They cover technology developments and market enabling activities. The technology-related activities may be supported by long-term research, technology validation, small or large-scale demonstration, and deployment. These are all essential to fulfil the objectives set for the proposed Programme. The actions are further analysed in terms of their priority and of the contributions needed from the research and industrial communities if the development goals assigned to the IDAs are to be met. The required level of contributions is based on the stage of development of the targeted technologies, market enablers and the amount of action required such as R&D and technology demonstration. This is linked to the stakeholder's know-how, capabilities and potential interest in carrying out these activities. Note that this analysis only provides an indication that the Panel considers consistent with the contents of the JTI on hydrogen and fuel cells. It is clear that implementating the proposed plan will involve all stakeholders, from large companies, SMEs and the research community. High priority levels are granted to actions that are critical for the realisation of the “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision” and are important to building up a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and a competitive fuel cell supply chain across the EU, and for strengthening the EU's industry capacities. An integrated approach is needed to ensure a critical mass of activity at the EU level. Medium priority levels are allocated to actions that are needed to achieve and consolidate the transition and build-up of Europe’s hydrogen and fuel cell infrastructure and industry. This requires coordination of current and future activities taking place across Europe. Low priority levels are assigned to actions focused on components of the hydrogen and fuel cell value chain that already have a comparatively well established infrastructure, or are of limited scope for the long-term development of a sustainable hydrogen economy. These are activities which should continue but do not require additional effort. These priority levels have been designed to provide some preliminary recommendations on the implementation of the programme in chapter 4 at European, national and regional levels. A short summary of the content of each IDA, including resource distributions, preliminary timelines, and key technical and non-technical targets is also provided in Annex I at the action level.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
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3 Programme description
3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations
Goal: Improve and validate hydrogen vehicle and refuelling technologies to the level required for commercialisation decisions by 2015 and a mass market-rollout
by 2020 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents Energy efficient, very low polluting and greenhouse gas-neutral transport is one of the key objectives of European transport and energy policies. This IDA concentrates on preparing for the commercialisation of hydrogen powered vehicles7 in all transport modes (air, maritime, rail and road) with the goal of exceeding an annual production of 400 000 hydrogen vehicles, with Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drive trains, by 2020. An integrated approach across the whole hydrogen value chain, encompassing hydrogen delivery, refuelling and transport vehicle technologies and market enabling activities, is a prerequisite to meeting this mass-market objective. Hydrogen refuelling and transport technologies are the basis for this IDA. Technological actions within it aim at developing and improving hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and refuelling technologies. The objective is to kick-start the mass production of hydrogen vehicles by 2015 and permit their ensuing market deployment. This includes validating their performance, including safety and cost issues, under real and competitive market conditions. For this to happen on the hydrogen supply side, the objective is to develop and install distribution chains for hydrogen vehicles. This involves planning and developing the main components of hydrogen refuelling stations. It is essential to provide enough hydrogen fuel and storage capacity, and for it to meet requirements for quality, cost, ease of handling, and safety for refuelling road vehicles. Actions on hydrogen vehicles target developing and integrating the critical components of ICE and fuel cell-based propulsion technologies. The aim is to meet customer requirements by 2015. Efficient fuel cell-based auxiliary power units are also considered for a broad range of applications. APUs for uses such as power or emergency units for airplanes, power supply for ships of different sizes or for primary heavy road transport are also taken into account. Hydrogen-fuelled ICE vehicles is seen as instrumental for accelerating the build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure. The development of critical components will target a lead application, whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and for which there is a European industry with the critical size to support and eventually benefit from the 7 The term “vehicle” applies loosely here to all modes of transport
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
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3 Programme description
3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations
Goal: Improve and validate hydrogen vehicle and refuelling technologies to the level required for commercialisation decisions by 2015 and a mass market-rollout
by 2020 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents Energy efficient, very low polluting and greenhouse gas-neutral transport is one of the key objectives of European transport and energy policies. This IDA concentrates on preparing for the commercialisation of hydrogen powered vehicles7 in all transport modes (air, maritime, rail and road) with the goal of exceeding an annual production of 400 000 hydrogen vehicles, with Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drive trains, by 2020. An integrated approach across the whole hydrogen value chain, encompassing hydrogen delivery, refuelling and transport vehicle technologies and market enabling activities, is a prerequisite to meeting this mass-market objective. Hydrogen refuelling and transport technologies are the basis for this IDA. Technological actions within it aim at developing and improving hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and refuelling technologies. The objective is to kick-start the mass production of hydrogen vehicles by 2015 and permit their ensuing market deployment. This includes validating their performance, including safety and cost issues, under real and competitive market conditions. For this to happen on the hydrogen supply side, the objective is to develop and install distribution chains for hydrogen vehicles. This involves planning and developing the main components of hydrogen refuelling stations. It is essential to provide enough hydrogen fuel and storage capacity, and for it to meet requirements for quality, cost, ease of handling, and safety for refuelling road vehicles. Actions on hydrogen vehicles target developing and integrating the critical components of ICE and fuel cell-based propulsion technologies. The aim is to meet customer requirements by 2015. Efficient fuel cell-based auxiliary power units are also considered for a broad range of applications. APUs for uses such as power or emergency units for airplanes, power supply for ships of different sizes or for primary heavy road transport are also taken into account. Hydrogen-fuelled ICE vehicles is seen as instrumental for accelerating the build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure. The development of critical components will target a lead application, whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and for which there is a European industry with the critical size to support and eventually benefit from the 7 The term “vehicle” applies loosely here to all modes of transport
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
19 www.HFPeurope.org
marketing of these components. These lead applications will spin off benefits to other applications by reducing the effort of further development for the components in question. System integration activities and clearly defined industrial targets8 are needed to make sure every application fulfils its market needs. The development of PEMFC technology for the road vehicle drive chain, and perhaps for rail use, will be the first priority. This technology can probably also be utilised in other transport applications later. Captive fleets (such as busses) can play an important role in demonstration. Their intensive use provides maximum experience in minimum time as well as high public exposure. In other transport modes, on-board fuel processing developments including desulphurisation will be led by aviation. SOFC and MCFC technologies which fall within the scope of maritime applications will be developed in synergy with the third IDA. For some short distance or intermittent operation applications, PEMFC technology has also potential for maritime use and there are ongoing European projects in this field. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies can still be considered to be in their early stage of development for mass market requirements such as transport. Although steady progress has been made over the last decade to close the gap towards commercial standards for automotive applications, there is still a strong need to improve the performance, cost, and reliability of hydrogen production, storage, and use. Hydrogen storage materials and systems and high-temperature PEM fuel cells are critical fields where significant scientific and technical advances are both needed and anticipated. Long-term research leading to new ideas and concepts is key to overcoming these challenges. It is, therefore, an integral part of this programme. It is intended to address critical barriers that can hinder lead applications in the medium term, and to open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing in the long run. A sound long-term market framework is essential to fostering industry developments and investments. Actions are proposed to strengthen and expand the EU’s hydrogen and fuel cell supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs acting both as integral part of the supply chain of OEMs and as OEMs themselves for smaller production volumes and early markets. Human capital development is also targeted as a key element of industry capacity build-up. Regulations, codes and standards, as well as safety, recycling and public awareness, will be addressed within this IDA as critical factors for the marketability of new products. Synergies exist at different levels within and between IDAs, for example on materials, manufacturing and testing. Close synergies between IDA 1 and IDA 2 on sustainable hydrogen production and supply will be continously fostered in this plan to promote the uptake of sustainable hydrogen production technologies for validation and deployment. Strong links with the third IDA will be pursued to allow for the uptake of all fuel cell technology developments for transport APUs and propulsion systems. The fourth IDA will be instrumental in sharing the latest advances in fuel cell technology and manufacturing. Equally important are the benefits sought from the synergies between the air-rail-maritime and road transport APU applications. For example, air transport
8 Component and system targets for different markets and applications (drive train and APU) have been outlined by the WG-Transport
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
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marketing of these components. These lead applications will spin off benefits to other applications by reducing the effort of further development for the components in question. System integration activities and clearly defined industrial targets8 are needed to make sure every application fulfils its market needs. The development of PEMFC technology for the road vehicle drive chain, and perhaps for rail use, will be the first priority. This technology can probably also be utilised in other transport applications later. Captive fleets (such as busses) can play an important role in demonstration. Their intensive use provides maximum experience in minimum time as well as high public exposure. In other transport modes, on-board fuel processing developments including desulphurisation will be led by aviation. SOFC and MCFC technologies which fall within the scope of maritime applications will be developed in synergy with the third IDA. For some short distance or intermittent operation applications, PEMFC technology has also potential for maritime use and there are ongoing European projects in this field. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies can still be considered to be in their early stage of development for mass market requirements such as transport. Although steady progress has been made over the last decade to close the gap towards commercial standards for automotive applications, there is still a strong need to improve the performance, cost, and reliability of hydrogen production, storage, and use. Hydrogen storage materials and systems and high-temperature PEM fuel cells are critical fields where significant scientific and technical advances are both needed and anticipated. Long-term research leading to new ideas and concepts is key to overcoming these challenges. It is, therefore, an integral part of this programme. It is intended to address critical barriers that can hinder lead applications in the medium term, and to open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing in the long run. A sound long-term market framework is essential to fostering industry developments and investments. Actions are proposed to strengthen and expand the EU’s hydrogen and fuel cell supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs acting both as integral part of the supply chain of OEMs and as OEMs themselves for smaller production volumes and early markets. Human capital development is also targeted as a key element of industry capacity build-up. Regulations, codes and standards, as well as safety, recycling and public awareness, will be addressed within this IDA as critical factors for the marketability of new products. Synergies exist at different levels within and between IDAs, for example on materials, manufacturing and testing. Close synergies between IDA 1 and IDA 2 on sustainable hydrogen production and supply will be continously fostered in this plan to promote the uptake of sustainable hydrogen production technologies for validation and deployment. Strong links with the third IDA will be pursued to allow for the uptake of all fuel cell technology developments for transport APUs and propulsion systems. The fourth IDA will be instrumental in sharing the latest advances in fuel cell technology and manufacturing. Equally important are the benefits sought from the synergies between the air-rail-maritime and road transport APU applications. For example, air transport
8 Component and system targets for different markets and applications (drive train and APU) have been outlined by the WG-Transport
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
20 www.HFPeurope.org
applications pose the most stringent weight requirements for fuel cells, whereas these for rail are less demanding and could be considered as standing halfway between stationary and road transport applications. The demonstration of some key technologies in rail may be easier than in other transport modes. The portfolio of actions considered within this first IDA is presented in Table 3-1 below. In this Table, actions are grouped by thematic clusters. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. X symbols indicate the lead application for a given action as described above.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
20 www.HFPeurope.org
applications pose the most stringent weight requirements for fuel cells, whereas these for rail are less demanding and could be considered as standing halfway between stationary and road transport applications. The demonstration of some key technologies in rail may be easier than in other transport modes. The portfolio of actions considered within this first IDA is presented in Table 3-1 below. In this Table, actions are grouped by thematic clusters. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. X symbols indicate the lead application for a given action as described above.
HFP
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emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
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w.H
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Tabl
e 3-
1:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
1
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
H2 r
efue
lling
Te
chno
logi
esR
oad
Air
Mar
itim
eR
ail
Supp
ortin
g A
ctiv
ities
1R
oad
vehi
cles
- su
pply
in
frast
ruct
ure
Pas
seng
er c
ars
(ICE/
FC -
AP
Us)
; C
aptiv
e fle
ets
e.g.
bus
es (I
CE
/FC
- A
PU
s)X
Ref
uellin
g st
atio
nsX
2A
irE
mer
genc
y un
it (H
2/O
2 w
ith P
EM
), FC
Pow
er
Uni
t (P
EM
/SO
FC) w
ith re
form
er
X
3M
ariti
me
MC
FC/S
OFC
sys
tem
AP
U, P
ropu
lsio
n - P
hase
II,
(PE
MFC
opt
iona
l for
sho
rt ra
nge
oper
atio
n)X
4R
ail
PE
MFC
-bas
ed p
ropu
lsio
nX
BR
+AR
5 to
9X
AR10
to 1
6X
AR17
X
BR
+AR
18X
XX
BR
+AR
19 to
21
X
AR22
to 2
8X
XX
X
AR
+DE
29X
BR
+AR
30 to
31
X
32X
33X
34 to
39
X
40 to
41
X
42 to
44
X
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
HR
S&
Com
pone
nts
(CG
H2 &
LH
2 ref
uelin
g te
chno
logi
es)
Off-
boa
rd H
2 Sto
rage
(CG
H2,
LH2)
PE
MFC
(bi-p
olar
pla
te, m
embr
ane,
cat
alys
t, tra
nspo
rt pr
oces
s, H
T m
embr
ane)
Per
iphe
ry (a
ir su
pply
, val
ves/
pip
ing,
e-d
rive,
HV
batte
ry, H
2 loo
p,
pow
er e
lect
roni
cs, c
oolin
g)H
2 IC
E
Fuel
pro
cess
ing
Bui
ldin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g E
arly
Dem
and
(fina
ncin
g sc
hem
es fo
r bui
ldin
g th
e pr
oduc
tion
volu
mes
, pub
lic
awar
enes
s)R
ecyc
ling
(tech
nolo
gies
, reg
ulat
ory
fram
ewor
k)
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Eur
opea
n sc
ene
for
H2 a
nd F
uel C
ells
(sup
porti
ng a
nd fo
ster
ing
SM
E's
invo
lvem
ent)
Eng
inee
ring
the
exci
tem
ent -
sol
ving
the
peop
le c
apac
ity b
ottle
neck
fo
r gro
wth
( po
st g
radu
ate
and
prof
essi
onal
dev
elop
men
t tra
inin
g ne
eds)
RC
S (C
oord
inat
ed E
urop
ean
Stra
tegy
tow
ards
RC
S, S
uppo
rting
re
leva
nt d
irect
ive
initi
ativ
es, r
oad
vehi
cle
logi
stic
s, m
ariti
me,
rail,
ae
rosp
ace)
DE
R&
D H
2 Ref
uelli
ng te
chno
logi
es
R&
D T
rans
port
Sto
rage
(CG
H2,
LH2,
Alte
rnat
ives
)
Sys
tem
inte
grat
ion
(driv
e tra
in, A
PU
, com
pone
nt m
anuf
actu
ring,
co
mpo
nent
eva
luat
ion,
Air,
Rai
l, M
ariti
me)
Dem
onst
ratio
n tr
ansp
ort a
nd H
2 ref
uelli
ng te
chno
logi
es
(B
R: b
asic
rese
arch
, AR
: app
lied
rese
arch
, DE
: dem
onst
ratio
n)
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
21
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Tabl
e 3-
1:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
1
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
H2 r
efue
lling
Te
chno
logi
esR
oad
Air
Mar
itim
eR
ail
Supp
ortin
g A
ctiv
ities
1R
oad
vehi
cles
- su
pply
in
frast
ruct
ure
Pas
seng
er c
ars
(ICE/
FC -
AP
Us)
; C
aptiv
e fle
ets
e.g.
bus
es (I
CE
/FC
- A
PU
s)X
Ref
uellin
g st
atio
nsX
2A
irE
mer
genc
y un
it (H
2/O
2 w
ith P
EM
), FC
Pow
er
Uni
t (P
EM
/SO
FC) w
ith re
form
er
X
3M
ariti
me
MC
FC/S
OFC
sys
tem
AP
U, P
ropu
lsio
n - P
hase
II,
(PE
MFC
opt
iona
l for
sho
rt ra
nge
oper
atio
n)X
4R
ail
PE
MFC
-bas
ed p
ropu
lsio
nX
BR
+AR
5 to
9X
AR10
to 1
6X
AR17
X
BR
+AR
18X
XX
BR
+AR
19 to
21
X
AR22
to 2
8X
XX
X
AR
+DE
29X
BR
+AR
30 to
31
X
32X
33X
34 to
39
X
40 to
41
X
42 to
44
X
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
HR
S&
Com
pone
nts
(CG
H2 &
LH
2 ref
uelin
g te
chno
logi
es)
Off-
boa
rd H
2 Sto
rage
(CG
H2,
LH2)
PE
MFC
(bi-p
olar
pla
te, m
embr
ane,
cat
alys
t, tra
nspo
rt pr
oces
s, H
T m
embr
ane)
Per
iphe
ry (a
ir su
pply
, val
ves/
pip
ing,
e-d
rive,
HV
batte
ry, H
2 loo
p,
pow
er e
lect
roni
cs, c
oolin
g)H
2 IC
E
Fuel
pro
cess
ing
Bui
ldin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g E
arly
Dem
and
(fina
ncin
g sc
hem
es fo
r bui
ldin
g th
e pr
oduc
tion
volu
mes
, pub
lic
awar
enes
s)R
ecyc
ling
(tech
nolo
gies
, reg
ulat
ory
fram
ewor
k)
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Eur
opea
n sc
ene
for
H2 a
nd F
uel C
ells
(sup
porti
ng a
nd fo
ster
ing
SM
E's
invo
lvem
ent)
Eng
inee
ring
the
exci
tem
ent -
sol
ving
the
peop
le c
apac
ity b
ottle
neck
fo
r gro
wth
( po
st g
radu
ate
and
prof
essi
onal
dev
elop
men
t tra
inin
g ne
eds)
RC
S (C
oord
inat
ed E
urop
ean
Stra
tegy
tow
ards
RC
S, S
uppo
rting
re
leva
nt d
irect
ive
initi
ativ
es, r
oad
vehi
cle
logi
stic
s, m
ariti
me,
rail,
ae
rosp
ace)
DE
R&
D H
2 Ref
uelli
ng te
chno
logi
es
R&
D T
rans
port
Sto
rage
(CG
H2,
LH2,
Alte
rnat
ives
)
Sys
tem
inte
grat
ion
(driv
e tra
in, A
PU
, com
pone
nt m
anuf
actu
ring,
co
mpo
nent
eva
luat
ion,
Air,
Rai
l, M
ariti
me)
Dem
onst
ratio
n tr
ansp
ort a
nd H
2 ref
uelli
ng te
chno
logi
es
(B
R: b
asic
rese
arch
, AR
: app
lied
rese
arch
, DE
: dem
onst
ratio
n)
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
22 www.HFPeurope.org
3.1.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 3 below. In this graph, blue circles relate to transport applications, pink colour circles to hydrogen supply and yellow colour to supporting activities. Gradients of colours show joint activities between the different sectors. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. The area allocated to high, medium and low prioritites in the graph (and those later in this report) may not be equal, purely for layout reasons.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
22 www.HFPeurope.org
3.1.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 3 below. In this graph, blue circles relate to transport applications, pink colour circles to hydrogen supply and yellow colour to supporting activities. Gradients of colours show joint activities between the different sectors. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. The area allocated to high, medium and low prioritites in the graph (and those later in this report) may not be equal, purely for layout reasons.
HFP
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tatio
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Figu
re 3
: ID
A 1
- Po
rtfo
lio o
f Act
ions
Indu
stria
l
Res
earc
h C
omm
unity
1: R
oad/
HR
S de
mo
Hig
hLo
wM
ediu
m9: P
EM –
HT
Mem
bran
e
6: P
EM
–M
embr
ane
7: P
EM –
Cat
alys
t
5:P
EM –
Bi-p
olar
-pla
te
24 &
25:
C
ompo
nent
–M
anuf
actu
ring
& ev
alua
tion 8:
PEM
–Tr
ansp
ort
proc
ess
MC
FC/S
OFC
fo
r tra
nspo
rt (r
ail/m
ariti
me)
*
* syn
ergi
es w
ith s
tatio
nary
(see
SFC
1 to
5)
17: H
2-IC
E
19 &
30:
O
n/O
ff bo
ard
Stor
age-
CG
H2
20: O
n-bo
ard
Stor
age-
LH2
21: O
n-bo
ard
Stor
age-
alte
rnat
ives
18: F
uel
proc
essi
ng*
22: S
yste
m
inte
grat
ion
driv
e tra
in
23:
Sys
tem
in
tegr
atio
n AP
U
26-2
8 R
ail/M
ariti
me/
Air
Sys
. int
. rai
l
2-4:
R
ail/M
ariti
me/
Air
dem
o
Impo
rtan
ce fo
r ach
ievi
ng th
e EU
goa
l
Weight of contribution
31: O
ff-bo
ard
Stor
age-
LH2
29: C
GH
2&
LH
2re
fuel
ing
tech
nolo
gies
32: S
ME’
s34
-36:
R
CS
41: P
ublic
A
war
enes
s33
: Po
st-
grad
uate
Ed
ucat
ion
40: F
inan
cing
S
chem
es
42-4
4:
Rec
yclin
g
10-1
6:
Per
iphe
ry(2
)
37-3
9:
Non
R
oad
RC
S
Hyd
roge
n Ve
hicles
and
Ref
uelling
Stat
ions
HFP
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Figu
re 3
: ID
A 1
- Po
rtfo
lio o
f Act
ions
Indu
stria
l
Res
earc
h C
omm
unity
1: R
oad/
HR
S de
mo
Hig
hLo
wM
ediu
m9: P
EM –
HT
Mem
bran
e
6: P
EM
–M
embr
ane
7: P
EM –
Cat
alys
t
5:P
EM –
Bi-p
olar
-pla
te
24 &
25:
C
ompo
nent
–M
anuf
actu
ring
& ev
alua
tion 8:
PEM
–Tr
ansp
ort
proc
ess
MC
FC/S
OFC
fo
r tra
nspo
rt (r
ail/m
ariti
me)
*
* syn
ergi
es w
ith s
tatio
nary
(see
SFC
1 to
5)
17: H
2-IC
E
19 &
30:
O
n/O
ff bo
ard
Stor
age-
CG
H2
20: O
n-bo
ard
Stor
age-
LH2
21: O
n-bo
ard
Stor
age-
alte
rnat
ives
18: F
uel
proc
essi
ng*
22: S
yste
m
inte
grat
ion
driv
e tra
in
23:
Sys
tem
in
tegr
atio
n AP
U
26-2
8 R
ail/M
ariti
me/
Air
Sys
. int
. rai
l
2-4:
R
ail/M
ariti
me/
Air
dem
o
Impo
rtan
ce fo
r ach
ievi
ng th
e EU
goa
l
Weight of contribution
31: O
ff-bo
ard
Stor
age-
LH2
29: C
GH
2&
LH
2re
fuel
ing
tech
nolo
gies
32: S
ME’
s34
-36:
R
CS
41: P
ublic
A
war
enes
s33
: Po
st-
grad
uate
Ed
ucat
ion
40: F
inan
cing
S
chem
es
42-4
4:
Rec
yclin
g
10-1
6:
Per
iphe
ry(2
)
37-3
9:
Non
R
oad
RC
S
Hyd
roge
n Ve
hicles
and
Ref
uelling
Stat
ions
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
24 www.HFPeurope.org
3.1.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 1 has been estimated at €2661 million. This includes €2195 million for transport activities, €290 million for hydrogen supply activities and €176 million to support technology deployment. A breakdown of these proposed activities is shown in Table 3-2 below. Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1
H2 refuelling technologies Road Air Maritime Rail Supporting activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 1)
290 (11%)
1500 (56%)
150 (6%)
300 (11%)
245 (9%)
176 (7%)
2661 (100%)
Of which
% R&D 44 33 33 33 14
% Demonstration 56 67 67 67 86 Within this IDA ,it is planned to spend roughly 30% of the resources on research and development and 60% on demonstration activities. This planning is based on the assumption that the technological challenges which still exist will be met during the course of the programme. The distribution of the resources within the two proposed phases of the programme is shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATION
R&D
It is anticipated that more resources will be spent on R&D and Supporting Activities in the first phase of the programme, which is assumed to end by 2010. The aim is to reduce the cost of the technology, improve system reliability and endurance and set the framework for deployment by tackling regulation and safety issues. Demonstration activities will focus on technology validation under real life conditions. For instance, a few demonstration sites integrating road transport fleets and refuelling stations are foreseen, as decribed in Annex 1. More resources will be dedicated to demonstrating the results of the R&D work in the second phase of the programme (from 2010 to 2015)
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
24 www.HFPeurope.org
3.1.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 1 has been estimated at €2661 million. This includes €2195 million for transport activities, €290 million for hydrogen supply activities and €176 million to support technology deployment. A breakdown of these proposed activities is shown in Table 3-2 below. Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1
H2 refuelling technologies Road Air Maritime Rail Supporting activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 1)
290 (11%)
1500 (56%)
150 (6%)
300 (11%)
245 (9%)
176 (7%)
2661 (100%)
Of which
% R&D 44 33 33 33 14
% Demonstration 56 67 67 67 86 Within this IDA ,it is planned to spend roughly 30% of the resources on research and development and 60% on demonstration activities. This planning is based on the assumption that the technological challenges which still exist will be met during the course of the programme. The distribution of the resources within the two proposed phases of the programme is shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATION
R&D
It is anticipated that more resources will be spent on R&D and Supporting Activities in the first phase of the programme, which is assumed to end by 2010. The aim is to reduce the cost of the technology, improve system reliability and endurance and set the framework for deployment by tackling regulation and safety issues. Demonstration activities will focus on technology validation under real life conditions. For instance, a few demonstration sites integrating road transport fleets and refuelling stations are foreseen, as decribed in Annex 1. More resources will be dedicated to demonstrating the results of the R&D work in the second phase of the programme (from 2010 to 2015)
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
25 www.HFPeurope.org
in conjunction with an expansion campaign of demonstration sites, paving the way for a broad infrastructure build-up. Existing sites will be expanded according to the best options, determined from Phase 1, which satisfy criteria of sustainability and commercial viability. New facilities will be built up to link “hydrogen clusters” in preparation for growing market coverage. 3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply
Goal: 10-20% of the Hydrogen supplied for energy applications to be CO2 lean or
free by 2015 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents The overall objective of this IDA is to develop a portfolio of sustainable hydrogen production, storage and distribution processes. Sustainability here encompasses cost-competitiveness, low well-to-tank carbon content, high energy efficiency and minimum dependence on fossil energy. A medium-term quantitative target for this programme is to supply 10-20% of the hydrogen energy demand with CO2 lean or CO2 free hydrogen by 2015. On this time horizon, the major hydrogen energy demand is expected to come from transport applications as well as early markets such as portable generators. Small-scale decentralised hydrogen production processes are expected to play a critical role early on, with bigger and more centralised hydrogen production facilities being developed alongside mass-market deployment of hydrogen-fuelled technologies. Several processes and feedstocks can be used to produce hydrogen. They have different degrees of maturity, production capacity and sustainability. By 2020, leading technologies for hydrogen production may include low-temperature electrolysis, biomass to hydrogen (BTH) conversion, and hydrocarbon reforming, including the reforming and partial oxidation of biofuels as well as technology for producing hydrogen by coal gasification. This process can be adapted to include carbon capture. Industrial by-product hydrogen can come from existing sources such as chlorine production plant. Some of this hydrogen is wasted today and is in effect a free energy source. These can be opportunistic sources of hydrogen for local stationary applications and possibly transport applications. PEMFCs running on by-product hydrogen are an early market for fuel cells and therefore, addressed in IDA4. Consideration is also given to the home refuelling concept within the scope of reforming technologies. Technological actions proposed in this IDA aim to bring these production processes to the level of performance and sustainability needed to supply 10-20% of the anticipated demand, with the rest to be supplied from the merchant market and from already mature production technologies. Specific attention should be paid to hydrogen purity and quality standards, where there is a trade-off between fuel cell vehicle longevity and the economics and availability of processing technologies on the supply side. Close synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted within this plan. The aim is to test sustainable hydrogen production under real market conditions as soon as possible. Essential for the fossil fuel-based hydrogen production pathways is the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. CCS is a
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
25 www.HFPeurope.org
in conjunction with an expansion campaign of demonstration sites, paving the way for a broad infrastructure build-up. Existing sites will be expanded according to the best options, determined from Phase 1, which satisfy criteria of sustainability and commercial viability. New facilities will be built up to link “hydrogen clusters” in preparation for growing market coverage. 3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply
Goal: 10-20% of the Hydrogen supplied for energy applications to be CO2 lean or
free by 2015 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents The overall objective of this IDA is to develop a portfolio of sustainable hydrogen production, storage and distribution processes. Sustainability here encompasses cost-competitiveness, low well-to-tank carbon content, high energy efficiency and minimum dependence on fossil energy. A medium-term quantitative target for this programme is to supply 10-20% of the hydrogen energy demand with CO2 lean or CO2 free hydrogen by 2015. On this time horizon, the major hydrogen energy demand is expected to come from transport applications as well as early markets such as portable generators. Small-scale decentralised hydrogen production processes are expected to play a critical role early on, with bigger and more centralised hydrogen production facilities being developed alongside mass-market deployment of hydrogen-fuelled technologies. Several processes and feedstocks can be used to produce hydrogen. They have different degrees of maturity, production capacity and sustainability. By 2020, leading technologies for hydrogen production may include low-temperature electrolysis, biomass to hydrogen (BTH) conversion, and hydrocarbon reforming, including the reforming and partial oxidation of biofuels as well as technology for producing hydrogen by coal gasification. This process can be adapted to include carbon capture. Industrial by-product hydrogen can come from existing sources such as chlorine production plant. Some of this hydrogen is wasted today and is in effect a free energy source. These can be opportunistic sources of hydrogen for local stationary applications and possibly transport applications. PEMFCs running on by-product hydrogen are an early market for fuel cells and therefore, addressed in IDA4. Consideration is also given to the home refuelling concept within the scope of reforming technologies. Technological actions proposed in this IDA aim to bring these production processes to the level of performance and sustainability needed to supply 10-20% of the anticipated demand, with the rest to be supplied from the merchant market and from already mature production technologies. Specific attention should be paid to hydrogen purity and quality standards, where there is a trade-off between fuel cell vehicle longevity and the economics and availability of processing technologies on the supply side. Close synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted within this plan. The aim is to test sustainable hydrogen production under real market conditions as soon as possible. Essential for the fossil fuel-based hydrogen production pathways is the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. CCS is a
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
26 www.HFPeurope.org
prerequisite if fossil fuels are to be used for producing hydrogen in the medium and long term. CCS is primarily addressed under the Zero Emission Fossil Power Generation Technology Platform (ZEP)9. The HFP should liaise with ZEP to make sure that appropriate actions are taken to promote CCS in connection with hydrogen production or its co-production with electricity and possibly other fuels. Links with other European technology platforms that address elements of hydrogen production pathways is also recommended. This includes coordination with the Biofuels Technology Platform (BIOFRAC)10 at the interface between biomass-to-hydrogen processes and Biofuels. Strategic planning, in-depth assessments of infrastructure build-up and comprehensive market analysis are of paramount importance in anticipating and assigning industrial and R&D investments. This calls for integrated socio-economic models and tools to support decision makers in industry and policy-making bodies. A fully-fledged hydrogen economy ranging from stationary applications to transport use is envisaged beyond 2020. So a second objective of this integrated priority is to develop the components of a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure beyond 2020-2030. A new generation of hydrogen production processes and delivery infrastructure will be necessary if the full benefits of hydrogen as the alternative energy carrier to electricity are to be realised as the foundation documents of the HFP anticipate. Technological actions for this long term objective target the development of advanced production pathways based on the thermal-electrical-chemical decomposition of water at high temperature, and the biological decomposition of water or biological feedstocks at low temperature. Pipeline transmission and distribution as well as solid-state hydrogen storage technologies are also an integral part of these longer term activities, as key elements of a mass delivery infrastructure. Action clusters considered within this second IDA are presented in Table 3-3 below. More specific details at the action level are given in Annex 1.
9 For more information about the Zero Emissions Plant Technology Platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_co/article_2268_en.htm ; http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/index.html 10 For more information about the European Biofuels technology platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_4012_en.htm ; http://www.biofuelstp.eu/overview.html
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
26 www.HFPeurope.org
prerequisite if fossil fuels are to be used for producing hydrogen in the medium and long term. CCS is primarily addressed under the Zero Emission Fossil Power Generation Technology Platform (ZEP)9. The HFP should liaise with ZEP to make sure that appropriate actions are taken to promote CCS in connection with hydrogen production or its co-production with electricity and possibly other fuels. Links with other European technology platforms that address elements of hydrogen production pathways is also recommended. This includes coordination with the Biofuels Technology Platform (BIOFRAC)10 at the interface between biomass-to-hydrogen processes and Biofuels. Strategic planning, in-depth assessments of infrastructure build-up and comprehensive market analysis are of paramount importance in anticipating and assigning industrial and R&D investments. This calls for integrated socio-economic models and tools to support decision makers in industry and policy-making bodies. A fully-fledged hydrogen economy ranging from stationary applications to transport use is envisaged beyond 2020. So a second objective of this integrated priority is to develop the components of a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure beyond 2020-2030. A new generation of hydrogen production processes and delivery infrastructure will be necessary if the full benefits of hydrogen as the alternative energy carrier to electricity are to be realised as the foundation documents of the HFP anticipate. Technological actions for this long term objective target the development of advanced production pathways based on the thermal-electrical-chemical decomposition of water at high temperature, and the biological decomposition of water or biological feedstocks at low temperature. Pipeline transmission and distribution as well as solid-state hydrogen storage technologies are also an integral part of these longer term activities, as key elements of a mass delivery infrastructure. Action clusters considered within this second IDA are presented in Table 3-3 below. More specific details at the action level are given in Annex 1.
9 For more information about the Zero Emissions Plant Technology Platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_co/article_2268_en.htm ; http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/index.html 10 For more information about the European Biofuels technology platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_4012_en.htm ; http://www.biofuelstp.eu/overview.html
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emen
tatio
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tus 2
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Tabl
e 3-
3:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
2
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Med
ium
Ter
m
Tech
nolo
gies
Long
term
Te
chno
logi
esSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
AR
+ B
R1
to 2
X
BR
+AR
+DE
3X
BR
+AR
4 to
6X
AR
+DE
7 to
8X
AR
+DE
9X
BR
+AR
10X
BR
+AR
+DE
11 to
14
X
BR
+AR
15X
AR
+DE
16 to
17
X
18 to
23
X
Pip
elin
es (F
ield
Tes
t Fac
ility,
Ris
k &
Saf
ety
Ana
lysi
s)
Adv
ance
d Te
chno
logi
es (D
ecom
posi
tion
of w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
sol
ar/n
ucle
ar h
eat
sour
ces,
low
tem
pera
ture
pro
cess
es: p
hoto
elec
troly
sis
and
phot
obio
logi
cal /
ferm
enta
tion,
Pho
todr
iven
bio
-hyd
roge
n,
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
n)
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
(Inte
grat
ed d
atab
ase,
mar
ket a
naly
sis,
pla
nnin
g to
ols,
re
gula
tion
anal
ysis
, rol
e of
hyd
roge
n in
sus
tain
able
ene
rgy
syst
em)
HR
S&
Com
pone
nts
(Und
ergr
ound
H2 s
tora
ge a
nd/o
r pr
oduc
tion,
H2 o
doriz
atio
n)H
2Li
quef
actio
n
Actio
n fo
cus
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
Sust
aina
ble
H2 s
uppl
y
Bio
mas
s to
Hyd
roge
n (R
&D
on
adva
nced
tech
nolo
gies
for
BTH
, Dem
o S
tand
alon
e py
rolis
is/g
asifi
catio
n un
its, D
emo
co-
gasi
ficat
ions
)
Ref
orm
ing/
PO
x/C
TH (F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst,
Gas
P
urifi
catio
n)Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re e
lect
roly
sis
(Dev
elop
men
t of l
ow
cost
/effi
cien
t low
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r)
Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re e
lect
roly
sis
(Dev
elop
men
t of a
new
ge
nera
tion
of H
igh
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r)
Sol
id-s
tate
Off-
boar
d H
2 Sto
rage
(BR
: bas
ic re
sear
ch, A
R: a
pplie
d re
sear
ch, D
E: d
emon
stra
tion)
HFP
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emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
27
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Tabl
e 3-
3:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
2
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Med
ium
Ter
m
Tech
nolo
gies
Long
term
Te
chno
logi
esSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
AR
+ B
R1
to 2
X
BR
+AR
+DE
3X
BR
+AR
4 to
6X
AR
+DE
7 to
8X
AR
+DE
9X
BR
+AR
10X
BR
+AR
+DE
11 to
14
X
BR
+AR
15X
AR
+DE
16 to
17
X
18 to
23
X
Pip
elin
es (F
ield
Tes
t Fac
ility,
Ris
k &
Saf
ety
Ana
lysi
s)
Adv
ance
d Te
chno
logi
es (D
ecom
posi
tion
of w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
sol
ar/n
ucle
ar h
eat
sour
ces,
low
tem
pera
ture
pro
cess
es: p
hoto
elec
troly
sis
and
phot
obio
logi
cal /
ferm
enta
tion,
Pho
todr
iven
bio
-hyd
roge
n,
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
n)
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
(Inte
grat
ed d
atab
ase,
mar
ket a
naly
sis,
pla
nnin
g to
ols,
re
gula
tion
anal
ysis
, rol
e of
hyd
roge
n in
sus
tain
able
ene
rgy
syst
em)
HR
S&
Com
pone
nts
(Und
ergr
ound
H2 s
tora
ge a
nd/o
r pr
oduc
tion,
H2 o
doriz
atio
n)H
2Li
quef
actio
n
Actio
n fo
cus
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
Sust
aina
ble
H2 s
uppl
y
Bio
mas
s to
Hyd
roge
n (R
&D
on
adva
nced
tech
nolo
gies
for
BTH
, Dem
o S
tand
alon
e py
rolis
is/g
asifi
catio
n un
its, D
emo
co-
gasi
ficat
ions
)
Ref
orm
ing/
PO
x/C
TH (F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst,
Gas
P
urifi
catio
n)Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
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HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
28 www.HFPeurope.org
3.2.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 5 below. Double line circles relate to medium- term targets, single line circles to longer-term activities, and yellow to supporting activities. Reference numbers provide a link to action details in Annex I.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
28 www.HFPeurope.org
3.2.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 5 below. Double line circles relate to medium- term targets, single line circles to longer-term activities, and yellow to supporting activities. Reference numbers provide a link to action details in Annex I.
HFP
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Figu
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HFP
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Figu
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: ID
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– P
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Indu
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Weight of contribution
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HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
30 www.HFPeurope.org
3.2.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €759 million, of which €380 million is assigned to the mid-term portfolio of actions, €331 million to the long-term one and €48 million to supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed resources between these categories is presented in Table 3-4 below. Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2
Medium term technologies
Long term technologies
Supporting Activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 2)
380 (50%)
331 (44%)
48 (6%)
759 (100%)
Of which %R&D 32 91
%Demonstration 68 9
Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 56% of the resources on R&D and 38% on demonstration activities. Significant research and development work is proposed on critical technological barriers whose removal will allow the sustainability of the hydrogen production to be enhanced in the medium term, and to exploring new production avenues for large scale hydrogen supply and distribution in the longer term. The planned distribution of the resources for medium and long-term technology development in IDA 2 is shown in Figure 6, on the same basis as for IDA 1 above. Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio
in IDA 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Med
ium
Term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
Med
ium
Term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€)
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATIONR&D
During the first phase of the programme (ending around 2010) a resource distribution balanced between R&D on materials, key components etc. and process developments is proposed. The latter would involve pilot production for all the hydrogen production processes in the medium term technology portfolio. In the second phase (ending around
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
30 www.HFPeurope.org
3.2.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €759 million, of which €380 million is assigned to the mid-term portfolio of actions, €331 million to the long-term one and €48 million to supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed resources between these categories is presented in Table 3-4 below. Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2
Medium term technologies
Long term technologies
Supporting Activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 2)
380 (50%)
331 (44%)
48 (6%)
759 (100%)
Of which %R&D 32 91
%Demonstration 68 9
Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 56% of the resources on R&D and 38% on demonstration activities. Significant research and development work is proposed on critical technological barriers whose removal will allow the sustainability of the hydrogen production to be enhanced in the medium term, and to exploring new production avenues for large scale hydrogen supply and distribution in the longer term. The planned distribution of the resources for medium and long-term technology development in IDA 2 is shown in Figure 6, on the same basis as for IDA 1 above. Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio
in IDA 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Med
ium
Term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
Med
ium
Term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
Long
term
Tech
nolo
gy
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIR
esou
rces
(in
M€)
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATIONR&D
During the first phase of the programme (ending around 2010) a resource distribution balanced between R&D on materials, key components etc. and process developments is proposed. The latter would involve pilot production for all the hydrogen production processes in the medium term technology portfolio. In the second phase (ending around
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
31 www.HFPeurope.org
2015), technology assessment and process integration will be pursued in medium size demonstration prototypes. This work would be carried out in parallel with R&D to address the remaining challenges. The long term technology portfolio is designed to focus R&D effort onto the fundamental scientific and technical challenges for the next generation of hydrogen production, storage and delivery. It is crucial to sustain a continuous research and development effort during these two phases to support the long term technology portfolio whilst building up experimental facilities and early prototype units to be explored during the next phase, phase III. Because of the need for long-term research on these technologies, a third phase of research is proposed, running from 2015 to approximately 2025. 3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
Goal: Commercially competitive Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation; > 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015
3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents The power sector is leaning towards more and more decentralised modes of power generation, which fuel cells are well suited to support. Combined heat and power or power generation systems using fuel cells offer high electrical efficiency with either natural gas or renewable fuels. This means that they can play an important role in achieving early CO2 savings, while providing mass market opportunities for fuel cell technologies. This third integrated priority area pursues the overall objective of bringing stationary fuel cells to a commercial stage by 2010. As a medium-term quantitative target - on the way to the “Snapshot 2020” targets - this IDA involves installing more than 1 GW of capacity by 2015. This total would be reached by the deployment of MCFC, SOFC and PEMFC technologies. It is made up of 80,000 1-10kW units in residential use, 2,600 10kw-1MW units in industrial use and a further 50 units of 1MW or more also in industrial use. These units would make use of existing forms of fuel supply to begin with, mainly natural gas. Biogas, biodiesel, and syngas would have a growing role. However, hydrogen is anticipated to play a crucial role in applications such as peak-shaving for electricity from renewable energy sources and in industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen, a joint area of development with the second and fourth IDAs. The residential units will use PEMFC11 and SOFC technologies, perhaps in roughly equal proportions depending on future improvements in the two technologies. For larger units of 10 kW to 1 MW, MCFC and SOFC technologies are likely to be preferred and the more advanced status of MCFC technology means that it will account for most of the installed units in the early years of this programme. However, the expected development of SOFC technology will ensure that a greater proportion of the total units will be based on SOFC technology in the latter half of this programme. Similarly, units of more than 1 MW will primarily use MCFC, but SOFC units could play a greater part 11 In this document, both PEFC - low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (80°C) - and PEMFC (high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (120-200°C) - are accounted for in the wording PEMFC.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
31 www.HFPeurope.org
2015), technology assessment and process integration will be pursued in medium size demonstration prototypes. This work would be carried out in parallel with R&D to address the remaining challenges. The long term technology portfolio is designed to focus R&D effort onto the fundamental scientific and technical challenges for the next generation of hydrogen production, storage and delivery. It is crucial to sustain a continuous research and development effort during these two phases to support the long term technology portfolio whilst building up experimental facilities and early prototype units to be explored during the next phase, phase III. Because of the need for long-term research on these technologies, a third phase of research is proposed, running from 2015 to approximately 2025. 3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
Goal: Commercially competitive Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation; > 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015
3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents The power sector is leaning towards more and more decentralised modes of power generation, which fuel cells are well suited to support. Combined heat and power or power generation systems using fuel cells offer high electrical efficiency with either natural gas or renewable fuels. This means that they can play an important role in achieving early CO2 savings, while providing mass market opportunities for fuel cell technologies. This third integrated priority area pursues the overall objective of bringing stationary fuel cells to a commercial stage by 2010. As a medium-term quantitative target - on the way to the “Snapshot 2020” targets - this IDA involves installing more than 1 GW of capacity by 2015. This total would be reached by the deployment of MCFC, SOFC and PEMFC technologies. It is made up of 80,000 1-10kW units in residential use, 2,600 10kw-1MW units in industrial use and a further 50 units of 1MW or more also in industrial use. These units would make use of existing forms of fuel supply to begin with, mainly natural gas. Biogas, biodiesel, and syngas would have a growing role. However, hydrogen is anticipated to play a crucial role in applications such as peak-shaving for electricity from renewable energy sources and in industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen, a joint area of development with the second and fourth IDAs. The residential units will use PEMFC11 and SOFC technologies, perhaps in roughly equal proportions depending on future improvements in the two technologies. For larger units of 10 kW to 1 MW, MCFC and SOFC technologies are likely to be preferred and the more advanced status of MCFC technology means that it will account for most of the installed units in the early years of this programme. However, the expected development of SOFC technology will ensure that a greater proportion of the total units will be based on SOFC technology in the latter half of this programme. Similarly, units of more than 1 MW will primarily use MCFC, but SOFC units could play a greater part 11 In this document, both PEFC - low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (80°C) - and PEMFC (high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (120-200°C) - are accounted for in the wording PEMFC.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
32 www.HFPeurope.org
closer to 2015. The message is that all three technologies require development if the cumulative deployement goal of 1 GW is to be reached. However, the three approaches are in different stages of maturity, and require differing amounts of research and development, as illustrated in Figure 7 in the next section. The proposed portfolio of technological actions is aimed at improving cell and stack technology to the level required by the stationary market and bridging the gap between lab prototypes and pre-commercial systems. This includes developing fuel cell products at an industrial scale, comprising “balance of plant" components as well as the scale up of manufacturing capacities. At the same time there would be test campaigns for product validation under real market conditions, and preparations for the start-up of fuel cell installation, operation and maintenance services. Regulations, codes and standards for indoor use and grid interconnection are a pre-requisite for deploying fuel cell systems in the stationary energy markets. Financing schemes will also be necessary to support and stimulate the use of these emerging technologies in well established markets. All these critical elements are an integral part of this third IDA. Close synergies with the first and fourth IDAs will also be promoted within this plan, to share advances in fuel cell technology. It is expected that developments in MCFC and SOFC from this area will contribute to the work on transport APUs and on non-transport systems, while stationary systems will take advantage of the developments on PEM technology from the first IDA. IDA 4 is also closely linked, as an early testbed for stationary fuel cell products and manufacturing capacities. Action clusters within this third IDA are presented in Table 3-5 below.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
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closer to 2015. The message is that all three technologies require development if the cumulative deployement goal of 1 GW is to be reached. However, the three approaches are in different stages of maturity, and require differing amounts of research and development, as illustrated in Figure 7 in the next section. The proposed portfolio of technological actions is aimed at improving cell and stack technology to the level required by the stationary market and bridging the gap between lab prototypes and pre-commercial systems. This includes developing fuel cell products at an industrial scale, comprising “balance of plant" components as well as the scale up of manufacturing capacities. At the same time there would be test campaigns for product validation under real market conditions, and preparations for the start-up of fuel cell installation, operation and maintenance services. Regulations, codes and standards for indoor use and grid interconnection are a pre-requisite for deploying fuel cell systems in the stationary energy markets. Financing schemes will also be necessary to support and stimulate the use of these emerging technologies in well established markets. All these critical elements are an integral part of this third IDA. Close synergies with the first and fourth IDAs will also be promoted within this plan, to share advances in fuel cell technology. It is expected that developments in MCFC and SOFC from this area will contribute to the work on transport APUs and on non-transport systems, while stationary systems will take advantage of the developments on PEM technology from the first IDA. IDA 4 is also closely linked, as an early testbed for stationary fuel cell products and manufacturing capacities. Action clusters within this third IDA are presented in Table 3-5 below.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
33 www.HFPeurope.org
Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3
Action type Action number
Action focus SOFC PEMFC MCFC
BR 1 Generic Fuel Cell Technology X X XBR 2 Analysis and Modelling X X XAR 3 Industrially relevant cell and stack X X XAR 4 System component development X X X
DE 5 Scaling-up of Manufacturing X X X
DE 6 Technology validation -Residential applications
X X
Technology validation - Industrial applications
X X
DE 7 Market entry - Residential applications X X
Market entry - Industrial applications X X
8Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Implementaing Harmonised RCS (Grid-Interconnect RCS)
X X X
9
Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand (Develop schemes for public procurement and degressive incentivised product price for the output)
X X X
Supporting activities
R&D
Demonstration
(BR: basic research, AR: applied research, DE: demonstration)
3.3.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 7 below. Three-colour pie charts show the resource distributions for the SOFC (green), PEMFC (grey) and MCFC (red) actions; yellow indicates supporting activities.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
33 www.HFPeurope.org
Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3
Action type Action number
Action focus SOFC PEMFC MCFC
BR 1 Generic Fuel Cell Technology X X XBR 2 Analysis and Modelling X X XAR 3 Industrially relevant cell and stack X X XAR 4 System component development X X X
DE 5 Scaling-up of Manufacturing X X X
DE 6 Technology validation -Residential applications
X X
Technology validation - Industrial applications
X X
DE 7 Market entry - Residential applications X X
Market entry - Industrial applications X X
8Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Implementaing Harmonised RCS (Grid-Interconnect RCS)
X X X
9
Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand (Develop schemes for public procurement and degressive incentivised product price for the output)
X X X
Supporting activities
R&D
Demonstration
(BR: basic research, AR: applied research, DE: demonstration)
3.3.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 7 below. Three-colour pie charts show the resource distributions for the SOFC (green), PEMFC (grey) and MCFC (red) actions; yellow indicates supporting activities.
HFP
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HFP
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Figu
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RC
S
9:
Out
put S
uppo
rtSc
hem
es
SO
FC (*
)
PE
MFC
(*)
MC
FC (*
)
Sup
porti
ngA
ctiv
ities
SO
FC (*
)
PE
MFC
(*)
MC
FC (*
)
Sup
porti
ngA
ctiv
ities
Indu
stria
l
Res
earc
h C
omm
unity
Hig
hLo
wM
ediu
mIm
port
ance
for a
chie
ving
the
EU g
oal
Weight of contribution
* syn
ergi
es w
ith tr
ansp
ort,
early
mar
kets
Fuel C
ells f
or C
ombi
ned
Hea
t &
Powe
r an
d Po
wer
Gene
ration
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
35 www.HFPeurope.org
3.3.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 3 has been estimated at €2853 million, of which €1394 million is for SOFC, €706 million for PEMFC, €728 million for MCFC and €25 million for supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed spending on each type of fuel cell is presented in Table 3-6 below. Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3
SOFC PEMFC MCFC Supporting
Activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 3)
1394 (49%)
706 (25%)
728 (25%)
25 (1%)
2853 (100%)
Of which %R&D 25 30 21
%Demonstration 75 70 79
Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 25% of the resources on research and development and 74% on demonstration activities. Following the same approach as for the previous IDAs, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3
0
400
800
1200
1600
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€)
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATIONR&D
Reaching 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed, which in turn calls for an integrated approach for all these technologies. Its elements include basic, applied research on materials, cells and stacks, balance of plant, components and stack manufacturing, and demonstration activities targeting technology validation, the scale-up of manufacturing facilities and market entry. The latter will be more predominant in the second phase, which encompasses technology improvement, investment in volume production, infrastructure build-up and commercial readiness.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
35 www.HFPeurope.org
3.3.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 3 has been estimated at €2853 million, of which €1394 million is for SOFC, €706 million for PEMFC, €728 million for MCFC and €25 million for supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed spending on each type of fuel cell is presented in Table 3-6 below. Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3
SOFC PEMFC MCFC Supporting
Activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 3)
1394 (49%)
706 (25%)
728 (25%)
25 (1%)
2853 (100%)
Of which %R&D 25 30 21
%Demonstration 75 70 79
Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 25% of the resources on research and development and 74% on demonstration activities. Following the same approach as for the previous IDAs, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3
0
400
800
1200
1600
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€)
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATIONR&D
Reaching 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed, which in turn calls for an integrated approach for all these technologies. Its elements include basic, applied research on materials, cells and stacks, balance of plant, components and stack manufacturing, and demonstration activities targeting technology validation, the scale-up of manufacturing facilities and market entry. The latter will be more predominant in the second phase, which encompasses technology improvement, investment in volume production, infrastructure build-up and commercial readiness.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
36 www.HFPeurope.org
The proposed resources for R&D and demonstration projects for each of the three techologies are shown in Figure 9. They are tailored to the maturity of each technology and its expected development during the timeframe of this programme. Both research and development and process engineering are needed for all three technologies if we are to achieve the EU's ambitious goal for this programme. There is a strong focus on SOFC in line with its potential in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base for this technology. Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3
0
300
600
900
1200
SOFC
PEM
FC
MC
FC
SOFC
PEM
FC
MC
FC
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMO - Market Entry
DEMO - TechnologyvalidationDEMO - Scale-up ofmanufacturingR&D
3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Goal: X000 commercial early market FC products in the market by 2010 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents The goals of this fourth IDA are: • to develop a range of products and services that can be cost-competitively released
in the market within the next 3 to 4 years • to initiate and sustain the build-up of a manufacturing and supply base for fuel cell
systems (including balance-of-plant), components and materials, enabling industry to invest in technical development, people and production facilities
• to ensure that all necessary structural conditions are in place for the deployment of fuel cell technologies
The target for this IDA, on the way to reaching the “Snapshot 2020” milestone, is to achieve cumulative production of 200MW (circa 20,000 units) not later than 2012.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
36 www.HFPeurope.org
The proposed resources for R&D and demonstration projects for each of the three techologies are shown in Figure 9. They are tailored to the maturity of each technology and its expected development during the timeframe of this programme. Both research and development and process engineering are needed for all three technologies if we are to achieve the EU's ambitious goal for this programme. There is a strong focus on SOFC in line with its potential in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base for this technology. Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3
0
300
600
900
1200
SOFC
PEM
FC
MC
FC
SOFC
PEM
FC
MC
FC
PHASE I PHASE II
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMO - Market Entry
DEMO - TechnologyvalidationDEMO - Scale-up ofmanufacturingR&D
3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
Goal: X000 commercial early market FC products in the market by 2010 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents The goals of this fourth IDA are: • to develop a range of products and services that can be cost-competitively released
in the market within the next 3 to 4 years • to initiate and sustain the build-up of a manufacturing and supply base for fuel cell
systems (including balance-of-plant), components and materials, enabling industry to invest in technical development, people and production facilities
• to ensure that all necessary structural conditions are in place for the deployment of fuel cell technologies
The target for this IDA, on the way to reaching the “Snapshot 2020” milestone, is to achieve cumulative production of 200MW (circa 20,000 units) not later than 2012.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
37 www.HFPeurope.org
To achieve this target the programme calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain 'real-world' operating experience, providing feedback into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users. This process comprises the following steps: • Pilot, test and characterise the existing state of the art; define RTD needs and set
product targets • System development including applied RTD, system modelling, reduction of system
complexity, and improvement of performance • Demonstrate prototypes to confirm targets through extensive field testing, and
identify RTD requirements for pre commercial units • Large-scale demonstration of second-generation pre-commercial products. This
should confirm system specifications, lifecycle costs and training needs for product installation and use, and show public acceptance once they are in place
In addition, transfer from research to the market should be accelerated and consolidated by supporting Start-ups and SMEs, which are expected to make a significant contribution in this area. The current partial subsidies system fails to help the smaller companies that are now developing innovative components but lack the funds to match the grants and loans they receive. It is vital to supply equity and grants to small firms which need them, and to develop a culture of seed-financing and early-stage financing with appropriate instruments to deliver them. A specific involvement and qualification programme for SMEs is suggested, to make the benefits of engagement in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry apparent to SME owners and managers. Early market successes will be of paramount importance, as they will act as role models to encourage others to invest. They are likely to be seen in a series of specific niches where this technology has a natural advantage. It is critical that such niches not be seen in isolation, but can be bundled together, perhaps via buyer pools or coordinated public procurement, to make the total size of the market apparent. Regions, industrial clusters and public/private partnerships can all help to create the necessary structural conditions for early investment in this technology. Due to their modularity and high efficiency, fuel cell-based systems can provide benefits over existing energy technologies in many niche and premium applications. Building on the existing development of power modules with common components and architecture, it is possible to develop a variety of mobile, stationary and backup applications. Today component standardisation for these applications is developing rapidly. For example, the power module used in backup system can be used in specialty vehicles with only minor modifications. This supports component standardisation and leads to lower costs. In this IDA, four main classes of applications will be investigated. They are portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems; specialist vehicles; industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen fuel cells (of a few MWs capacity); and micro fuel cells for specialist products such as power tools. They are considered to be financially attractive in the short term for an emerging European hydrogen and fuel cell industry. They are also technically representative of the power ranges and applications that are anticipated for other early uses of fuel cells. The programme will be flexible enough to ensure that the requirements of possible early markets can be addressed, and can benefit from the development of the four reference applications.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
37 www.HFPeurope.org
To achieve this target the programme calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain 'real-world' operating experience, providing feedback into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users. This process comprises the following steps: • Pilot, test and characterise the existing state of the art; define RTD needs and set
product targets • System development including applied RTD, system modelling, reduction of system
complexity, and improvement of performance • Demonstrate prototypes to confirm targets through extensive field testing, and
identify RTD requirements for pre commercial units • Large-scale demonstration of second-generation pre-commercial products. This
should confirm system specifications, lifecycle costs and training needs for product installation and use, and show public acceptance once they are in place
In addition, transfer from research to the market should be accelerated and consolidated by supporting Start-ups and SMEs, which are expected to make a significant contribution in this area. The current partial subsidies system fails to help the smaller companies that are now developing innovative components but lack the funds to match the grants and loans they receive. It is vital to supply equity and grants to small firms which need them, and to develop a culture of seed-financing and early-stage financing with appropriate instruments to deliver them. A specific involvement and qualification programme for SMEs is suggested, to make the benefits of engagement in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry apparent to SME owners and managers. Early market successes will be of paramount importance, as they will act as role models to encourage others to invest. They are likely to be seen in a series of specific niches where this technology has a natural advantage. It is critical that such niches not be seen in isolation, but can be bundled together, perhaps via buyer pools or coordinated public procurement, to make the total size of the market apparent. Regions, industrial clusters and public/private partnerships can all help to create the necessary structural conditions for early investment in this technology. Due to their modularity and high efficiency, fuel cell-based systems can provide benefits over existing energy technologies in many niche and premium applications. Building on the existing development of power modules with common components and architecture, it is possible to develop a variety of mobile, stationary and backup applications. Today component standardisation for these applications is developing rapidly. For example, the power module used in backup system can be used in specialty vehicles with only minor modifications. This supports component standardisation and leads to lower costs. In this IDA, four main classes of applications will be investigated. They are portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems; specialist vehicles; industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen fuel cells (of a few MWs capacity); and micro fuel cells for specialist products such as power tools. They are considered to be financially attractive in the short term for an emerging European hydrogen and fuel cell industry. They are also technically representative of the power ranges and applications that are anticipated for other early uses of fuel cells. The programme will be flexible enough to ensure that the requirements of possible early markets can be addressed, and can benefit from the development of the four reference applications.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
38 www.HFPeurope.org
No major technical breakthroughs are necessary for these markets to be opened up. There are real commercial customers for portable and premium systems in the period 2007-2013. But the area still needs RTD support because customers’ requirements cannot yet be fulfilled at all or in full. As with any relatively immature commercial product in a competitive environment, continuous and rapid improvement in performance is needed to gain and consolidate market share. The main development effort for early market products will concentrate on improving stack performance, system integration and simplification, and on field testing different generations of products, from prototypes to pre-commercial systems. Strong links and synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted throughout the programme. The basic R&D on key components, directed primarily at stationary and transport applications, should be integrated into the programmes directed at premium applications. Because of the early field introduction of these applications, high quality technology feedback is expected to contribute positively to the development of the other applications. It must also be recognised that the cost of producing these fuel cell systems will be higher than the market clearing price until high-volume production is achieved. Public support will be required to help close the gap. Subsidies or capital grants to the user of between €500 - 1000 per kW were recommended in the Deployment Strategy. This is consistent with the direct financial support currently provided to purchasers of renewable technologies and, in the past, of condensing boilers.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
38 www.HFPeurope.org
No major technical breakthroughs are necessary for these markets to be opened up. There are real commercial customers for portable and premium systems in the period 2007-2013. But the area still needs RTD support because customers’ requirements cannot yet be fulfilled at all or in full. As with any relatively immature commercial product in a competitive environment, continuous and rapid improvement in performance is needed to gain and consolidate market share. The main development effort for early market products will concentrate on improving stack performance, system integration and simplification, and on field testing different generations of products, from prototypes to pre-commercial systems. Strong links and synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted throughout the programme. The basic R&D on key components, directed primarily at stationary and transport applications, should be integrated into the programmes directed at premium applications. Because of the early field introduction of these applications, high quality technology feedback is expected to contribute positively to the development of the other applications. It must also be recognised that the cost of producing these fuel cell systems will be higher than the market clearing price until high-volume production is achieved. Public support will be required to help close the gap. Subsidies or capital grants to the user of between €500 - 1000 per kW were recommended in the Deployment Strategy. This is consistent with the direct financial support currently provided to purchasers of renewable technologies and, in the past, of condensing boilers.
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
39
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Tabl
e 3-
7:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
4
Act
ion
type
Act
ion
num
ber
Mic
ro F
Cs
Port
able
ge
nera
tors
Spec
ialis
t Ve
hicl
esB
y-pr
oduc
t H2
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
AR
+DE
1X
BR
+ A
R2
to 8
X
DE
9 to
10
X
AR
+DE
11X
BR
+ A
R12
to 1
8X
DE
19 to
20
X
AR
+ D
E21
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gyX
AR
22 to
26
X
DE
27 to
28
X
AR
+ D
E30
X
AR
31 to
35
X
DE
36 to
38
X
39 to
41
X
42 to
43
X
44X
45X
Actio
n fo
cus
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gy
Dem
onst
ratio
n (A
lpha
test
ing,
pre
-com
mer
cial
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t &
dem
onst
ratio
n )
Port
able
Mic
ro-F
Cs
Cre
atin
g P
eace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed
Reg
ulat
ions
, Cod
es a
nd S
tand
ards
(in-
door
use
of H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ell
Dev
ices
)
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gy
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Eur
opea
n sc
ene
for
H2 a
nd F
uel C
ells
(fin
anci
ng o
ptio
ns fo
r sta
rt-up
& S
ME
s,
SM
Es'
prom
otio
n ac
tiviti
es, R
esea
rch
& A
cade
mia
spi
n-of
f)
Bui
ldin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g E
arly
Dem
and
(Sup
port
Buy
ers’
Poo
ls, c
reat
e th
e ne
cess
ary
stru
ctur
al c
ondi
tions
- re
gion
s,
indu
stria
l clu
ster
s an
d pu
blic
-priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips)
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
t (A
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
dia
gnos
tic to
ols,
sy
stem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, im
prov
emen
t of
perfo
rman
ces)
Dem
onst
ratio
n (P
ilot,
Alp
ha te
stin
g, p
re-c
omm
erci
al p
rodu
ct
deve
lopm
ent &
dem
onst
ratio
n)
Supp
ortin
g Ac
tiviti
es
Spec
ialis
t veh
icle
s
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
(initi
atin
g th
e E
U H
2 & F
C B
usin
ess
Obs
erva
tory
(“E
HFO
”))
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
ts (B
asic
& a
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
di
agno
stic
tool
s, s
yste
m m
odel
ling,
redu
ctio
n of
sys
tem
com
plex
ity,
refo
rmer
, im
prov
emen
t of p
erfo
rman
ces)
Dem
onst
ratio
n (A
lpha
test
ing,
pre
-com
mer
cial
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t &
dem
osnt
ratio
n)
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gyS
yste
m d
evel
opm
ents
(Bas
ic &
app
lied
R&
D s
tack
sys
tem
s,
diag
nost
ic to
ols,
sys
tem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, re
form
er, i
mpr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
s)D
emon
stra
tion
(Alp
ha te
stin
g, p
re-c
omm
erci
al p
rodu
ct d
evel
opm
ent &
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
ts (A
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
dia
gnos
tic to
ols,
sy
stem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, im
prov
emen
t of
perfo
rman
ces)
By-
prod
uct H
2Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Port
able
gen
erat
ors,
Bac
k-up
pow
er, U
PS
(BR
: bas
ic re
sear
ch, A
R: a
pplie
d re
sear
ch, D
E: d
emon
stra
tion)
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
39
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Tabl
e 3-
7:
Act
ion
clus
ters
for I
DA
4
Act
ion
type
Act
ion
num
ber
Mic
ro F
Cs
Port
able
ge
nera
tors
Spec
ialis
t Ve
hicl
esB
y-pr
oduc
t H2
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
AR
+DE
1X
BR
+ A
R2
to 8
X
DE
9 to
10
X
AR
+DE
11X
BR
+ A
R12
to 1
8X
DE
19 to
20
X
AR
+ D
E21
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gyX
AR
22 to
26
X
DE
27 to
28
X
AR
+ D
E30
X
AR
31 to
35
X
DE
36 to
38
X
39 to
41
X
42 to
43
X
44X
45X
Actio
n fo
cus
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gy
Dem
onst
ratio
n (A
lpha
test
ing,
pre
-com
mer
cial
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t &
dem
onst
ratio
n )
Port
able
Mic
ro-F
Cs
Cre
atin
g P
eace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed
Reg
ulat
ions
, Cod
es a
nd S
tand
ards
(in-
door
use
of H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ell
Dev
ices
)
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gy
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Eur
opea
n sc
ene
for
H2 a
nd F
uel C
ells
(fin
anci
ng o
ptio
ns fo
r sta
rt-up
& S
ME
s,
SM
Es'
prom
otio
n ac
tiviti
es, R
esea
rch
& A
cade
mia
spi
n-of
f)
Bui
ldin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g E
arly
Dem
and
(Sup
port
Buy
ers’
Poo
ls, c
reat
e th
e ne
cess
ary
stru
ctur
al c
ondi
tions
- re
gion
s,
indu
stria
l clu
ster
s an
d pu
blic
-priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips)
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
t (A
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
dia
gnos
tic to
ols,
sy
stem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, im
prov
emen
t of
perfo
rman
ces)
Dem
onst
ratio
n (P
ilot,
Alp
ha te
stin
g, p
re-c
omm
erci
al p
rodu
ct
deve
lopm
ent &
dem
onst
ratio
n)
Supp
ortin
g Ac
tiviti
es
Spec
ialis
t veh
icle
s
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
(initi
atin
g th
e E
U H
2 & F
C B
usin
ess
Obs
erva
tory
(“E
HFO
”))
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
ts (B
asic
& a
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
di
agno
stic
tool
s, s
yste
m m
odel
ling,
redu
ctio
n of
sys
tem
com
plex
ity,
refo
rmer
, im
prov
emen
t of p
erfo
rman
ces)
Dem
onst
ratio
n (A
lpha
test
ing,
pre
-com
mer
cial
pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t &
dem
osnt
ratio
n)
Sta
te o
f the
art
tech
nolo
gyS
yste
m d
evel
opm
ents
(Bas
ic &
app
lied
R&
D s
tack
sys
tem
s,
diag
nost
ic to
ols,
sys
tem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, re
form
er, i
mpr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
s)D
emon
stra
tion
(Alp
ha te
stin
g, p
re-c
omm
erci
al p
rodu
ct d
evel
opm
ent &
Sys
tem
dev
elop
men
ts (A
pplie
d R
&D
sta
ck s
yste
ms,
dia
gnos
tic to
ols,
sy
stem
mod
ellin
g, re
duct
ion
of s
yste
m c
ompl
exity
, im
prov
emen
t of
perfo
rman
ces)
By-
prod
uct H
2Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Port
able
gen
erat
ors,
Bac
k-up
pow
er, U
PS
(BR
: bas
ic re
sear
ch, A
R: a
pplie
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HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
40 www.HFPeurope.org
3.4.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 10. The areas are colour-coded. Red circles relate to portable generators, UPS and back-up power, blue to specialist vehicles, yellow to supporting activities, green to by-product hydrogen power generation and grey to micro-fuel cells.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
40 www.HFPeurope.org
3.4.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 10. The areas are colour-coded. Red circles relate to portable generators, UPS and back-up power, blue to specialist vehicles, yellow to supporting activities, green to by-product hydrogen power generation and grey to micro-fuel cells.
HFP
Impl
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41
ww
w.H
FPeu
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.org
Figu
re 1
0:
IDA
4 -
Port
folio
of A
ctio
ns
36:P
ilot
dem
onst
ratio
n
44: R
CS
42-4
3: S
timul
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: Soc
io-
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Weight of contribution
By-
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2213 3
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2314 4
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2618 8
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2719 9
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ells f
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ts
HFP
Impl
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an –
Sta
tus 2
006
41
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Figu
re 1
0:
IDA
4 -
Port
folio
of A
ctio
ns
36:P
ilot
dem
onst
ratio
n
44: R
CS
42-4
3: S
timul
atin
g an
d m
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rly
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ket d
eman
d39-4
1: S
MEs
su
ppor
t45
: Soc
io-
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omic
s to
ols
Indu
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earc
h C
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unity
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mIm
port
ance
for a
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ving
the
EU g
oal
Weight of contribution
By-
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uct H
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gen
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Por
tabl
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tors
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ist v
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ities
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Stat
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2314 4
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Perfo
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ces
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Red
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2719 9
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Fuel C
ells f
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ts
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
42 www.HFPeurope.org
3.4.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €1110 million. This consists of €234 million for each application - portable fuel cell, micro-fuel cell and specialist vehicle - €244 million for by-product hydrogen power generation and €163 million for supporting activities. A breakdown is presented in Table 3-8. Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4
Total for specific applications (Portable FCs, Micro FCs,
Specialist vehicles, By-product hydrogen power generation )
Supporting activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 4)
947 (85%)
163 (15%)
1110
Of which %R&D 15
%Demonstration 85 Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 13% of the resources on R&D and 87% on demonstration and supporting activities. Following the approach for IDA 1, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is given in Figure 11. Note that the breakdown of resource distribution for R&D and Demonstration activities only applies to portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems, specialist vehicles, and industrial power generation using fuel cells fed by by-product hydrogen. Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 412
-50
100150200250300350400450
2007 - 2009 2009 - 2012 2010 - 2013
a Early fieldtesting
Demonstration& market
Demonstration& Deployment
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATION
R&D
The integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration described in the introduction to this IDA is embedded in the proposed resource distribution between R&D 12 Please note that the amount of resources – € 234 M - allocated to micro fuel cells is not included in this breakdown. This is because the European industry has not decided yet on its preferred business model for micro – FCs, i.e. whether to concentrate on suppliers to global OEMs or OEMs themselves.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
42 www.HFPeurope.org
3.4.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €1110 million. This consists of €234 million for each application - portable fuel cell, micro-fuel cell and specialist vehicle - €244 million for by-product hydrogen power generation and €163 million for supporting activities. A breakdown is presented in Table 3-8. Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4
Total for specific applications (Portable FCs, Micro FCs,
Specialist vehicles, By-product hydrogen power generation )
Supporting activities Total
Resource in M€ (% within IDA 4)
947 (85%)
163 (15%)
1110
Of which %R&D 15
%Demonstration 85 Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 13% of the resources on R&D and 87% on demonstration and supporting activities. Following the approach for IDA 1, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is given in Figure 11. Note that the breakdown of resource distribution for R&D and Demonstration activities only applies to portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems, specialist vehicles, and industrial power generation using fuel cells fed by by-product hydrogen. Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 412
-50
100150200250300350400450
2007 - 2009 2009 - 2012 2010 - 2013
a Early fieldtesting
Demonstration& market
Demonstration& Deployment
Res
ourc
es (i
n M
€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATION
R&D
The integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration described in the introduction to this IDA is embedded in the proposed resource distribution between R&D 12 Please note that the amount of resources – € 234 M - allocated to micro fuel cells is not included in this breakdown. This is because the European industry has not decided yet on its preferred business model for micro – FCs, i.e. whether to concentrate on suppliers to global OEMs or OEMs themselves.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
43 www.HFPeurope.org
and demonstration activities, with resources growing over time as market deployment is approached. Recognising the importance of these early markets in strengthening and developing the EU industry base, it is proposed from the beginning of this programme to launch a set of actions to support and foster the involvement of SMEs in this field, and to develop innovative financial options with a special focus on their equity dilemma. 3.5 Programme highlights
3.5.1 Priority highlights Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport, as well as other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on vehicle component performance and reliability, plus the establishment and testing of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, and the full range of supporting elements for market deployment and increasing industry capacity. A second priority level is given to efficient fuel cell-based APUs. Critical actions are also foreseen – on regulations, codes and standards, manufacturing and supply chain development – to support the industrialisation phase and mass market roll-out. Sustainable hydrogen production and supply IDA 2 is vital for meeting the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is given in this plan to low temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. At a later stage, with rising demand in hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen and fossil-based technologies with capture and carbon sequestration will take up a growing share in the hydrogen supply chain. These are therefore allocated a medium or lower priority level. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies is prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of techno-socio-economic tools that can provide integrated analysis of the whole hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments in infrastructure will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy. Such analyses are considered as a high priority within the early days of the programme. Fuel cells for CHP and power generation As indicated, the target of 1 GW capacity of fuel cells in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none has been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. It is therefore an aim of this IDA to follow an integrated approach for all these technologies that includes basic, applied research-oriented and industry-related actions. The amount of effort dedicated to each technology for research and development and demonstration projects will be matched to their developing maturity as they evolve during the timeframe of this programme. As a result, a strong focus is given on SOFC in line with its ability to be
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
43 www.HFPeurope.org
and demonstration activities, with resources growing over time as market deployment is approached. Recognising the importance of these early markets in strengthening and developing the EU industry base, it is proposed from the beginning of this programme to launch a set of actions to support and foster the involvement of SMEs in this field, and to develop innovative financial options with a special focus on their equity dilemma. 3.5 Programme highlights
3.5.1 Priority highlights Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport, as well as other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on vehicle component performance and reliability, plus the establishment and testing of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, and the full range of supporting elements for market deployment and increasing industry capacity. A second priority level is given to efficient fuel cell-based APUs. Critical actions are also foreseen – on regulations, codes and standards, manufacturing and supply chain development – to support the industrialisation phase and mass market roll-out. Sustainable hydrogen production and supply IDA 2 is vital for meeting the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is given in this plan to low temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. At a later stage, with rising demand in hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen and fossil-based technologies with capture and carbon sequestration will take up a growing share in the hydrogen supply chain. These are therefore allocated a medium or lower priority level. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies is prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of techno-socio-economic tools that can provide integrated analysis of the whole hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments in infrastructure will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy. Such analyses are considered as a high priority within the early days of the programme. Fuel cells for CHP and power generation As indicated, the target of 1 GW capacity of fuel cells in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none has been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. It is therefore an aim of this IDA to follow an integrated approach for all these technologies that includes basic, applied research-oriented and industry-related actions. The amount of effort dedicated to each technology for research and development and demonstration projects will be matched to their developing maturity as they evolve during the timeframe of this programme. As a result, a strong focus is given on SOFC in line with its ability to be
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
44 www.HFPeurope.org
exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the hydrogen economy, the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. Top priorities are to foster SME development, to stimulate early demand through buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market fuel cell products. On the technology front, a high priority is given to applied research on fuel cell stacks and components, to improve their performances and lower their costs through materials and manufacturing R&D while achieving overall simplification of these systems. A high priority is also given to volume manufacturing processes, system compactness, power electronics and control, and the use of alternative fuels. Strategic Support Services The implementation of this programme will require coordination with other initiatives on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, with other technology platforms, and with regulations, codes and standards bodies at the national, regional, European and international levels. Support for regulatory activities (for example via ISO, IEC and UN/ECE) will be required to achieve EU-wide and global harmonisation of this emerging technology. Such strategic activities span all four IDAs and may require close coordination at EU level. Because of their generic nature, they have not been allocated to specific IDAs. They could come under the responsibility of the JTI Programme Office or be managed through an inter-IDA organisation. This may also apply to safety and risk management, to harmonising procedures across the EU and globally, and to facilitating the design and consent for demonstration activities under this programme. Research in support of these activities, for example demonstrating that hydrogen bears no more risks than conventional fuels, will be addressed by the respective IDAs, with activities at both component and system levels. A long-term investment in education and training in this area will be made at the EU level and activities on this front have been recommended 13. Other strategic activities include public awareness and establishing and maintaining harmonised databases of techno-socio-economic data. 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements The overall resources, presented in Table 3-9, required to achieve the goals specified in the Innovation and Development Actions of this programme amount to €7383 million for the next seven years.
13 Preliminary estimate of the resources identified by the IP for education related actions is € 18M.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
44 www.HFPeurope.org
exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the hydrogen economy, the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. Top priorities are to foster SME development, to stimulate early demand through buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market fuel cell products. On the technology front, a high priority is given to applied research on fuel cell stacks and components, to improve their performances and lower their costs through materials and manufacturing R&D while achieving overall simplification of these systems. A high priority is also given to volume manufacturing processes, system compactness, power electronics and control, and the use of alternative fuels. Strategic Support Services The implementation of this programme will require coordination with other initiatives on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, with other technology platforms, and with regulations, codes and standards bodies at the national, regional, European and international levels. Support for regulatory activities (for example via ISO, IEC and UN/ECE) will be required to achieve EU-wide and global harmonisation of this emerging technology. Such strategic activities span all four IDAs and may require close coordination at EU level. Because of their generic nature, they have not been allocated to specific IDAs. They could come under the responsibility of the JTI Programme Office or be managed through an inter-IDA organisation. This may also apply to safety and risk management, to harmonising procedures across the EU and globally, and to facilitating the design and consent for demonstration activities under this programme. Research in support of these activities, for example demonstrating that hydrogen bears no more risks than conventional fuels, will be addressed by the respective IDAs, with activities at both component and system levels. A long-term investment in education and training in this area will be made at the EU level and activities on this front have been recommended 13. Other strategic activities include public awareness and establishing and maintaining harmonised databases of techno-socio-economic data. 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements The overall resources, presented in Table 3-9, required to achieve the goals specified in the Innovation and Development Actions of this programme amount to €7383 million for the next seven years.
13 Preliminary estimate of the resources identified by the IP for education related actions is € 18M.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
45 www.HFPeurope.org
This total includes public and private contributions to activities that are carried out under joint public-private funding schemes at EU, national, regional and local levels such as the European 7th Framework Programme and a possible future JTI. It does not include activities carried out by private stakeholders without any public contribution. Funding of research organisations carrying out basic research is only included where it complements public funding. During the 6th Framework Programme, the European Commission spent €300 million on hydrogen and fuel cell RTD & D activities, an average of €75 million per year. The overall budget for the 7th Framework Programme is substantially larger than for FP6. For example the indicative breakdown amount for Energy in the Cooperation theme is €2350 milllion, 40% more than in FP6. This increase is expected to translate into higher budgets for hydrogen and fuel cells as part of FP7 over the duration of the programme. National budgets for this technology across Europe have been estimated by the HY-CO ERA-Net to amount to around €200 million per year, plus additional funds through recently announced Member States programmes such as that of Germany, which amounts to some €50 million per year for the coming 10 years. Regional funding in some Member states is significant, but is difficult to quantify because of differences in reporting from country to country. It is estimated that public funding in this area may amount to €320-350 million per year across Europe. If this were to continue for the coming years, it would provide about €2.2 - 2.5 billion over the duration of the proposed programme. Complemented by the higher share of private budgets required for demonstrations and outlined below, this would imply that the proposed programme is a realisable proposition. But this “business as usual” scenario will not be able to meet the resources required to fully implement the proposed Programme. It is often noted that the global automotive industry alone spends a large proportion of this figure (about €5 billion) per year on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, whereas the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) cites global public funded RTD at $1 billion per year, about €770 million at February 2007 exchange rates. In addition, major European industries said in their joint declaration during the 3rd General Assembly of the HFP in October 2006 that industry is set to invest over €5 billion in the next 10 years in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, including publicly funded projects14. The signatories to that declaration anticipate the level of industry investment to continue and probably increase well beyond 2016. Two conclusions can be drawn from these estimates: ● The resources necessary to undertake the proposed programme for achieving the
consensus goals of “Snapshot 2020” for Europe represent an achievable increase over current or already planned spending, from both public and private sources
● Funding at the European level has an important role to play in focusing the various sources of public funding on the joint acheivement of common goals. Without major contributions from Member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals set by this Implementation Plan
In terms of the resource distribution between the different applications targeted within this programme, a roughly equal share for transport and stationary applications is
14 The declaration of the industrial stakeholders can be found at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ga06-press-releases
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
45 www.HFPeurope.org
This total includes public and private contributions to activities that are carried out under joint public-private funding schemes at EU, national, regional and local levels such as the European 7th Framework Programme and a possible future JTI. It does not include activities carried out by private stakeholders without any public contribution. Funding of research organisations carrying out basic research is only included where it complements public funding. During the 6th Framework Programme, the European Commission spent €300 million on hydrogen and fuel cell RTD & D activities, an average of €75 million per year. The overall budget for the 7th Framework Programme is substantially larger than for FP6. For example the indicative breakdown amount for Energy in the Cooperation theme is €2350 milllion, 40% more than in FP6. This increase is expected to translate into higher budgets for hydrogen and fuel cells as part of FP7 over the duration of the programme. National budgets for this technology across Europe have been estimated by the HY-CO ERA-Net to amount to around €200 million per year, plus additional funds through recently announced Member States programmes such as that of Germany, which amounts to some €50 million per year for the coming 10 years. Regional funding in some Member states is significant, but is difficult to quantify because of differences in reporting from country to country. It is estimated that public funding in this area may amount to €320-350 million per year across Europe. If this were to continue for the coming years, it would provide about €2.2 - 2.5 billion over the duration of the proposed programme. Complemented by the higher share of private budgets required for demonstrations and outlined below, this would imply that the proposed programme is a realisable proposition. But this “business as usual” scenario will not be able to meet the resources required to fully implement the proposed Programme. It is often noted that the global automotive industry alone spends a large proportion of this figure (about €5 billion) per year on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, whereas the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) cites global public funded RTD at $1 billion per year, about €770 million at February 2007 exchange rates. In addition, major European industries said in their joint declaration during the 3rd General Assembly of the HFP in October 2006 that industry is set to invest over €5 billion in the next 10 years in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, including publicly funded projects14. The signatories to that declaration anticipate the level of industry investment to continue and probably increase well beyond 2016. Two conclusions can be drawn from these estimates: ● The resources necessary to undertake the proposed programme for achieving the
consensus goals of “Snapshot 2020” for Europe represent an achievable increase over current or already planned spending, from both public and private sources
● Funding at the European level has an important role to play in focusing the various sources of public funding on the joint acheivement of common goals. Without major contributions from Member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals set by this Implementation Plan
In terms of the resource distribution between the different applications targeted within this programme, a roughly equal share for transport and stationary applications is
14 The declaration of the industrial stakeholders can be found at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ga06-press-releases
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
46 www.HFPeurope.org
proposed, with 36% and 39% of the resources respectively. These recommendations draw upon the recommendations of the DS Report 2005. These were: for road transport €1.5 billion, for industrial stationary fuel cells €1.56 billion and for residential fuel cells €740 million. Recognising the role of early and premium markets for deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and for building up industrial capacity, is recommended to allocate 15% of the resources to foster SME development and boost technological development in four main promising early and premium markets. The second IDA accounts for 10% of the overall programme resources. Significant resources are dedicated to upstream and downstream research and development work to solving critical technological challenges. Their removal would raise the sustainability of hydrogen production pathways in the medium term and open up new production avenues for long term production and hydrogen transport. It should be noted that hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is an integral part of the first IDA. The outcomes of this second IDA are designed to be taken up within the large-scale demonstration activities proposed in other IDAs. Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level
IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4 Total
Programme resources in M€
(% within the programme)
2661 (36%)
759 (10%)
2853 (39%)
1110 (15%)
7383
Of which % R&D 30% 56% 25% 13% 28%
% Demonstration 63% 38% 74% 72% 66%
% Supporting
Activities 7% 6% 1% 15% 6% This market-driven programme, with a focus on delivering “Snapshot 2020,” proposes that 66% of its resources support demonstration activities with two main goals - validating technologies under real market conditions and preparing for mass market deployment. Such a high share of funding for demonstration activities may be a novel use of Community budgets but it could be met through increased investments from other public sources and the private sector. Technology validation activities will be more predominant in the first half of this programme, while commercialisation preparation activities will grow in importance in the later phase of this programme. In line with these deployment efforts, support activities have a high profile with roughly 6% of the total resources. The importance of the remaining challenges facing fuel cell and hydrogen technologies is recognised by their 28% share for research and development activities. 3.6 Synergies This programme addresses the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for different markets and time horizons. An integrated and comprehensive approach has been adopted in the design of the programme to fulfill the needs of each IDA while capitalizing on the work performed on similar areas in other IDAs. These synergies are crucial to • speeding up the learning process in different sectors, and ensure the interoperability
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
46 www.HFPeurope.org
proposed, with 36% and 39% of the resources respectively. These recommendations draw upon the recommendations of the DS Report 2005. These were: for road transport €1.5 billion, for industrial stationary fuel cells €1.56 billion and for residential fuel cells €740 million. Recognising the role of early and premium markets for deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and for building up industrial capacity, is recommended to allocate 15% of the resources to foster SME development and boost technological development in four main promising early and premium markets. The second IDA accounts for 10% of the overall programme resources. Significant resources are dedicated to upstream and downstream research and development work to solving critical technological challenges. Their removal would raise the sustainability of hydrogen production pathways in the medium term and open up new production avenues for long term production and hydrogen transport. It should be noted that hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is an integral part of the first IDA. The outcomes of this second IDA are designed to be taken up within the large-scale demonstration activities proposed in other IDAs. Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level
IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4 Total
Programme resources in M€
(% within the programme)
2661 (36%)
759 (10%)
2853 (39%)
1110 (15%)
7383
Of which % R&D 30% 56% 25% 13% 28%
% Demonstration 63% 38% 74% 72% 66%
% Supporting
Activities 7% 6% 1% 15% 6% This market-driven programme, with a focus on delivering “Snapshot 2020,” proposes that 66% of its resources support demonstration activities with two main goals - validating technologies under real market conditions and preparing for mass market deployment. Such a high share of funding for demonstration activities may be a novel use of Community budgets but it could be met through increased investments from other public sources and the private sector. Technology validation activities will be more predominant in the first half of this programme, while commercialisation preparation activities will grow in importance in the later phase of this programme. In line with these deployment efforts, support activities have a high profile with roughly 6% of the total resources. The importance of the remaining challenges facing fuel cell and hydrogen technologies is recognised by their 28% share for research and development activities. 3.6 Synergies This programme addresses the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for different markets and time horizons. An integrated and comprehensive approach has been adopted in the design of the programme to fulfill the needs of each IDA while capitalizing on the work performed on similar areas in other IDAs. These synergies are crucial to • speeding up the learning process in different sectors, and ensure the interoperability
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
47 www.HFPeurope.org
of industrial and energy infrastructure across the applications • ensuring the development of a regulatory framework, support schemes and human
capacity across all sectors • fostering the exchange of industrial best practice and know-how, while creating
opportunities and bolstering cooperation between stakeholders from all sectors • streamlining the use of finite resources A number of synergies have already been highlighted in the description of the different IDAs. These are summarised in this section and are categorised as technical and non-technical, or market enablers. Synergies between market enablers are of particular importance in establishing a framework for the deployment of the technologies and for the development of the EU industry. This plan therefore suggests actions on cross-cutting issues such as strengthening and expanding the supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs, human capital build-up, the development of socio-economic strategic analyses modelling and decision-making tools, regulations codes and standards, public awareness, safety and recycling issues. These are included into the IDAs and referred to as supporting activities. Some elements of these though may be best organised and executed centrally, perhaps via the JTI programme office. Topics have been assigned to a specific IDA by a lead application analogue approach. Thus the IDA that either had the highest level of existing know-how in the area (IDA 1 for recycling due to the End of Live Directive for Automobiles, for example) or the most pressing need (e.g IDA 4 for public procurement and buyer pools or SME financing) became the owner of the relevant action and its planned expenditure. But these actions are important for all IDAs. Safety is of key importance not only for transport but also for stationary applications and hydrogen refuelling. Table 3-10 summarises the main cross-cutting issues dealt with in this plan. Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues
Action focus
Details Action number
Solving the people capacity bottleneck for growth
post-graduate and professional development training, development of an EU network of graduate courses, EU wide national curriculum integration programme for H2 & FC
IDA1: 33, Strategic Support Services
Developing and Implementing Harmonised RCS
development of a coordinated EU Strategy towards RCS, sectoral RCS developments
IDA1: 34-39, IDA3 - 8, IDA4 – 44
Socio-economic modelling and tools
harmonised and integrated database, market analysis, Planning tools, initiating the European H2 & FC Business Observatory
IDA2: 18-23, IDA4 – 45
Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand
financial schemes for building production volumes, public awareness, support buyers’ pools, role of regions and public private partnerships, public procurement and incitivised product price
IDA1: 40-41, IDA4: 42-43, IDA3 - 9
Developing a healthy European scene for Hydrogen and Fuel
Cells
financial options for start-ups, SMEs, SMEs promotion, research and Academia primed for spin-off, outreach and involvement programme for SMEs
IDA4: 39-41. IDA1 - 32
Recycling develop recycling technologies, regulatory framework, demonstration recycling plant IDA1: 42-44
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of industrial and energy infrastructure across the applications • ensuring the development of a regulatory framework, support schemes and human
capacity across all sectors • fostering the exchange of industrial best practice and know-how, while creating
opportunities and bolstering cooperation between stakeholders from all sectors • streamlining the use of finite resources A number of synergies have already been highlighted in the description of the different IDAs. These are summarised in this section and are categorised as technical and non-technical, or market enablers. Synergies between market enablers are of particular importance in establishing a framework for the deployment of the technologies and for the development of the EU industry. This plan therefore suggests actions on cross-cutting issues such as strengthening and expanding the supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs, human capital build-up, the development of socio-economic strategic analyses modelling and decision-making tools, regulations codes and standards, public awareness, safety and recycling issues. These are included into the IDAs and referred to as supporting activities. Some elements of these though may be best organised and executed centrally, perhaps via the JTI programme office. Topics have been assigned to a specific IDA by a lead application analogue approach. Thus the IDA that either had the highest level of existing know-how in the area (IDA 1 for recycling due to the End of Live Directive for Automobiles, for example) or the most pressing need (e.g IDA 4 for public procurement and buyer pools or SME financing) became the owner of the relevant action and its planned expenditure. But these actions are important for all IDAs. Safety is of key importance not only for transport but also for stationary applications and hydrogen refuelling. Table 3-10 summarises the main cross-cutting issues dealt with in this plan. Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues
Action focus
Details Action number
Solving the people capacity bottleneck for growth
post-graduate and professional development training, development of an EU network of graduate courses, EU wide national curriculum integration programme for H2 & FC
IDA1: 33, Strategic Support Services
Developing and Implementing Harmonised RCS
development of a coordinated EU Strategy towards RCS, sectoral RCS developments
IDA1: 34-39, IDA3 - 8, IDA4 – 44
Socio-economic modelling and tools
harmonised and integrated database, market analysis, Planning tools, initiating the European H2 & FC Business Observatory
IDA2: 18-23, IDA4 – 45
Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand
financial schemes for building production volumes, public awareness, support buyers’ pools, role of regions and public private partnerships, public procurement and incitivised product price
IDA1: 40-41, IDA4: 42-43, IDA3 - 9
Developing a healthy European scene for Hydrogen and Fuel
Cells
financial options for start-ups, SMEs, SMEs promotion, research and Academia primed for spin-off, outreach and involvement programme for SMEs
IDA4: 39-41. IDA1 - 32
Recycling develop recycling technologies, regulatory framework, demonstration recycling plant IDA1: 42-44
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Advancing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the market will require important developments in materials, manufacturing techniques, components, energy and industrial infrastructures. Although the requirements can differ from one technology to another or one application to another, integrated research, development and demonstration can be of great value and effectiveness. Synergies between IDA 3 as the lead application for SOFC and MCFC developments and IDA 1 and 4 show how outcomes from actions on stationary fuel cells will feed into system integration on APU for all transport modes, and support early-market portable generators, UPS and backup power application developments. Actions on PEM and fuel cell component development in IDA 1, such as those targeting road applications, and cross-technology research and development actions in IDA 3, are another example of this approach. Table 3-11 summarises the potential synergies between different IDAs. Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs
IDA 4
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
IDA 3
• H2 by product• SOFC, HT Electrolysers
IDA 2
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
• SOFC• PEMFC• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
•Off/on board hydrogen storage•Fuel processing•Refuelling stations/ fleet vehicles
IDA 1
IDA 4IDA 3IDA 2IDA 1
IDA 4
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
IDA 3
• H2 by product• SOFC, HT Electrolysers
IDA 2
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
• SOFC• PEMFC• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
•Off/on board hydrogen storage•Fuel processing•Refuelling stations/ fleet vehicles
IDA 1
IDA 4IDA 3IDA 2IDA 1
In recent years, a number of European technology platforms (ETPs) have been established in various industrial fields. Several have a direct link or influence on the hydrogen and fuel cell programmes. It is chosen to draw on the work of these platforms, rather than competing for scarce investment resources. For instance, Carbon Capture and Storage is expected to be addressed within other programmes to be proposed by the Zero Emission Fossil Fuels Power Plants Technology Platform (ZEP). ZEP and HF are obvious potential partners on developing and deploying CCS technologies for hydrogen production. Possible engagements with other technology platforms include work with BIOFRAC for synergies between BTH and Biofuels pathways, SUSCHEM (sustainable chemistry) for material developments and MANUFUTURE on manufacturing and process engineering issues15. 15http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/home_en.html
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Advancing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the market will require important developments in materials, manufacturing techniques, components, energy and industrial infrastructures. Although the requirements can differ from one technology to another or one application to another, integrated research, development and demonstration can be of great value and effectiveness. Synergies between IDA 3 as the lead application for SOFC and MCFC developments and IDA 1 and 4 show how outcomes from actions on stationary fuel cells will feed into system integration on APU for all transport modes, and support early-market portable generators, UPS and backup power application developments. Actions on PEM and fuel cell component development in IDA 1, such as those targeting road applications, and cross-technology research and development actions in IDA 3, are another example of this approach. Table 3-11 summarises the potential synergies between different IDAs. Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs
IDA 4
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
IDA 3
• H2 by product• SOFC, HT Electrolysers
IDA 2
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
• SOFC• PEMFC• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
•Off/on board hydrogen storage•Fuel processing•Refuelling stations/ fleet vehicles
IDA 1
IDA 4IDA 3IDA 2IDA 1
IDA 4
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
IDA 3
• H2 by product• SOFC, HT Electrolysers
IDA 2
• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
• SOFC• PEMFC• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments
•Off/on board hydrogen storage•Fuel processing•Refuelling stations/ fleet vehicles
IDA 1
IDA 4IDA 3IDA 2IDA 1
In recent years, a number of European technology platforms (ETPs) have been established in various industrial fields. Several have a direct link or influence on the hydrogen and fuel cell programmes. It is chosen to draw on the work of these platforms, rather than competing for scarce investment resources. For instance, Carbon Capture and Storage is expected to be addressed within other programmes to be proposed by the Zero Emission Fossil Fuels Power Plants Technology Platform (ZEP). ZEP and HF are obvious potential partners on developing and deploying CCS technologies for hydrogen production. Possible engagements with other technology platforms include work with BIOFRAC for synergies between BTH and Biofuels pathways, SUSCHEM (sustainable chemistry) for material developments and MANUFUTURE on manufacturing and process engineering issues15. 15http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/home_en.html
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Following the same approach, a number of “transition technologies” towards hydrogen and fuel cells have been identified, such as hybrid electric cars and combustion engines for stationary applications. They can help support early market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. There are no specific actions related to these in the programme but due to their importance it is recommended that they be addressed by other RD&D programmes. Finally, this technology could have both civil and defense applications. There are possibilities for cooperation and joint development activities including developments led by defence applications. Procurement opportunities should be explored and encouraged with other European entities, such as the European Defense Agency. 3.7 Managerial aspects It is recommended that the planning of this programme should be flexible enough to allow for technological breakthroughs and other changes in the overall environment as they arise along the 7-10 years of the programme’s lifespan. As noted before this programme is structured around two phases, the earlier dedicated primarily to R&D and early markets, and the later focused mainly on validating and demonstrating the results of the R&D work. The outcomes of the technology validation and demonstration will feed into a new phase of R&D that will address the remaining critical challenges for commercialisation and pursue new pathways for breakthroughs. Therefore, after the first phase of the programme, the approach to overcoming the technological obstacles has to be critically reviewed for each IDA. In particular, a review of the outcomes from the research, demonstration and development carried out during the first phase of the programme is recommended. It may lead to adjustments to the balance of effort currently proposed for the second phase, affecting whether more R&D or more demonstration is needed to ensure the commercialisation of these technologies. It should be noted that the distinction between RTD and demonstration is neither strict nor clear-cut. The more applied a research activity is, the more it can be regarded as a demonstration. Indeed, one goal of demonstration projects is to show the viability of a technology at an appropriate scale. This might begin with first generation prototypes or single pilot validation testing and move on to light-house projects, to satisfy independent evaluation and potential end-users prior to commercialisation. Given that the programme is driven by the market principle, it is unavoidable that its details may change as circumstances change. To ensure this, the portfolio of RTD and demonstration activities within each action should be managed in the context of the market targets. There should be continuous feedback between RTD and demonstration, as depicted in Figure 12 below. R&D milestones will measure progress towards the demonstration phase, which in turn may lead to decisions on commercialisation. A variety of approaches will be developed by the stakeholders to overcome technological challenges, and a diverse range of products will be designed in line with different companies’ corporate strategies. Detailed interim milestones at the project level should be defined as part of the management of the programme. This level of management will also allow the synergies described in section 3.6 to be best dealt with. Table 3-11 may serve as a management tool in this respect.
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Following the same approach, a number of “transition technologies” towards hydrogen and fuel cells have been identified, such as hybrid electric cars and combustion engines for stationary applications. They can help support early market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. There are no specific actions related to these in the programme but due to their importance it is recommended that they be addressed by other RD&D programmes. Finally, this technology could have both civil and defense applications. There are possibilities for cooperation and joint development activities including developments led by defence applications. Procurement opportunities should be explored and encouraged with other European entities, such as the European Defense Agency. 3.7 Managerial aspects It is recommended that the planning of this programme should be flexible enough to allow for technological breakthroughs and other changes in the overall environment as they arise along the 7-10 years of the programme’s lifespan. As noted before this programme is structured around two phases, the earlier dedicated primarily to R&D and early markets, and the later focused mainly on validating and demonstrating the results of the R&D work. The outcomes of the technology validation and demonstration will feed into a new phase of R&D that will address the remaining critical challenges for commercialisation and pursue new pathways for breakthroughs. Therefore, after the first phase of the programme, the approach to overcoming the technological obstacles has to be critically reviewed for each IDA. In particular, a review of the outcomes from the research, demonstration and development carried out during the first phase of the programme is recommended. It may lead to adjustments to the balance of effort currently proposed for the second phase, affecting whether more R&D or more demonstration is needed to ensure the commercialisation of these technologies. It should be noted that the distinction between RTD and demonstration is neither strict nor clear-cut. The more applied a research activity is, the more it can be regarded as a demonstration. Indeed, one goal of demonstration projects is to show the viability of a technology at an appropriate scale. This might begin with first generation prototypes or single pilot validation testing and move on to light-house projects, to satisfy independent evaluation and potential end-users prior to commercialisation. Given that the programme is driven by the market principle, it is unavoidable that its details may change as circumstances change. To ensure this, the portfolio of RTD and demonstration activities within each action should be managed in the context of the market targets. There should be continuous feedback between RTD and demonstration, as depicted in Figure 12 below. R&D milestones will measure progress towards the demonstration phase, which in turn may lead to decisions on commercialisation. A variety of approaches will be developed by the stakeholders to overcome technological challenges, and a diverse range of products will be designed in line with different companies’ corporate strategies. Detailed interim milestones at the project level should be defined as part of the management of the programme. This level of management will also allow the synergies described in section 3.6 to be best dealt with. Table 3-11 may serve as a management tool in this respect.
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MARKET
DeploymentMarket Growth
Validation
Feedback,Lessons learned
Applications,Targets, Needs, Requirements
Kno
wle
dge
Bas
e
DEMONSTRATIONRTD
Common Assessment Framework
Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market.
Finally, special attention should be paid to SMEs as critical players in the EU fuel cell supply chain. It is crucial to ensure their participation in demonstration activities as well as to support them in finding access to national, regional and EU funding. Specific schemes should be devised to account for these issues, such as simplified procedures backed up by training initiatives, and collaborative mechanisms for participation. Innovative financial instruments, such as the European Investment Bank's Risk Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF), and similar product developments currently under way, are also expected to play a role in building up the European hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
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MARKET
DeploymentMarket Growth
Validation
Feedback,Lessons learned
Applications,Targets, Needs, Requirements
Kno
wle
dge
Bas
e
DEMONSTRATIONRTD
Common Assessment Framework
Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market.
Finally, special attention should be paid to SMEs as critical players in the EU fuel cell supply chain. It is crucial to ensure their participation in demonstration activities as well as to support them in finding access to national, regional and EU funding. Specific schemes should be devised to account for these issues, such as simplified procedures backed up by training initiatives, and collaborative mechanisms for participation. Innovative financial instruments, such as the European Investment Bank's Risk Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF), and similar product developments currently under way, are also expected to play a role in building up the European hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
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4 Joint Technology Initiative
A strongly rooted and long-term public private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is needed:
• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe will take a leading role in global energy technology development
• to leverage efforts to make sure technology will progress rapidly • to set the framework for coherent research and deployment activities with clear
commercialisation targets, and avoid fragmentation of investment A Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) is foreseen as an industrially led RTD & Demonstration programme carried out by a public-private partnership to address these needs. Its scope is to deliver robust hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the point of commercial takeoff in 2010 for early market applications, in 2015 for stationary applications, and mass market roll-out by 2020 for transport applications. This will significantly enhance Europe's competitiveness and in the longer term address Europe’s energy policy drivers. Priorities within the JTI activities should reflect these collective public benefits. The formal aspects of a JTI such as its legal structure and governance are under consideration among the stakeholders of the HFP. The task of this Implementation Plan is to recommend the portfolio of integrated RTD & D actions and market enabling activities that are needed at European level to realise “Snapshot 2020.” This includes the core contents of the proposed JTI as well as upstream research needs as appropriate. It is broadly understood that the overall programme described in this Implementation Plan should be structured into JTI activities focused on market and product-specific needs, and on research which can provide new ideas and concepts to improve hydrogen and fuel cell technology in parallel to its deployment and commercialisation. In general, the activities carried out through the JTI will be market-driven with a time focus on 2015 - 2020, encompassing applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. They should be focused on the basis of the four IDAs described in the document. It will be crucial to build upon synergies between these areas and to implement appropriate processes to realise them. Figure 13 will be utilised to elaborate a possible scenario for including actions from IDA 1 in the JTI. It is based on meeting the EU’s goals, on possible contributions by the different stakeholder groups as discussed in section 2.2, on the availability of resources, and on the public and or private interest in pursuing specific goals.
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4 Joint Technology Initiative
A strongly rooted and long-term public private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is needed:
• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe will take a leading role in global energy technology development
• to leverage efforts to make sure technology will progress rapidly • to set the framework for coherent research and deployment activities with clear
commercialisation targets, and avoid fragmentation of investment A Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) is foreseen as an industrially led RTD & Demonstration programme carried out by a public-private partnership to address these needs. Its scope is to deliver robust hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the point of commercial takeoff in 2010 for early market applications, in 2015 for stationary applications, and mass market roll-out by 2020 for transport applications. This will significantly enhance Europe's competitiveness and in the longer term address Europe’s energy policy drivers. Priorities within the JTI activities should reflect these collective public benefits. The formal aspects of a JTI such as its legal structure and governance are under consideration among the stakeholders of the HFP. The task of this Implementation Plan is to recommend the portfolio of integrated RTD & D actions and market enabling activities that are needed at European level to realise “Snapshot 2020.” This includes the core contents of the proposed JTI as well as upstream research needs as appropriate. It is broadly understood that the overall programme described in this Implementation Plan should be structured into JTI activities focused on market and product-specific needs, and on research which can provide new ideas and concepts to improve hydrogen and fuel cell technology in parallel to its deployment and commercialisation. In general, the activities carried out through the JTI will be market-driven with a time focus on 2015 - 2020, encompassing applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. They should be focused on the basis of the four IDAs described in the document. It will be crucial to build upon synergies between these areas and to implement appropriate processes to realise them. Figure 13 will be utilised to elaborate a possible scenario for including actions from IDA 1 in the JTI. It is based on meeting the EU’s goals, on possible contributions by the different stakeholder groups as discussed in section 2.2, on the availability of resources, and on the public and or private interest in pursuing specific goals.
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As noted in section 2.2, there is a crucial need to implement the high-priority actions by an integrated activity at the EU level. These actions are prime candidates for JTI activities. A strong alignment of national and regional programmes with the JTI portfolio is also important in resource allocation for this activity. The required integration can take several forms. It is proposed to concentrate the core content of the JTI on these actions if 55% of the necessary resources for undertaking IDA 1 become available. As the availability of resources increases, say to 85%, upstream research activities of medium priority could be considered for the JTI, as noted in Figure 13. Then the JTI could act as a vehicle for enhancing cooperation at the EU level, linking to projects under the Framework programme and other initiatives. This would ensure an interface between hydrogen and fuel cell programmes within and beyond the remit of the JTI in the Member States and European Regions.
The resources available to the JTI will depend on the partnership between industry and the research community and their respective will and commitment to carry forward the proposed actions and to pursue specific applications. Hence, the JTI’s portfolio of actions, delimited by the available resources waves, is very likely to deviate from the symmetrical shape depicted for illustrative purposes in Figure 13.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions
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As noted in section 2.2, there is a crucial need to implement the high-priority actions by an integrated activity at the EU level. These actions are prime candidates for JTI activities. A strong alignment of national and regional programmes with the JTI portfolio is also important in resource allocation for this activity. The required integration can take several forms. It is proposed to concentrate the core content of the JTI on these actions if 55% of the necessary resources for undertaking IDA 1 become available. As the availability of resources increases, say to 85%, upstream research activities of medium priority could be considered for the JTI, as noted in Figure 13. Then the JTI could act as a vehicle for enhancing cooperation at the EU level, linking to projects under the Framework programme and other initiatives. This would ensure an interface between hydrogen and fuel cell programmes within and beyond the remit of the JTI in the Member States and European Regions.
The resources available to the JTI will depend on the partnership between industry and the research community and their respective will and commitment to carry forward the proposed actions and to pursue specific applications. Hence, the JTI’s portfolio of actions, delimited by the available resources waves, is very likely to deviate from the symmetrical shape depicted for illustrative purposes in Figure 13.
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions
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GLOSSARY Definitions and nomenclature used in the Implementation Plan
Basic research Research activities addressing basic scientific fundamentals related to critical barriers that can hinder technology commercialisation and deployment in the medium term, and open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing improvements in the long run.
Applied R&D Research activities that directly support the development, operation and commercialisation of products within the duration of the programme.
Demonstration
Development activity for a given technology and/or infrastructure comprising: 1) a validation/field testing phase of prototype/pilot systems including feedback for RTD, proof of safety, endurance testing under real-life conditions. 2) a market preparation phase aiming at infrastructure development and expansion, customer acceptance and regulations development, economic assessment – capital investment, O&M costs for commercial deployment.
Pilot/Prototype systems
Systems in an early stage of integration and optimisation, built for field testing and pre-commercialisation qualification and which include all the basic technical characteristics and performances of the planned commercial product.
Market introduction First step for introducing a new system on the market. This step follows the demonstration development phase and lies ahead of a potential deployment.
Deployment Development phase for a given technology and/or infrastructure from its market introduction to its widespread use.
Roll-out Market penetration and volume growth with time.
Niche markets A small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialised products. Markets of limited sizes concerned with specific applications for a given product.
Early Markets Short-term markets encompassing a group of applications for which products can be commercially deployed within the 2007-2013 timeframe.
Innovation and Deployment Action
A programmatic cluster targeting a specific objective of the programme and encompassing a set of relevant technologies and market enablers along with the actions to achieve it.
Implementable Action A set of activities (R&D and or Demonstration etc.) within an Innovation and Deployment Action targeting specific technologies and market enablers with the goal of developing and/or implementing these systems to the level required to meet the objective assigned to the relevant action cluster.
Lead application concept
An integrated programmatic approach developed in this programme to capitalise on technological and/or market enabling related synergies between different applications. Under this concept at the technology level, technology developments on specific components which can be used by several applications target applications whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and/or are representative of a set of applications. Additional developments to tailor these technologies to other applications' requirements are accounted for within this programme in activities related to system integration. For supporting activities, actions are led by applications that either have the highest level of already existing know-how in the area or the most pressing need.
Cost Total cost of a product covering labour, overheads, materials, manufacture, marketing, transport and installation, setting to work and warranty.
Price The purchase cost of a product to the customer (it usually but not always covers costs as defined above and incorporates a profit margin).
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GLOSSARY Definitions and nomenclature used in the Implementation Plan
Basic research Research activities addressing basic scientific fundamentals related to critical barriers that can hinder technology commercialisation and deployment in the medium term, and open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing improvements in the long run.
Applied R&D Research activities that directly support the development, operation and commercialisation of products within the duration of the programme.
Demonstration
Development activity for a given technology and/or infrastructure comprising: 1) a validation/field testing phase of prototype/pilot systems including feedback for RTD, proof of safety, endurance testing under real-life conditions. 2) a market preparation phase aiming at infrastructure development and expansion, customer acceptance and regulations development, economic assessment – capital investment, O&M costs for commercial deployment.
Pilot/Prototype systems
Systems in an early stage of integration and optimisation, built for field testing and pre-commercialisation qualification and which include all the basic technical characteristics and performances of the planned commercial product.
Market introduction First step for introducing a new system on the market. This step follows the demonstration development phase and lies ahead of a potential deployment.
Deployment Development phase for a given technology and/or infrastructure from its market introduction to its widespread use.
Roll-out Market penetration and volume growth with time.
Niche markets A small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialised products. Markets of limited sizes concerned with specific applications for a given product.
Early Markets Short-term markets encompassing a group of applications for which products can be commercially deployed within the 2007-2013 timeframe.
Innovation and Deployment Action
A programmatic cluster targeting a specific objective of the programme and encompassing a set of relevant technologies and market enablers along with the actions to achieve it.
Implementable Action A set of activities (R&D and or Demonstration etc.) within an Innovation and Deployment Action targeting specific technologies and market enablers with the goal of developing and/or implementing these systems to the level required to meet the objective assigned to the relevant action cluster.
Lead application concept
An integrated programmatic approach developed in this programme to capitalise on technological and/or market enabling related synergies between different applications. Under this concept at the technology level, technology developments on specific components which can be used by several applications target applications whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and/or are representative of a set of applications. Additional developments to tailor these technologies to other applications' requirements are accounted for within this programme in activities related to system integration. For supporting activities, actions are led by applications that either have the highest level of already existing know-how in the area or the most pressing need.
Cost Total cost of a product covering labour, overheads, materials, manufacture, marketing, transport and installation, setting to work and warranty.
Price The purchase cost of a product to the customer (it usually but not always covers costs as defined above and incorporates a profit margin).
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Acronyms and Abbreviations: APU Auxiliary power unit AC Advisory Council of the HFP BTL Biomass to Hydrogen (Fischer-Tropsch fuel from biomass) CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen CHP Combined heat and power (generation) CTH Coal-to-Hydrogen (Fischer-tropsch fuel from coal) CCS CO2 capture and storage DoE US Department of Energy DS Deployment Strategy FP6 6th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union
(2002-2006) FP7 7th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union
(2007-2013) GHG Greenhouse gas (emissions) HFP European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform HLG High Level Group HY-CO ERA-NET
ERA-NET project aiming at the coordination of European national and regional R&D programmes in the field of hydrogen and fuel cells
ICE Internal Combustion engine IDA Innovation and Deployment Action IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Implementation Panel IPHE International partnership on the hydrogen economy ISO International organisation for standardisation JTI Joint Technology Initiative, a public private partnership within the FP7 MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cells MS MG Member States' Mirror Group OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. OEM refers to a company that acquires a
product or component and reuses or incorporates it into its own range of products
PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Pox Partial oxidation RCS Regulations, codes and standards SME Small and medium enterprises SMR Steam methane reforming SOFC Solid Oxide fuel cells SRA Strategic Research Agenda UN/ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UPS Uninterruptable power supply
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Acronyms and Abbreviations: APU Auxiliary power unit AC Advisory Council of the HFP BTL Biomass to Hydrogen (Fischer-Tropsch fuel from biomass) CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen CHP Combined heat and power (generation) CTH Coal-to-Hydrogen (Fischer-tropsch fuel from coal) CCS CO2 capture and storage DoE US Department of Energy DS Deployment Strategy FP6 6th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union
(2002-2006) FP7 7th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union
(2007-2013) GHG Greenhouse gas (emissions) HFP European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform HLG High Level Group HY-CO ERA-NET
ERA-NET project aiming at the coordination of European national and regional R&D programmes in the field of hydrogen and fuel cells
ICE Internal Combustion engine IDA Innovation and Deployment Action IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Implementation Panel IPHE International partnership on the hydrogen economy ISO International organisation for standardisation JTI Joint Technology Initiative, a public private partnership within the FP7 MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cells MS MG Member States' Mirror Group OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. OEM refers to a company that acquires a
product or component and reuses or incorporates it into its own range of products
PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Pox Partial oxidation RCS Regulations, codes and standards SME Small and medium enterprises SMR Steam methane reforming SOFC Solid Oxide fuel cells SRA Strategic Research Agenda UN/ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UPS Uninterruptable power supply
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5 FIGURES
Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a 2020 Scenario _ 15 Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme ____________________________ 16 Figure 3: IDA 1 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1 _____________________________________ 24 Figure 5: IDA 2 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio in IDA 2 ____ 30 Figure 7: IDA 3 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 34 Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3 _____________________________________ 35 Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3 __________________ 36 Figure 10: IDA 4 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 41 Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 4 _____________________________________ 42 Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market. _____________ 50 Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions ______________ 52
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5 FIGURES
Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a 2020 Scenario _ 15 Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme ____________________________ 16 Figure 3: IDA 1 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1 _____________________________________ 24 Figure 5: IDA 2 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio in IDA 2 ____ 30 Figure 7: IDA 3 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 34 Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3 _____________________________________ 35 Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3 __________________ 36 Figure 10: IDA 4 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 41 Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 4 _____________________________________ 42 Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market. _____________ 50 Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions ______________ 52
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
56 www.HFPeurope.org
6 TABLES Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets ________ 16 Table 3-1: Action clusters for IDA 1 __________________________________________________________ 21 Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1 ____________________________________________________ 24 Table 3-3: Action clusters for IDA 2 __________________________________________________________ 27 Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2 ____________________________________________________ 30 Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3 __________________________________________________________ 33 Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3 ____________________________________________________ 35 Table 3-7: Action clusters for IDA 4 __________________________________________________________ 39 Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4 ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level _________________________________ 46 Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues ____________________________________________________ 47 Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs ________________________________ 48
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
56 www.HFPeurope.org
6 TABLES Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets ________ 16 Table 3-1: Action clusters for IDA 1 __________________________________________________________ 21 Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1 ____________________________________________________ 24 Table 3-3: Action clusters for IDA 2 __________________________________________________________ 27 Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2 ____________________________________________________ 30 Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3 __________________________________________________________ 33 Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3 ____________________________________________________ 35 Table 3-7: Action clusters for IDA 4 __________________________________________________________ 39 Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4 ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level _________________________________ 46 Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues ____________________________________________________ 47 Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs ________________________________ 48
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
57 www.HFPeurope.org
7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance
7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
57 www.HFPeurope.org
7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance
7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
58 www.HFPeurope.org
7.1.1 Targets
Main targets: Road propulsion FC system Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (NEDC) (%) > 40 Specific cost (€/kW) 100 Lifetime (hr)
Passenger Car 5 000 Bus 10 000
Main targets: Road APU FC system
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (Pmax) (%) 35 Specific cost (€/kW) <500 Lifetime (hr)
Passenger Car 5 000 Heavy Good Vehicles 40 000
Main targets: ICE propulsion
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (best value) (%) 40
Passenger car >> 26 Bus 42
Specific cost (€/kW ) 18 Passenger car
Bus 1.5 more than Diesel
Lifetime Bus 25 000 – 30 000
Main targets: Air fuel cell power unit with reformer Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load incl. head and power) (% LHV) > 60 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hrs) ~ 30 000 Main targets: Maritime fuel cell power unit Characteristics Units 2013 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 55 Specific cost (€/kW) < 1 000 Lifetime (hrs) 50 000 Main targets: Rail fuel cell propulsion and power unit (PEM) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 45 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hr) 50 000
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
58 www.HFPeurope.org
7.1.1 Targets
Main targets: Road propulsion FC system Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (NEDC) (%) > 40 Specific cost (€/kW) 100 Lifetime (hr)
Passenger Car 5 000 Bus 10 000
Main targets: Road APU FC system
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (Pmax) (%) 35 Specific cost (€/kW) <500 Lifetime (hr)
Passenger Car 5 000 Heavy Good Vehicles 40 000
Main targets: ICE propulsion
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (best value) (%) 40
Passenger car >> 26 Bus 42
Specific cost (€/kW ) 18 Passenger car
Bus 1.5 more than Diesel
Lifetime Bus 25 000 – 30 000
Main targets: Air fuel cell power unit with reformer Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load incl. head and power) (% LHV) > 60 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hrs) ~ 30 000 Main targets: Maritime fuel cell power unit Characteristics Units 2013 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 55 Specific cost (€/kW) < 1 000 Lifetime (hrs) 50 000 Main targets: Rail fuel cell propulsion and power unit (PEM) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 45 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hr) 50 000
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
59 www.HFPeurope.org
Main targets: Hydrogen refuelling technologies Characteristics Units 2020 Target 2015 2020 Hydrogen production and distribution cost Reduction
factor on current cost
3
Cost of hydrogen delivery at the pump (centralized and decentralised) (excl. taxes)
(€/kg) < 2.5
Market Enablers targets Characteristics Indicator 2020 Target Trained staff * 1000 people X Regulations, Codes & Standards and Safety issues In place Industrial capacity
Production capacity Vehicles/year 400 000 Industry involvement issue SMEs'
involvement
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
59 www.HFPeurope.org
Main targets: Hydrogen refuelling technologies Characteristics Units 2020 Target 2015 2020 Hydrogen production and distribution cost Reduction
factor on current cost
3
Cost of hydrogen delivery at the pump (centralized and decentralised) (excl. taxes)
(€/kg) < 2.5
Market Enablers targets Characteristics Indicator 2020 Target Trained staff * 1000 people X Regulations, Codes & Standards and Safety issues In place Industrial capacity
Production capacity Vehicles/year 400 000 Industry involvement issue SMEs'
involvement
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
60
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.1.
2 Po
rtfo
lio o
f act
ions
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
Det
ails
Ref
uelli
ng
tech
nolo
gies
Roa
dAi
rM
ariti
me
Rai
lSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
Phas
e I (
200
6-20
10)
Phas
e II
(201
0-20
15)
1R
oad
vehi
cles
- su
pply
infra
stru
ctur
ePa
ssen
ger c
ars
(ICE/
FC -
APU
s) 3
mai
n si
tes
(eg.
50
vehi
cles
/site
) 5
-10
mai
n si
tes
(300
ve
hicl
es/s
ite)
1005
Cap
tive
fleet
s e.
g. b
uses
(IC
E/F
C -
APU
s)10
mai
ns s
ites
- 5 v
ehic
les
per s
ite 2
0 si
tes
larg
er fl
eets
Ref
uellin
g st
atio
ns3
mai
n si
tes
(eg.
9 re
fuel
ling
stat
ions
)Ex
pans
ion
150
2Ai
rEm
erge
ncy
unit
(H2/
O2
with
PE
M),
FC P
ower
Uni
t (P
EM/S
OFC
) with
refo
rmer
Gro
und
dem
onst
ratio
n Fl
ying
test
bed
101
3M
ariti
me
MC
FC/S
OFC
sys
tem
APU
, Pro
puls
ion
- Pha
se II
, (PE
MFC
op
tiona
l for
sho
rt ra
nge
oper
atio
n)2-
4 de
mo.
pro
ject
s@ 2
50+
kW p
ower
- 1
ship
per
pro
j.
5-15
dem
o pr
ojec
ts @
500
+ kW
pow
er -
1 or
mor
e sh
ip
per p
roj.
201
4R
ail
PEM
FC-b
ased
pro
puls
ion
3 s
ites
(1 v
ehic
le/s
ite)
- Ph
ase
II (2
010-
2015
): 7-
10
site
s 1-
2 ve
hicl
es/s
ite21
0
BR+A
R5
PEM
FCBi
-pol
ar p
late
203
1335
156
Mem
bran
e7
Cat
alys
t8
Tran
spor
t pro
cess
9H
T m
embr
ane
AR10
Perip
hery
Air s
uppl
y64
69
511
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es/ p
ipin
g12
E-dr
ive
13H
V ba
ttery
14H
2 loo
p15
Pow
er e
lect
roni
c16
Coo
ling
AR17
ICE
H2
ICE
301
1BR
+AR
18Fu
el p
roce
ssin
gFu
el p
roce
ssin
g40
1215
BR+A
R19
Stor
age
CG
H2
697
256
20LH
2
21Al
tern
ativ
esAR
22Sy
stem
inte
grat
ion
Driv
e tra
in89
915
823
APU
24C
ompo
nent
man
ufac
turin
g25
Com
pone
nt e
valu
atio
n26
Air
27R
ail
28M
ariti
me
shoc
k &
vibr
atio
nsh
ock/
slam
min
g lo
ads,
atm
osph
ere
cont
amin
atio
n, s
alin
ity
impr
oved
man
ufac
turin
g pr
oces
s, a
utom
ated
ass
embl
yte
st p
roce
dure
sfli
ght e
nvel
ope
fibre
s, c
oatin
g, m
anuf
actu
ring,
saf
ety
out-g
asin
g, s
afet
y, in
sula
tion
mat
eria
lsso
lid, h
ybrid
oper
atin
g st
rate
gy (e
.g. h
ybrid
isat
ion)
, pac
kagi
ng
pow
er e
lect
ric: t
herm
al m
anag
emen
t, m
ater
ial,
effic
ienc
yco
olin
g sy
stem
: des
ign,
mat
eria
l, co
sts
inje
ctio
n, lu
bric
atio
n, e
xhau
st a
fter-
treat
men
t, co
mbu
stio
n pr
oces
sca
taly
st, t
empe
ratu
re, s
tabi
lity,
cos
ts, m
embr
ane,
pur
ifica
tion
valv
es a
nd p
ipes
: mat
eria
l, de
sign
, saf
ety
redu
ced
frict
ion
and
impr
oved
dur
abilit
y, c
ompa
ct s
peci
fic d
rive
train
HV
bat
tery
: ele
ctro
de a
nd e
lect
roly
te, p
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
shu
mid
ifica
tion
and
hydr
ogen
feed
ing/
reci
rcul
atio
n
nobl
e m
etal
, act
ivity
, sen
sitiv
ity (-
> re
form
ate
gas)
and
cos
tsw
ater
tran
spor
t pro
cess
es in
por
ous
med
iapr
oton
con
duct
ivity
, tem
pera
ture
rang
e, w
ater
upt
ake
air s
uppl
y, h
igh
spee
d el
ectri
c m
otor
, com
pres
sor d
esig
n
Larg
e sc
ale
DE
bi-p
olar
-pla
te: l
ow c
ost m
ater
ials
, hig
her c
ondu
ctiv
ity a
nd d
urab
ility
long
er li
fetim
e, w
ater
man
agem
ent a
nd lo
wer
cos
ts
Res
ourc
es in
M€
R&D
Tra
nspo
rt
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
60
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.1.
2 Po
rtfo
lio o
f act
ions
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
Det
ails
Ref
uelli
ng
tech
nolo
gies
Roa
dAi
rM
ariti
me
Rai
lSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
Phas
e I (
200
6-20
10)
Phas
e II
(201
0-20
15)
1R
oad
vehi
cles
- su
pply
infra
stru
ctur
ePa
ssen
ger c
ars
(ICE/
FC -
APU
s) 3
mai
n si
tes
(eg.
50
vehi
cles
/site
) 5
-10
mai
n si
tes
(300
ve
hicl
es/s
ite)
1005
Cap
tive
fleet
s e.
g. b
uses
(IC
E/F
C -
APU
s)10
mai
ns s
ites
- 5 v
ehic
les
per s
ite 2
0 si
tes
larg
er fl
eets
Ref
uellin
g st
atio
ns3
mai
n si
tes
(eg.
9 re
fuel
ling
stat
ions
)Ex
pans
ion
150
2Ai
rEm
erge
ncy
unit
(H2/
O2
with
PE
M),
FC P
ower
Uni
t (P
EM/S
OFC
) with
refo
rmer
Gro
und
dem
onst
ratio
n Fl
ying
test
bed
101
3M
ariti
me
MC
FC/S
OFC
sys
tem
APU
, Pro
puls
ion
- Pha
se II
, (PE
MFC
op
tiona
l for
sho
rt ra
nge
oper
atio
n)2-
4 de
mo.
pro
ject
s@ 2
50+
kW p
ower
- 1
ship
per
pro
j.
5-15
dem
o pr
ojec
ts @
500
+ kW
pow
er -
1 or
mor
e sh
ip
per p
roj.
201
4R
ail
PEM
FC-b
ased
pro
puls
ion
3 s
ites
(1 v
ehic
le/s
ite)
- Ph
ase
II (2
010-
2015
): 7-
10
site
s 1-
2 ve
hicl
es/s
ite21
0
BR+A
R5
PEM
FCBi
-pol
ar p
late
203
1335
156
Mem
bran
e7
Cat
alys
t8
Tran
spor
t pro
cess
9H
T m
embr
ane
AR10
Perip
hery
Air s
uppl
y64
69
511
Valv
es/ p
ipin
g12
E-dr
ive
13H
V ba
ttery
14H
2 loo
p15
Pow
er e
lect
roni
c16
Coo
ling
AR17
ICE
H2
ICE
301
1BR
+AR
18Fu
el p
roce
ssin
gFu
el p
roce
ssin
g40
1215
BR+A
R19
Stor
age
CG
H2
697
256
20LH
2
21Al
tern
ativ
esAR
22Sy
stem
inte
grat
ion
Driv
e tra
in89
915
823
APU
24C
ompo
nent
man
ufac
turin
g25
Com
pone
nt e
valu
atio
n26
Air
27R
ail
28M
ariti
me
shoc
k &
vibr
atio
nsh
ock/
slam
min
g lo
ads,
atm
osph
ere
cont
amin
atio
n, s
alin
ity
impr
oved
man
ufac
turin
g pr
oces
s, a
utom
ated
ass
embl
yte
st p
roce
dure
sfli
ght e
nvel
ope
fibre
s, c
oatin
g, m
anuf
actu
ring,
saf
ety
out-g
asin
g, s
afet
y, in
sula
tion
mat
eria
lsso
lid, h
ybrid
oper
atin
g st
rate
gy (e
.g. h
ybrid
isat
ion)
, pac
kagi
ng
pow
er e
lect
ric: t
herm
al m
anag
emen
t, m
ater
ial,
effic
ienc
yco
olin
g sy
stem
: des
ign,
mat
eria
l, co
sts
inje
ctio
n, lu
bric
atio
n, e
xhau
st a
fter-
treat
men
t, co
mbu
stio
n pr
oces
sca
taly
st, t
empe
ratu
re, s
tabi
lity,
cos
ts, m
embr
ane,
pur
ifica
tion
valv
es a
nd p
ipes
: mat
eria
l, de
sign
, saf
ety
redu
ced
frict
ion
and
impr
oved
dur
abilit
y, c
ompa
ct s
peci
fic d
rive
train
HV
bat
tery
: ele
ctro
de a
nd e
lect
roly
te, p
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
shu
mid
ifica
tion
and
hydr
ogen
feed
ing/
reci
rcul
atio
n
nobl
e m
etal
, act
ivity
, sen
sitiv
ity (-
> re
form
ate
gas)
and
cos
tsw
ater
tran
spor
t pro
cess
es in
por
ous
med
iapr
oton
con
duct
ivity
, tem
pera
ture
rang
e, w
ater
upt
ake
air s
uppl
y, h
igh
spee
d el
ectri
c m
otor
, com
pres
sor d
esig
n
Larg
e sc
ale
DE
bi-p
olar
-pla
te: l
ow c
ost m
ater
ials
, hig
her c
ondu
ctiv
ity a
nd d
urab
ility
long
er li
fetim
e, w
ater
man
agem
ent a
nd lo
wer
cos
ts
Res
ourc
es in
M€
R&D
Tra
nspo
rt
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
61
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Port
ofol
io o
f act
ions
(con
tinue
d)
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
Det
ails
Ref
uelli
ng
tech
nolo
gies
Roa
dAi
rM
ariti
me
Rai
lSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
AR+D
E29
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sIm
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erfo
rman
ce o
f CG
H2
& LH
2re
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ing
tech
nolo
gies
20
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Stor
age
Impr
oved
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re g
aseo
us H
2 sto
rage
for t
rans
port
appl
icat
ions
60
BR+A
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31Im
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d H
2 sto
rage
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32SM
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supp
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mes
From
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arke
t - D
evel
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g a
heal
thy
Euro
pean
sc
ene
for H
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d Fu
el C
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38
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uman
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neer
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the
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tem
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ving
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le c
apac
ity
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arm
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rain
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low
met
erin
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ting,
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ety,
Sta
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apid
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low
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Supp
ortin
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tiviti
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R&D
H2
Supp
ly
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
– S
tatu
s 200
6
61
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Port
ofol
io o
f act
ions
(con
tinue
d)
Actio
n ty
peAc
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
Det
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tech
nolo
gies
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dAi
rM
ariti
me
Rai
lSu
ppor
ting
Activ
ities
AR+D
E29
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sIm
prov
ed p
erfo
rman
ce o
f CG
H2
& LH
2re
fuel
ing
tech
nolo
gies
20
BR+A
R30
H2
Stor
age
Impr
oved
hig
h pr
essu
re g
aseo
us H
2 sto
rage
for t
rans
port
appl
icat
ions
60
BR+A
R
31Im
prov
ed L
iqui
d H
2 sto
rage
60
32SM
E's
supp
ort
sche
mes
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Euro
pean
sc
ene
for H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ells
38
33H
uman
cap
ital
Engi
neer
ing
the
exci
tem
ent -
sol
ving
the
peop
le c
apac
ity
bottl
enec
k fo
r gro
wth
3
34R
CS
Cre
atin
g Pe
ace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed R
egul
atio
ns, C
odes
and
Sta
ndar
ds9
359
369
379
389
399
40Ea
rly d
eman
d su
ppor
tBu
ildin
g th
e M
arke
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timul
atin
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rly D
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ecyc
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644
Dem
onst
ratio
n re
cycl
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plan
t30
deve
lop
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clin
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chno
logi
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ptim
um re
cycl
ing
met
hods
/pro
cess
es
deve
lop
recy
clin
g re
gula
tory
fram
ewor
k (e
.g. t
oxic
ity is
sues
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al
mar
itim
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ansp
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CS
Dev
elop
men
tra
il tra
nspo
rt R
CS
deve
lopm
ent
deve
lop
finan
cing
sch
emes
for b
uild
ing
the
prod
uctio
n vo
lum
es to
mee
t de
mon
stra
tion,
ligh
thou
se p
roje
ct a
nd e
arly
mar
ket d
eplo
ymen
tde
velo
p a
com
preh
ensi
ve P
ublic
Aw
aren
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Plan
deve
lopm
ent o
f a c
oord
inat
ed E
urop
ean
Stra
tegy
tow
ards
RC
Ssu
ppor
ting
the
rele
vant
dire
ctiv
e in
itiat
ives
road
veh
icle
logi
stic
s ae
rosp
ace
RC
S D
evel
opm
ent
H2 l
ique
fact
ion
and
activ
e co
olin
g (M
agne
tic re
frige
ratio
n ec
t.) ,
insu
latio
n m
ater
ials
, gas
boi
l-off,
sen
sors
, filli
ng p
roce
dure
, saf
ety,
LH
2
stat
ion
scal
ing
dow
n
outre
ach
and
invo
lvem
ent p
rogr
amm
e fo
r SM
E's
(Sup
porti
ng a
nd
fost
erin
g SM
E's
invo
lvem
ent)
Asse
ssm
ent o
f pos
t gra
duat
e an
d pr
ofes
sion
al d
evel
opm
ent t
rain
ing
need
s
refu
ellin
g pr
oced
ures
, noz
zles
, LH
2 & C
H2 f
low
met
erin
g
liner
s, fi
bres
, coa
ting,
saf
ety,
Sta
ndar
dise
700
bar
H2
disp
ense
rs a
nd
nozz
les
for r
apid
refu
ellin
g, s
enso
rs, f
low
met
er
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
R&D
H2
Supp
ly
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
62
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.1.
3 Ti
mel
ines
Ac
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
T0 (2
007)
T0 +
3 (2
010)
T0 +
4 (2
011)
T0 +
7 (2
015)
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
1
supp
ly in
frast
ruct
ure
2 3 4PH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II5
PEM
FCBi
-pol
ar p
late
6M
embr
ane
7C
atal
yst
8Tr
ansp
ort p
roce
ss9
HT
mem
bran
e10
Perip
her y
Air s
uppl
y11
Valv
es/ p
ipin
g12
E-dr
ive
13H
V b
atte
r y14
H2 l
oop
15Po
wer
ele
ctro
nic
16C
oolin
g17
ICE
H2 I
CE
18Fu
el p
roce
ssin
gFu
el p
roce
ssin
g19
Stor
age
CH
2
20LH
2
21Al
tern
ativ
es22
Syst
em in
tegr
atio
nD
rive
train
23AP
U24
Com
pone
nt m
anuf
actu
ring
25C
ompo
nent
eva
luat
ion
26Ai
r27
Rai
l28
Mar
itim
ePH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II
29H
RS&
Com
pone
nts
Impr
oved
per
form
ance
of C
GH
2 & L
H2 r
efue
ling
tech
nolo
gies
30H
2 Sto
rage
Impr
oved
hig
h pr
essu
re g
aseo
us H
2st
orag
e fo
r tra
nspo
rt ap
plic
atio
ns31
Impr
oved
Liq
uid
H2 s
tora
gePH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II
32SM
E's
supp
ort
sche
mes
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Euro
pean
sc
ene
for H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ells
33H
uman
cap
ital
Engi
neer
ing
the
exci
tem
ent -
sol
ving
the
peop
le c
apac
ity
bottl
enec
k fo
r gro
wth
34-3
9R
CS
Cre
atin
g Pe
ace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed R
egul
atio
ns, C
odes
and
Sta
ndar
ds
40-4
1Ea
rly d
eman
d su
ppor
tBu
ildin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g Ea
rly D
eman
d42
-44
Rec
yclin
g
Air
Mar
itim
eR
ail
Roa
d ve
hicl
es
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
– S
tatu
s 200
6
62
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.1.
3 Ti
mel
ines
Ac
tion
num
ber
Actio
n fo
cus
T0 (2
007)
T0 +
3 (2
010)
T0 +
4 (2
011)
T0 +
7 (2
015)
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
1
supp
ly in
frast
ruct
ure
2 3 4PH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II5
PEM
FCBi
-pol
ar p
late
6M
embr
ane
7C
atal
yst
8Tr
ansp
ort p
roce
ss9
HT
mem
bran
e10
Perip
her y
Air s
uppl
y11
Valv
es/ p
ipin
g12
E-dr
ive
13H
V b
atte
r y14
H2 l
oop
15Po
wer
ele
ctro
nic
16C
oolin
g17
ICE
H2 I
CE
18Fu
el p
roce
ssin
gFu
el p
roce
ssin
g19
Stor
age
CH
2
20LH
2
21Al
tern
ativ
es22
Syst
em in
tegr
atio
nD
rive
train
23AP
U24
Com
pone
nt m
anuf
actu
ring
25C
ompo
nent
eva
luat
ion
26Ai
r27
Rai
l28
Mar
itim
ePH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II
29H
RS&
Com
pone
nts
Impr
oved
per
form
ance
of C
GH
2 & L
H2 r
efue
ling
tech
nolo
gies
30H
2 Sto
rage
Impr
oved
hig
h pr
essu
re g
aseo
us H
2st
orag
e fo
r tra
nspo
rt ap
plic
atio
ns31
Impr
oved
Liq
uid
H2 s
tora
gePH
ASE
IPH
ASE
II
32SM
E's
supp
ort
sche
mes
From
rese
arch
to m
arke
t - D
evel
opin
g a
heal
thy
Euro
pean
sc
ene
for H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ells
33H
uman
cap
ital
Engi
neer
ing
the
exci
tem
ent -
sol
ving
the
peop
le c
apac
ity
bottl
enec
k fo
r gro
wth
34-3
9R
CS
Cre
atin
g Pe
ace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed R
egul
atio
ns, C
odes
and
Sta
ndar
ds
40-4
1Ea
rly d
eman
d su
ppor
tBu
ildin
g th
e M
arke
t - S
timul
atin
g an
d M
eetin
g Ea
rly D
eman
d42
-44
Rec
yclin
g
Air
Mar
itim
eR
ail
Roa
d ve
hicl
es
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
63 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
63 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
64 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2.1 Targets
7.2.1.1 Hydrogen production technologies Medium term portfolio
Main targets for LT electrolysers
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy efficiency (LHV basis) (%) > 70 Current density (A/cm2) 1 Cost of modular system (€/Nm3) 1 000 System availability (%) > 99
New design efficient/high pressure module 2012 target Production flow rate (Nm3/hr) Several
hundreds Operating pressure (MPa) 3 to 5
PEM electrolyser Production flowrate (Nm3/hr) 100 Lifetime (hr) 40 000
Main targets for BTH standalone pyrolisis/gasification units Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 3
Main targets for BTH co-gasification (large scale IGCC) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) 1.2 Biomass feedstock cost (€/GJ) 3
Long term technology portfolio Main targets for HT thermo-electrical-chemical processes with solar/nuclear heat sources Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 2 Reduction of CO2 emissions for fossil reforming (%) > 25 Hydrogen from biomass – mass efficiency (%) > 40
Main targets for LT temperature processes: photo-electrolysis and photobiological / fermentation
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Photoelectrolysis
Proved efficiency vs PV + electrolysis system (%) > 25 Lifetime (hr) > 5 000 Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 5
Photobiological Conversion efficiency (%) 10
Main targets for hydrogen by dark fermentation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Molar efficiency of sugar to H2 conversion (under stable conversion processes)
(Mol H2/mol sugar)
> 3 to 4
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
64 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2.1 Targets
7.2.1.1 Hydrogen production technologies Medium term portfolio
Main targets for LT electrolysers
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy efficiency (LHV basis) (%) > 70 Current density (A/cm2) 1 Cost of modular system (€/Nm3) 1 000 System availability (%) > 99
New design efficient/high pressure module 2012 target Production flow rate (Nm3/hr) Several
hundreds Operating pressure (MPa) 3 to 5
PEM electrolyser Production flowrate (Nm3/hr) 100 Lifetime (hr) 40 000
Main targets for BTH standalone pyrolisis/gasification units Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 3
Main targets for BTH co-gasification (large scale IGCC) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) 1.2 Biomass feedstock cost (€/GJ) 3
Long term technology portfolio Main targets for HT thermo-electrical-chemical processes with solar/nuclear heat sources Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 2 Reduction of CO2 emissions for fossil reforming (%) > 25 Hydrogen from biomass – mass efficiency (%) > 40
Main targets for LT temperature processes: photo-electrolysis and photobiological / fermentation
Characteristics Units 2015 Target Photoelectrolysis
Proved efficiency vs PV + electrolysis system (%) > 25 Lifetime (hr) > 5 000 Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 5
Photobiological Conversion efficiency (%) 10
Main targets for hydrogen by dark fermentation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Molar efficiency of sugar to H2 conversion (under stable conversion processes)
(Mol H2/mol sugar)
> 3 to 4
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
65 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2.1.2 Delivery technologies
Main targets for refuelling station (CGH2 & LH2) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Multiple consecutive refuellings (Nbr per hr
per dispenser)
10
Pressure (CGH2) (Bar) 700 Filling time (min) 3 On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per
station per day)
150
2020 target On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per
station per day)
300
Main targets for off-board hydrogen storage
Type of H2 storage H2 tank system density by
volume (kWh/l) present
H2 tank system density by weight
(%) present
H2 tank system density by weight (%)
2015
Liquid H2 1.2 6 12 Compressed gaseous 700 bar 1.3 4 9 Metal hydrides (AB2, AB5) 1.8 1.5 2 Complex Metal hydrides (alanates)
0.7
1.8 4.5
Chemical hydrides (boro-amino hydrides, and organic liquids)*
1.4 6 9
Activated carbons, nanoporous materials
0.2 1 2
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
65 www.HFPeurope.org
7.2.1.2 Delivery technologies
Main targets for refuelling station (CGH2 & LH2) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Multiple consecutive refuellings (Nbr per hr
per dispenser)
10
Pressure (CGH2) (Bar) 700 Filling time (min) 3 On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per
station per day)
150
2020 target On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per
station per day)
300
Main targets for off-board hydrogen storage
Type of H2 storage H2 tank system density by
volume (kWh/l) present
H2 tank system density by weight
(%) present
H2 tank system density by weight (%)
2015
Liquid H2 1.2 6 12 Compressed gaseous 700 bar 1.3 4 9 Metal hydrides (AB2, AB5) 1.8 1.5 2 Complex Metal hydrides (alanates)
0.7
1.8 4.5
Chemical hydrides (boro-amino hydrides, and organic liquids)*
1.4 6 9
Activated carbons, nanoporous materials
0.2 1 2
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
66
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.2.
2 Po
rtfo
lio o
f act
ions
Ac
tion
type
Actio
n nu
mbe
rD
etai
lsM
ediu
m T
erm
Te
chno
logi
esLo
ng te
rm T
echn
olog
ies
Supp
ortin
g Ac
tiviti
es
BR
+AR
+DE
1R
efor
min
g/PO
x/C
THD
evel
op F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst w
ith re
duce
d co
st, i
mpr
oved
du
rabi
lity,
flex
ible
fuel
cap
abilit
ym
ulti-
met
al c
atal
ysts
, cat
alys
t sup
ports
, por
osity
or c
hann
el s
cale
80
ARD
E2
Gas
Pur
ifica
tion
HT
mem
bran
e fo
r WG
Shift
, Rev
ersi
ble
adso
rptio
n m
ater
ials
for P
SA/T
SA, H
ybrid
m
embr
ane/
PSA
21
BR
+AR
+DE
3E
lect
roly
sis
Dev
elop
men
t of l
ow c
ost/e
ffici
ent l
ow te
mpe
ratu
re e
lect
roly
ser
Effic
ency
and
sta
bilit
y of
ele
ctro
des,
dia
phra
gm m
ater
ials
, Inc
reas
e op
erat
ing
pres
sure
, dur
abili
ty a
nd L
ifetim
e, c
ompo
nent
relia
bilit
y, M
anuf
actu
ring
tech
nolo
gies
, Sys
tem
inte
grat
ion
with
RES
100
BR+A
R4
Bio
mas
s to
Hyd
roge
nR
&D o
f adv
ance
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r BTH
ther
mal
con
vers
ion
proc
ess
Hea
t tra
nsfe
r tec
hnol
ogie
s, p
yrol
isis
hea
t car
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rem
oval
, Syn
gas
clea
n up
, m
embr
ane
cata
lytic
refo
rmer
/shi
ft re
acto
r, no
n cr
yoge
nic
air s
epar
atio
n10
DE
5D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on s
tand
alo
ne
pyro
lisis
/gas
ifica
tion
units
Stan
d-al
one
dem
o sy
stem
s fro
m 1
to 1
0 M
Wth
bio
mas
s in
put b
y 20
15, b
iom
ass
supp
ly c
hain
32
DE
6D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on c
o-ga
sific
atio
n w
ith
coal
& fo
ssil
fuel
sPr
otot
ype
stre
am a
pplic
atio
n of
10
MW
th b
iom
ass
inpu
t in
larg
e sc
ale
coal
fed
oxyg
en b
low
n ga
sifie
r, B
iom
ass
supp
ly c
hain
32
AR+D
E7
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sU
nder
grou
nd H
2 sto
rage
and
/or p
rodu
ctio
nU
nder
grou
nd s
tora
ge, p
rodu
ctio
n on
-site
inst
alla
tion
(cod
es &
sta
ndar
ds),
Com
pact
ness
10A
R8
H2 O
doriz
atio
nSa
fety
, odo
rizat
ion
5
AR +
DE
9H
2 Liq
uefa
ctio
nD
evel
opm
ent o
f lar
ge s
cale
H2 L
ique
fact
ion
units
& p
roce
sses
larg
e sc
ale
plan
t des
ign,
usa
ge p
lann
ing
(loca
tion,
Con
stru
ctio
n lo
gist
ics)
, C
ompo
nent
/sub
syst
em le
vel d
evel
opm
ent
90
BR+A
R10
Ele
ctro
lysi
s
Dev
elop
men
t of a
new
gen
erat
ion
of H
igh
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
rN
ew e
lect
rode
mat
eria
ls, h
igh
curre
nt d
ensi
ty c
ell d
esig
n . a
gein
g, p
roto
nic
cond
uctin
g m
ater
ial,
arch
itect
ure
prot
otyp
e an
d sy
stem
, m
anuf
actu
ring
cost
de
crea
se, D
emo
syte
ms
coup
ling
with
ele
ct. a
nd h
eat(s
olar
/nuc
lear
) sou
rces
up
to
1 M
W11
0
BR
+AR
+DE
11
Adv
ance
d Te
chno
logi
es
R&D
pro
gram
me
& ex
perim
enta
l pla
tform
on
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
so
lar/n
ucle
ar h
eat s
ourc
es
Mul
ti-di
scip
linar
y re
sear
ch c
oord
inat
ion,
R&D
infra
stru
ctur
e at
1M
W le
vel (
Hea
t ex
chan
ger,
HT
sola
r the
rmal
sou
rces
, mat
eria
l com
pone
nt te
stin
g), C
ompo
nent
sy
stem
dev
elop
men
t (H
eat e
xcha
nger
s, c
hem
ical
loop
, hea
t med
ia),
Dem
o H
T el
ectro
lysi
s (1
MW
) + c
oupl
ing
heat
/ele
ctric
ity s
ourc
e60
BR+A
R12
Basi
c re
sear
ch p
rogr
amm
e on
low
tem
pera
ture
pro
cess
es:
phot
oele
ctro
lysi
s an
d ph
otob
iolo
gica
l / fe
rmen
tatio
nH
igh
effic
ienc
y/lo
ng li
fe p
hoto
elec
trode
(PEC
), ph
oto/
dark
ferm
entio
n pr
oces
ses,
PE
C &
Bio
reac
tor p
roto
ype
desi
gn a
nd b
uild
ing
25
BR
13Ph
otod
riven
bio
-hyd
roge
nH
2 yie
ld, E
ffici
ency
of l
ight
con
vers
ion,
New
effi
cien
t (sm
all f
ootp
rint)
phot
obio
reac
tors
6
BR+A
R14
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
nSu
gar i
nto
H2 c
onve
rsio
n ef
ficie
ncy,
bio
-ele
ctric
sys
tem
s, b
iom
ass
pre-
treat
men
t, ra
w m
ater
ial f
lexi
bilit
y pr
oces
ses
5
BR+A
R15
H2 S
tora
geIm
prov
ed s
olid
H2 s
tora
ge fo
r por
tabl
e, s
tatio
nary
& p
oten
tially
tra
nspo
rt ap
plic
atio
nsm
ater
ials
, cyc
labi
lity,
saf
ety,
recy
clin
g, s
olid
sto
rage
tank
des
ign,
hyb
rid ta
nk
conc
epts
, 10
0
AR+D
E16
Pipe
lines
H2 P
ipel
ine
Fiel
d Te
st F
acilit
yPr
essu
rised
H2 p
ipel
ines
: mat
eria
ls, c
ompo
nent
s (v
alve
s, c
ompr
esso
rs…
), di
agno
stic
tool
s20
AR+D
E17
H2 P
ipel
ine
Ris
k &
Safe
ty A
naly
sis
mod
elin
g, d
emon
stra
tion
5
18G
ettin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs ri
ght
Soci
o-ec
onom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d To
ols
Cre
ate
Har
mon
ised
and
Inte
grat
ed D
atab
ases
819
Anal
yse
porta
ble,
ligh
t veh
icle
s an
d st
atio
nary
app
licat
ions
8
20
iden
tify
regu
lato
rydr
iven
mar
ket
dem
and:
Func
tiona
lsy
nerg
ies
and
plan
ning
ofin
tegr
atio
nof
rene
wab
leen
ergy
syst
ems
toge
ther
with
hydr
ogen
and
fuel
cell
infra
stru
ctur
es.
821
Cre
ate
and
regu
larly
upd
ate
robu
st p
athw
ay p
lann
ing
tool
s8
22D
evel
op a
Eur
opea
n M
aste
rpla
n8
23R
ole
of h
ydro
gen
in s
usta
inab
le e
nerg
y sy
stem
s10
Sust
aina
ble
H2 p
rodu
ctio
n an
d su
pply
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
Actio
n fo
cus
Res
ourc
es in
M€
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
– S
tatu
s 200
6
66
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.2.
2 Po
rtfo
lio o
f act
ions
Ac
tion
type
Actio
n nu
mbe
rD
etai
lsM
ediu
m T
erm
Te
chno
logi
esLo
ng te
rm T
echn
olog
ies
Supp
ortin
g Ac
tiviti
es
BR
+AR
+DE
1R
efor
min
g/PO
x/C
THD
evel
op F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst w
ith re
duce
d co
st, i
mpr
oved
du
rabi
lity,
flex
ible
fuel
cap
abilit
ym
ulti-
met
al c
atal
ysts
, cat
alys
t sup
ports
, por
osity
or c
hann
el s
cale
80
ARD
E2
Gas
Pur
ifica
tion
HT
mem
bran
e fo
r WG
Shift
, Rev
ersi
ble
adso
rptio
n m
ater
ials
for P
SA/T
SA, H
ybrid
m
embr
ane/
PSA
21
BR
+AR
+DE
3E
lect
roly
sis
Dev
elop
men
t of l
ow c
ost/e
ffici
ent l
ow te
mpe
ratu
re e
lect
roly
ser
Effic
ency
and
sta
bilit
y of
ele
ctro
des,
dia
phra
gm m
ater
ials
, Inc
reas
e op
erat
ing
pres
sure
, dur
abili
ty a
nd L
ifetim
e, c
ompo
nent
relia
bilit
y, M
anuf
actu
ring
tech
nolo
gies
, Sys
tem
inte
grat
ion
with
RES
100
BR+A
R4
Bio
mas
s to
Hyd
roge
nR
&D o
f adv
ance
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r BTH
ther
mal
con
vers
ion
proc
ess
Hea
t tra
nsfe
r tec
hnol
ogie
s, p
yrol
isis
hea
t car
riers
, ash
rem
oval
, Syn
gas
clea
n up
, m
embr
ane
cata
lytic
refo
rmer
/shi
ft re
acto
r, no
n cr
yoge
nic
air s
epar
atio
n10
DE
5D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on s
tand
alo
ne
pyro
lisis
/gas
ifica
tion
units
Stan
d-al
one
dem
o sy
stem
s fro
m 1
to 1
0 M
Wth
bio
mas
s in
put b
y 20
15, b
iom
ass
supp
ly c
hain
32
DE
6D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on c
o-ga
sific
atio
n w
ith
coal
& fo
ssil
fuel
sPr
otot
ype
stre
am a
pplic
atio
n of
10
MW
th b
iom
ass
inpu
t in
larg
e sc
ale
coal
fed
oxyg
en b
low
n ga
sifie
r, B
iom
ass
supp
ly c
hain
32
AR+D
E7
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sU
nder
grou
nd H
2 sto
rage
and
/or p
rodu
ctio
nU
nder
grou
nd s
tora
ge, p
rodu
ctio
n on
-site
inst
alla
tion
(cod
es &
sta
ndar
ds),
Com
pact
ness
10A
R8
H2 O
doriz
atio
nSa
fety
, odo
rizat
ion
5
AR +
DE
9H
2 Liq
uefa
ctio
nD
evel
opm
ent o
f lar
ge s
cale
H2 L
ique
fact
ion
units
& p
roce
sses
larg
e sc
ale
plan
t des
ign,
usa
ge p
lann
ing
(loca
tion,
Con
stru
ctio
n lo
gist
ics)
, C
ompo
nent
/sub
syst
em le
vel d
evel
opm
ent
90
BR+A
R10
Ele
ctro
lysi
s
Dev
elop
men
t of a
new
gen
erat
ion
of H
igh
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
rN
ew e
lect
rode
mat
eria
ls, h
igh
curre
nt d
ensi
ty c
ell d
esig
n . a
gein
g, p
roto
nic
cond
uctin
g m
ater
ial,
arch
itect
ure
prot
otyp
e an
d sy
stem
, m
anuf
actu
ring
cost
de
crea
se, D
emo
syte
ms
coup
ling
with
ele
ct. a
nd h
eat(s
olar
/nuc
lear
) sou
rces
up
to
1 M
W11
0
BR
+AR
+DE
11
Adv
ance
d Te
chno
logi
es
R&D
pro
gram
me
& ex
perim
enta
l pla
tform
on
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
so
lar/n
ucle
ar h
eat s
ourc
es
Mul
ti-di
scip
linar
y re
sear
ch c
oord
inat
ion,
R&D
infra
stru
ctur
e at
1M
W le
vel (
Hea
t ex
chan
ger,
HT
sola
r the
rmal
sou
rces
, mat
eria
l com
pone
nt te
stin
g), C
ompo
nent
sy
stem
dev
elop
men
t (H
eat e
xcha
nger
s, c
hem
ical
loop
, hea
t med
ia),
Dem
o H
T el
ectro
lysi
s (1
MW
) + c
oupl
ing
heat
/ele
ctric
ity s
ourc
e60
BR+A
R12
Basi
c re
sear
ch p
rogr
amm
e on
low
tem
pera
ture
pro
cess
es:
phot
oele
ctro
lysi
s an
d ph
otob
iolo
gica
l / fe
rmen
tatio
nH
igh
effic
ienc
y/lo
ng li
fe p
hoto
elec
trode
(PEC
), ph
oto/
dark
ferm
entio
n pr
oces
ses,
PE
C &
Bio
reac
tor p
roto
ype
desi
gn a
nd b
uild
ing
25
BR
13Ph
otod
riven
bio
-hyd
roge
nH
2 yie
ld, E
ffici
ency
of l
ight
con
vers
ion,
New
effi
cien
t (sm
all f
ootp
rint)
phot
obio
reac
tors
6
BR+A
R14
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
nSu
gar i
nto
H2 c
onve
rsio
n ef
ficie
ncy,
bio
-ele
ctric
sys
tem
s, b
iom
ass
pre-
treat
men
t, ra
w m
ater
ial f
lexi
bilit
y pr
oces
ses
5
BR+A
R15
H2 S
tora
geIm
prov
ed s
olid
H2 s
tora
ge fo
r por
tabl
e, s
tatio
nary
& p
oten
tially
tra
nspo
rt ap
plic
atio
nsm
ater
ials
, cyc
labi
lity,
saf
ety,
recy
clin
g, s
olid
sto
rage
tank
des
ign,
hyb
rid ta
nk
conc
epts
, 10
0
AR+D
E16
Pipe
lines
H2 P
ipel
ine
Fiel
d Te
st F
acilit
yPr
essu
rised
H2 p
ipel
ines
: mat
eria
ls, c
ompo
nent
s (v
alve
s, c
ompr
esso
rs…
), di
agno
stic
tool
s20
AR+D
E17
H2 P
ipel
ine
Ris
k &
Safe
ty A
naly
sis
mod
elin
g, d
emon
stra
tion
5
18G
ettin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs ri
ght
Soci
o-ec
onom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d To
ols
Cre
ate
Har
mon
ised
and
Inte
grat
ed D
atab
ases
819
Anal
yse
porta
ble,
ligh
t veh
icle
s an
d st
atio
nary
app
licat
ions
8
20
iden
tify
regu
lato
rydr
iven
mar
ket
dem
and:
Func
tiona
lsy
nerg
ies
and
plan
ning
ofin
tegr
atio
nof
rene
wab
leen
ergy
syst
ems
toge
ther
with
hydr
ogen
and
fuel
cell
infra
stru
ctur
es.
821
Cre
ate
and
regu
larly
upd
ate
robu
st p
athw
ay p
lann
ing
tool
s8
22D
evel
op a
Eur
opea
n M
aste
rpla
n8
23R
ole
of h
ydro
gen
in s
usta
inab
le e
nerg
y sy
stem
s10
Sust
aina
ble
H2 p
rodu
ctio
n an
d su
pply
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es
Actio
n fo
cus
Res
ourc
es in
M€
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
67
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.2.
3 Ti
mel
ines
Ac
tion
num
ber
T0 (2
007)
T0 +
3 (2
010)
T0 +
4 (2
011)
T0 +
7 (2
015)
T0 +
13
(202
0)T0
+ 1
8 (2
025)
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
1R
efor
min
g/PO
x/C
THD
evel
op F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst w
ith re
duce
d co
st, i
mpr
oved
du
rabi
lity,
flex
ible
fuel
cap
abilit
y2
Gas
Pur
ifica
tion
3El
ectro
lysi
sD
evel
opm
ent o
f low
cos
t/effi
cien
t low
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r
4Bi
omas
s to
Hyd
roge
nR
&D o
f adv
ance
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r BTH
ther
mal
con
vers
ion
proc
ess
5D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on s
tand
alon
e py
rolis
is/g
asifi
catio
n un
its
6D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on c
o-ga
sific
atio
n w
ith
coal
& fo
ssil
fuel
s7
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sU
nder
grou
nd H
2 sto
rage
and
/or p
rodu
ctio
n8
H2 O
doriz
atio
n9
H2
Liqu
efac
tion
Dev
elop
men
t of l
arge
sca
le H
2 Liq
uefa
ctio
n un
its &
pro
cess
es
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
PH
AS
E III
10E
lect
roly
sis
Dev
elop
men
t of a
new
gen
erat
ion
of H
igh
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r
11Ad
vanc
ed T
echn
olog
ies
R&D
pro
gram
me
& ex
perim
enta
l pla
tform
on
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
so
lar/n
ucle
ar h
eat s
ourc
es
12Ba
sic
rese
arch
pro
gram
me
on lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re p
roce
sses
: ph
otoe
lect
roly
sis
and
phot
obio
logi
cal /
ferm
enta
tion
13Ph
otod
riven
bio
-hyd
roge
n14
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
n
15H
2 Sto
rage
Impr
oved
sol
id H
2 sto
rage
for p
orta
ble,
sta
tiona
ry &
pot
entia
lly
trans
port
appl
icat
ions
16Pi
pelin
esH
2 Pip
elin
e Fi
eld
Test
Fac
ility
17H
2 Pip
elin
e R
isk
& S
afet
y A
naly
sis
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
18-2
3G
ettin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs ri
ght
Soci
o-ec
onom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d To
ols
Actio
n fo
cus
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
– S
tatu
s 200
6
67
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.2.
3 Ti
mel
ines
Ac
tion
num
ber
T0 (2
007)
T0 +
3 (2
010)
T0 +
4 (2
011)
T0 +
7 (2
015)
T0 +
13
(202
0)T0
+ 1
8 (2
025)
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
1R
efor
min
g/PO
x/C
THD
evel
op F
uel P
roce
ssin
g C
atal
yst w
ith re
duce
d co
st, i
mpr
oved
du
rabi
lity,
flex
ible
fuel
cap
abilit
y2
Gas
Pur
ifica
tion
3El
ectro
lysi
sD
evel
opm
ent o
f low
cos
t/effi
cien
t low
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r
4Bi
omas
s to
Hyd
roge
nR
&D o
f adv
ance
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r BTH
ther
mal
con
vers
ion
proc
ess
5D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on s
tand
alon
e py
rolis
is/g
asifi
catio
n un
its
6D
emon
stra
tion
of B
TH c
onve
rsio
n ba
sed
on c
o-ga
sific
atio
n w
ith
coal
& fo
ssil
fuel
s7
HR
S&C
ompo
nent
sU
nder
grou
nd H
2 sto
rage
and
/or p
rodu
ctio
n8
H2 O
doriz
atio
n9
H2
Liqu
efac
tion
Dev
elop
men
t of l
arge
sca
le H
2 Liq
uefa
ctio
n un
its &
pro
cess
es
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
PH
AS
E III
10E
lect
roly
sis
Dev
elop
men
t of a
new
gen
erat
ion
of H
igh
tem
pera
ture
ele
ctro
lyse
r
11Ad
vanc
ed T
echn
olog
ies
R&D
pro
gram
me
& ex
perim
enta
l pla
tform
on
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
w
ater
thro
ugh
ther
mo-
elec
trica
l-che
mic
al p
roce
sses
with
so
lar/n
ucle
ar h
eat s
ourc
es
12Ba
sic
rese
arch
pro
gram
me
on lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re p
roce
sses
: ph
otoe
lect
roly
sis
and
phot
obio
logi
cal /
ferm
enta
tion
13Ph
otod
riven
bio
-hyd
roge
n14
Hyd
roge
n by
dar
k fe
rmen
tatio
n
15H
2 Sto
rage
Impr
oved
sol
id H
2 sto
rage
for p
orta
ble,
sta
tiona
ry &
pot
entia
lly
trans
port
appl
icat
ions
16Pi
pelin
esH
2 Pip
elin
e Fi
eld
Test
Fac
ility
17H
2 Pip
elin
e R
isk
& S
afet
y A
naly
sis
PHAS
E I
PHAS
E II
18-2
3G
ettin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs ri
ght
Soci
o-ec
onom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d To
ols
Actio
n fo
cus
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
68 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
68 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
69 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3.1 Targets Early field tests Demonstration Lighthouse
and deployment Stationary applications 1 –10 kW (residential Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]
30-40% 32-40% 34-40%
Total fuel efficiency BOL; @ best point [--]
> 70% 75% 80%
System cost [€/kW] 20,000 10,000 6,000 Stack durability (90 % BOL performance) [h]
5000 8000 >12 000
Number of low-temperature start-ups from 15 °C [1/a]
20 35 50
Stationary applications ≥100 kW (community/industrial)Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]
45% 50% 50%
Total fuel efficiency BOL; @ best point [--]
80% 85% 90%
System cost [€/kW] 8-12,000 3,000-8000 1,500-5,000 (90% BOL performance h)
10-20,000 15-30,000 >30,000
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
69 www.HFPeurope.org
7.3.1 Targets Early field tests Demonstration Lighthouse
and deployment Stationary applications 1 –10 kW (residential Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]
30-40% 32-40% 34-40%
Total fuel efficiency BOL; @ best point [--]
> 70% 75% 80%
System cost [€/kW] 20,000 10,000 6,000 Stack durability (90 % BOL performance) [h]
5000 8000 >12 000
Number of low-temperature start-ups from 15 °C [1/a]
20 35 50
Stationary applications ≥100 kW (community/industrial)Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]
45% 50% 50%
Total fuel efficiency BOL; @ best point [--]
80% 85% 90%
System cost [€/kW] 8-12,000 3,000-8000 1,500-5,000 (90% BOL performance h)
10-20,000 15-30,000 >30,000
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eric
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l Cel
l Tec
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eria
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ayer
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ells
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l and
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015)
PHA
SE I
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1G
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uel C
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71
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Ac
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num
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007)
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4 (2
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HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
72 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
72 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
73 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4.1 Targets Main targets: Micro-Fuel Cells: Low-power system consumer electronic device Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy density
(Wh/l) 500–1,000
Specific energy (preliminary, tbc) (Wh/kg) 150–200 Volumetric power density (W/l) 80–150 Gravimetric power density (W/kg) 80–200 Lifetime (hr) 1 000 to 5 000 Cost (€/W) 3 – 5 Operating temperature range (preliminary, tbc) (oC) -20 to 60 Start-up time (hybridised) Instant Additional target Establish distribution channels for fuel containers, inc. regulatory approval Military standards, ruggedised, no signature, light weight Main targets: By-product Hydrogen Power Generation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Electrical efficiency
(%) 45 - 55
Cost (at production volume) (€/kWe) < 1 500 Stack Lifetime hrs > 40 000
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
73 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4.1 Targets Main targets: Micro-Fuel Cells: Low-power system consumer electronic device Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy density
(Wh/l) 500–1,000
Specific energy (preliminary, tbc) (Wh/kg) 150–200 Volumetric power density (W/l) 80–150 Gravimetric power density (W/kg) 80–200 Lifetime (hr) 1 000 to 5 000 Cost (€/W) 3 – 5 Operating temperature range (preliminary, tbc) (oC) -20 to 60 Start-up time (hybridised) Instant Additional target Establish distribution channels for fuel containers, inc. regulatory approval Military standards, ruggedised, no signature, light weight Main targets: By-product Hydrogen Power Generation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Electrical efficiency
(%) 45 - 55
Cost (at production volume) (€/kWe) < 1 500 Stack Lifetime hrs > 40 000
HFP
Impl
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tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
74
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.4.
2 Po
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icat
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tegr
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8Im
prov
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DE
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Alph
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10P
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11St
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&Dlo
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nter
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efor
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OFC
, D
irect
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quid
fuel
s
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eral
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ost,
impr
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sta
ck c
ompo
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T-P
EMFC
, Int
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FC,
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l dis
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afet
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gnos
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deve
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re m
odes
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izin
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ata
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in re
al o
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s
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Sys
tem
mod
ellin
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b-co
mpo
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cha
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trate
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ncre
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stem
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grat
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rene
wab
le H
2
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Red
uctio
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P s
impl
ifica
tion,
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pone
nt o
ptim
isat
ion,
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grat
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rage
, red
uced
nu
mbe
r of s
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esig
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r mod
ular
inst
alla
tion
AR +
DE
17R
efor
mer
high
ly in
tegr
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and
low
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t fue
l pro
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orAR
18Im
prov
emen
t of p
erfo
rman
ces
effic
ienc
y, c
yclin
gs, p
acka
ging
& m
odul
ariz
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nD
E19
Dem
onst
ratio
nAl
pha
test
ing
field
dem
onst
ratio
n (s
yste
m v
erifi
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certi
ficat
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acc
eler
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life
test
)20
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
o of
bus
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s pr
opos
ition
Port
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gen
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Bac
k-up
pow
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PS
Actio
n fo
cus
Res
ourc
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Port
able
Mic
ro-F
Cs
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
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tatu
s 200
6
74
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
7.4.
2 Po
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lio o
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tion
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Actio
n nu
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etai
lsM
icro
FC
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rtab
le
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rato
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ecia
list
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cles
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prod
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Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
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+DE
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t tec
hnol
o gy
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uni
ts p
ilot m
onito
ring,
per
form
ance
ass
essm
ents
BR2
Syst
em d
evel
opm
ent
Bas
ic R
&Dvo
lum
e m
anuf
actu
ring
proc
esse
s fo
r FC
s an
d pl
anar
mod
ules
, hig
h-ef
ficie
ncy
&
min
iatu
rised
BoP
com
pone
nts
AR3
Gen
eral
impr
oved
/new
mem
bran
e m
ater
ial,
alte
rnat
ive
fuel
s, P
assi
ve o
pera
tion,
no
or fe
w
mov
ing
parts
/low
pow
er &
com
pact
sys
tem
com
pone
nts,
mic
ro s
yste
m te
chno
logy
, Fu
el d
istri
butio
n, s
tora
ge a
nd s
afet
y
AR4
Dia
gnos
tic to
ols
deve
lopm
ent (
failu
re m
odes
, sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
es, s
izin
g, d
ata
anal
ysis
) &
verif
icat
ion
in re
al o
pera
ting
cond
ition
s
AR5
Syst
em m
odel
ling
syst
em m
odel
dev
elop
men
t (su
b-co
mpo
nent
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n, re
duce
con
trol
requ
irem
ents
, fie
ld d
ata
verif
icat
ion)
AR6
Red
uctio
n of
com
plex
ityBo
P s
impl
ifica
tion,
com
pone
nt o
ptim
isat
ion,
inte
grat
ion
with
fuel
sto
rage
, "pa
ssiv
e"
cont
rol s
trate
gies
, min
iatu
rized
sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
e
AR
+DE
7R
efor
mer
high
ly in
tegr
ated
and
low
cos
t fue
l pro
cess
or, M
inia
turis
atio
n an
d In
tegr
atio
n w
ith
FC s
yste
ms
8Im
prov
emen
t of p
erfo
rman
ces
impr
oved
relia
bilit
y in
real
ope
ratin
g co
nditi
ons
DE
9D
emon
stra
tion
Alph
a te
stin
gfie
ld d
emon
stra
tion
(sys
tem
ver
ifica
tion
& ce
rtific
atio
n, a
ccel
erat
ed li
fe te
st)
10P
rodu
ct d
evel
opm
ent &
dem
ode
mo
of b
usin
ess
prop
ositi
on
AR
+DE
11St
ate
of th
e ar
t tec
hnol
o gy
XX
uni
ts p
ilot m
onito
ring,
per
form
ance
ass
essm
ents
BR12
Syst
em d
evel
opm
ent
Bas
ic R
&Dlo
wer
cos
t, im
prov
ed s
tack
com
pone
nts,
HT-
PEM
FC, I
nter
nal r
efor
min
g S
OFC
, D
irect
util
isat
ion
of li
quid
fuel
s
AR13
Gen
eral
low
er c
ost,
impr
oved
sta
ck c
ompo
nent
s, H
T-P
EMFC
, Int
erna
l ref
orm
ing
SO
FC,
Dire
ct u
tilis
atio
n of
liqu
id fu
els,
Fue
l dis
tribu
tion,
sto
rage
& s
afet
y
AR14
Dia
gnos
tic to
ols
deve
lopm
ent (
failu
re m
odes
, sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
es, s
izin
g, d
ata
anal
ysis
) &
verif
icat
ion
in re
al o
pera
ting
cond
ition
s
AR15
Sys
tem
mod
ellin
gsu
b-co
mpo
nent
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n, s
trate
gies
for i
ncre
asin
g sy
stem
effi
cien
cy,
inte
grat
ion
with
rene
wab
le H
2
AR16
Red
uctio
n of
com
plex
ityBo
P s
impl
ifica
tion,
com
pone
nt o
ptim
isat
ion,
inte
grat
ion
with
fuel
sto
rage
, red
uced
nu
mbe
r of s
enso
rs, d
esig
n fo
r mod
ular
inst
alla
tion
AR +
DE
17R
efor
mer
high
ly in
tegr
ated
and
low
cos
t fue
l pro
cess
orAR
18Im
prov
emen
t of p
erfo
rman
ces
effic
ienc
y, c
yclin
gs, p
acka
ging
& m
odul
ariz
atio
nD
E19
Dem
onst
ratio
nAl
pha
test
ing
field
dem
onst
ratio
n (s
yste
m v
erifi
catio
n &
certi
ficat
ion,
acc
eler
ated
life
test
)20
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
o of
bus
ines
s pr
opos
ition
Port
able
gen
erat
ors,
Bac
k-up
pow
er, U
PS
Actio
n fo
cus
Res
ourc
e in
M€
Port
able
Mic
ro-F
Cs
HFP
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pl
an –
Sta
tus 2
006
75
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Po
rtof
olio
of a
ctio
ns (c
ontin
ued)
Ac
tion
type
Actio
n nu
mbe
rD
etai
ls
AR
+ D
E21
Stat
e of
the
art t
echn
olog
y4
Pilo
t mon
itore
d fle
et, r
efue
lling
stra
tegi
es a
sses
smen
t ( fu
el lo
gist
ic is
sues
)AR
22Sy
stem
dev
elop
men
tG
ener
allo
wer
cos
t, im
prov
ed p
erfo
rman
ce s
tack
com
pone
nts
AR23
Dia
gnos
tic to
ols
deve
lopm
ent (
failu
re m
odes
, sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
es, s
izin
g, d
ata
anal
ysis
) &
verif
icat
ion
in re
al o
pera
ting
cond
ition
s
AR24
Sys
tem
mod
ellin
gsy
stem
mod
el d
evel
opm
ent (
sub-
com
pone
nt c
hara
cter
izat
ion,
hyb
ridiz
atio
n st
rate
gies
, fie
ld d
ata
verif
icat
ion)
AR
+ D
E
25R
educ
tion
of c
ompl
exity
BoP
sim
plifi
catio
n, s
yste
m in
tegr
atio
n, c
ompo
nent
opt
imis
atio
n, in
tegr
atio
n w
ith
fuel
sto
rage
, hyb
rid c
onfig
urat
ion,
com
pact
& re
liabl
e fu
el p
roce
ssin
g te
chno
logi
es,
redu
ced
num
ber o
f sen
sors
, sim
plifi
ed d
ispe
nsin
g &
fillin
g pr
oced
ures
)
AR26
Impr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
ssh
ock
& vi
brat
ions
(com
pone
nt &
sys
tem
)D
E27
Dem
onst
ratio
nAl
pha
test
ing
fleet
s de
mon
stra
tion
of a
lpha
sys
tem
s28
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
onst
ratio
n of
bus
ines
s pr
opos
ition
AR
+ D
E30
Stat
e of
the
art t
echn
olo g
yte
st o
f 2 s
yste
ms
( 500
kW -
1MW
siz
e)
AR31
Syst
em d
evel
opm
ent
Gen
eral
low
er c
ost,
impr
oved
per
form
ance
sta
ck c
ompo
nent
s, s
tack
dur
abilit
y, m
odel
s de
velo
pmen
t for
acc
elar
ated
life
test
, fai
lure
pre
dict
ion
32D
iagn
ostic
tool
sde
velo
pmen
t (fa
ilure
mod
es, p
reve
ntiv
e m
aint
enan
ce, s
izin
g of
sys
tem
hyb
risat
ion,
da
ta a
nal y
sis)
& v
erifi
catio
n in
real
ope
ratin
g co
nditi
ons
33S
yste
m m
odel
ling
syst
em s
imul
atio
n, s
ub-c
ompo
nent
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n, s
trate
gies
for i
ncre
asin
g s y
stem
effi
cien
cy34
Red
uctio
n of
com
plex
ityBo
P s
impl
ifica
tion,
sys
tem
inte
grat
ion,
com
pone
nt o
ptim
isat
ion,
redu
ced
num
ber o
f se
nsor
s35
Impr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
sef
ficie
ncy,
cyc
lings
, sys
tem
mod
ular
izat
ion
DE
36D
emon
stra
tion
Pilo
tde
mon
stra
tion
in re
pres
enta
tive
loca
tions
, per
form
ance
eva
luat
ion
37A
lpha
test
ing
incr
ease
siz
e of
dem
onst
rato
rs to
indu
stry
requ
irem
ents
(> 5
MW
)38
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
onst
ratio
n in
repr
esen
tativ
e lo
catio
ns, b
dem
onst
ratio
n of
bus
ines
s pr
opos
ition
39de
velo
pfin
anci
ngop
tions
for
star
t-ups
,M
icro
san
dS
ME’
s(e
quity
gap,
risk
asse
ssm
ent a
ssis
tanc
e fo
r loc
al fi
nanc
ial i
nter
med
iarie
s)40
spec
ific
SME
Prom
otio
nAc
tiviti
es(F
inan
cing
ofte
chni
cally
qual
ified
proj
ects
from
SME'
s vi
a ne
w fi
nanc
ing
path
way
s an
d pa
rtner
s)41
getti
ng R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ia p
rimed
for S
pin-
off
42in
itiat
e an
d su
ppor
t Buy
ers’
Poo
ls43
fost
erin
gth
ero
leof
regi
ons,
indu
stria
lclu
ster
san
dpu
blic
-priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips
tocr
eate
the
nece
ssar
y st
ruct
ural
con
ditio
ns44
in-d
oor u
se o
f H2
and
Fuel
Cel
l Dev
ices
45
initi
atin
g th
e Eu
rope
an H
ydro
gen
& Fu
el C
ell B
usin
ess
Obs
erva
tory
(“E
HFO
”):
Spec
ialis
t veh
icle
s
By-
prod
uct H
2Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
esFr
om re
sear
ch to
mar
ket -
Dev
elop
ing
a he
alth
y Eu
rope
an s
cene
for H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ells
Build
ing
the
Mar
ket -
Stim
ulat
ing
and
Mee
ting
Ear
ly D
eman
d
Cre
atin
g P
eace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
Actio
n fo
cus
H
FP Im
plem
enta
tion
Plan
– S
tatu
s 200
6
75
ww
w.H
FPeu
rope
.org
Po
rtof
olio
of a
ctio
ns (c
ontin
ued)
Ac
tion
type
Actio
n nu
mbe
rD
etai
ls
AR
+ D
E21
Stat
e of
the
art t
echn
olog
y4
Pilo
t mon
itore
d fle
et, r
efue
lling
stra
tegi
es a
sses
smen
t ( fu
el lo
gist
ic is
sues
)AR
22Sy
stem
dev
elop
men
tG
ener
allo
wer
cos
t, im
prov
ed p
erfo
rman
ce s
tack
com
pone
nts
AR23
Dia
gnos
tic to
ols
deve
lopm
ent (
failu
re m
odes
, sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
es, s
izin
g, d
ata
anal
ysis
) &
verif
icat
ion
in re
al o
pera
ting
cond
ition
s
AR24
Sys
tem
mod
ellin
gsy
stem
mod
el d
evel
opm
ent (
sub-
com
pone
nt c
hara
cter
izat
ion,
hyb
ridiz
atio
n st
rate
gies
, fie
ld d
ata
verif
icat
ion)
AR
+ D
E
25R
educ
tion
of c
ompl
exity
BoP
sim
plifi
catio
n, s
yste
m in
tegr
atio
n, c
ompo
nent
opt
imis
atio
n, in
tegr
atio
n w
ith
fuel
sto
rage
, hyb
rid c
onfig
urat
ion,
com
pact
& re
liabl
e fu
el p
roce
ssin
g te
chno
logi
es,
redu
ced
num
ber o
f sen
sors
, sim
plifi
ed d
ispe
nsin
g &
fillin
g pr
oced
ures
)
AR26
Impr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
ssh
ock
& vi
brat
ions
(com
pone
nt &
sys
tem
)D
E27
Dem
onst
ratio
nAl
pha
test
ing
fleet
s de
mon
stra
tion
of a
lpha
sys
tem
s28
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
onst
ratio
n of
bus
ines
s pr
opos
ition
AR
+ D
E30
Stat
e of
the
art t
echn
olo g
yte
st o
f 2 s
yste
ms
( 500
kW -
1MW
siz
e)
AR31
Syst
em d
evel
opm
ent
Gen
eral
low
er c
ost,
impr
oved
per
form
ance
sta
ck c
ompo
nent
s, s
tack
dur
abilit
y, m
odel
s de
velo
pmen
t for
acc
elar
ated
life
test
, fai
lure
pre
dict
ion
32D
iagn
ostic
tool
sde
velo
pmen
t (fa
ilure
mod
es, p
reve
ntiv
e m
aint
enan
ce, s
izin
g of
sys
tem
hyb
risat
ion,
da
ta a
nal y
sis)
& v
erifi
catio
n in
real
ope
ratin
g co
nditi
ons
33S
yste
m m
odel
ling
syst
em s
imul
atio
n, s
ub-c
ompo
nent
cha
ract
eriz
atio
n, s
trate
gies
for i
ncre
asin
g s y
stem
effi
cien
cy34
Red
uctio
n of
com
plex
ityBo
P s
impl
ifica
tion,
sys
tem
inte
grat
ion,
com
pone
nt o
ptim
isat
ion,
redu
ced
num
ber o
f se
nsor
s35
Impr
ovem
ent o
f per
form
ance
sef
ficie
ncy,
cyc
lings
, sys
tem
mod
ular
izat
ion
DE
36D
emon
stra
tion
Pilo
tde
mon
stra
tion
in re
pres
enta
tive
loca
tions
, per
form
ance
eva
luat
ion
37A
lpha
test
ing
incr
ease
siz
e of
dem
onst
rato
rs to
indu
stry
requ
irem
ents
(> 5
MW
)38
Pro
duct
dev
elop
men
t & d
emo
dem
onst
ratio
n in
repr
esen
tativ
e lo
catio
ns, b
dem
onst
ratio
n of
bus
ines
s pr
opos
ition
39de
velo
pfin
anci
ngop
tions
for
star
t-ups
,M
icro
san
dS
ME’
s(e
quity
gap,
risk
asse
ssm
ent a
ssis
tanc
e fo
r loc
al fi
nanc
ial i
nter
med
iarie
s)40
spec
ific
SME
Prom
otio
nAc
tiviti
es(F
inan
cing
ofte
chni
cally
qual
ified
proj
ects
from
SME'
s vi
a ne
w fi
nanc
ing
path
way
s an
d pa
rtner
s)41
getti
ng R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ia p
rimed
for S
pin-
off
42in
itiat
e an
d su
ppor
t Buy
ers’
Poo
ls43
fost
erin
gth
ero
leof
regi
ons,
indu
stria
lclu
ster
san
dpu
blic
-priv
ate
partn
ersh
ips
tocr
eate
the
nece
ssar
y st
ruct
ural
con
ditio
ns44
in-d
oor u
se o
f H2
and
Fuel
Cel
l Dev
ices
45
initi
atin
g th
e Eu
rope
an H
ydro
gen
& Fu
el C
ell B
usin
ess
Obs
erva
tory
(“E
HFO
”):
Spec
ialis
t veh
icle
s
By-
prod
uct H
2Po
wer
Gen
erat
ion
Supp
ortin
g ac
tiviti
esFr
om re
sear
ch to
mar
ket -
Dev
elop
ing
a he
alth
y Eu
rope
an s
cene
for H
2 an
d Fu
el C
ells
Build
ing
the
Mar
ket -
Stim
ulat
ing
and
Mee
ting
Ear
ly D
eman
d
Cre
atin
g P
eace
of M
ind
- Dev
elop
ing
and
Impl
emen
tain
g H
arm
onis
ed
Get
ting
the
num
bers
righ
t - s
ocio
-eco
nom
ics
mod
ellin
g an
d to
ols
Actio
n fo
cus
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
76 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4.3 Timelines Action number 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 State of the art technology
2 System development Basic R&D3 General4 Diagnostic tools5 System modelling6 Reduction of complexity7 Reformer
Reformer8 Improvement of performances9 Demonstration Alpha testing
10 Product development & demo
11 State of the art technology
12 System development Basic R&D13 General14 Diagnostic tools15 System modelling16 Reduction of complexity17 Reformer
18 Improvement of performances19 Demonstration Alpha testing20 Product development & demo
21 State of the art technology
22 System development General23 Diagnostic tools24 System modelling25 Reduction of complexity
26 Improvement of performances27 Demonstration Alpha testing28 Product development & demo
30 State of the art technology
31 System development General32 Diagnostic tools33 System modelling34 Reduction of complexity35 Improvement of performances36 Demonstration Pilot37 Alpha testing38 Product development & demo
39404142434445
Supporting ActivitiesFrom research to market - Developing a healthy
Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early
Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Getting the numbers right - socio-economics modelling
Portable generators, Back-up power, UPS
Specialist vehicles
By-product H2 Power Generation
Action focusPortable Micro-FCs
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
76 www.HFPeurope.org
7.4.3 Timelines Action number 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 State of the art technology
2 System development Basic R&D3 General4 Diagnostic tools5 System modelling6 Reduction of complexity7 Reformer
Reformer8 Improvement of performances9 Demonstration Alpha testing
10 Product development & demo
11 State of the art technology
12 System development Basic R&D13 General14 Diagnostic tools15 System modelling16 Reduction of complexity17 Reformer
18 Improvement of performances19 Demonstration Alpha testing20 Product development & demo
21 State of the art technology
22 System development General23 Diagnostic tools24 System modelling25 Reduction of complexity
26 Improvement of performances27 Demonstration Alpha testing28 Product development & demo
30 State of the art technology
31 System development General32 Diagnostic tools33 System modelling34 Reduction of complexity35 Improvement of performances36 Demonstration Pilot37 Alpha testing38 Product development & demo
39404142434445
Supporting ActivitiesFrom research to market - Developing a healthy
Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early
Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Getting the numbers right - socio-economics modelling
Portable generators, Back-up power, UPS
Specialist vehicles
By-product H2 Power Generation
Action focusPortable Micro-FCs
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
77 www.HFPeurope.org
8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP
IP Chairs
Name Last Name Affiliation JACKOW Francois Air Liquide LOUGHHEAD John UK Energy Research Centre
IP Vice-Chairs Name Last Name Affiliation
SCHEUERER Klaus BMW STOLTEN Detlef FZJ Forschungszentrum Jülich
WG Transport Name Last Name Affiliation
ANDRITSAKIS Eleftherios Athens Urban Transport Organization (OASA)
BARDI Nicolas Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA
BONHOFF Klaus DaimlerChrysler BRAESS Holger BMW BÜNGER Ulrich Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) CALLOW Geoffrey David TEC Ltd CARILLO DE ALBORNOZ Eduardo Boeing Research and Technology COSTES Bruno PSA Peugeot Citroën EKDUNGE Per Volvo Technology Corporation GIANOLIO Giuseppe Environment Park - HYSYLAB GODULA-JOPEK Agata EADS - European Aeronautic Defence
and Space Company (CRC-G) HIEBEL Volker EADS Airbus Engineering KLINGENBERG Heinrich hySOLUTIONS GmbH KRAINZ Guenter MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG &
Co KG KRÜGER Roland Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen GmbH LAGANA Antonio Ferrovie dello Stato S.p.A. LEPPERHOFF Gerhard FEV Motorentechnik GmbH MATTIELLO Giorgio Hydrogen Park MÖLLER Emil hydrogenmaastricht.org MOLLER-HOLST Steffen SINTEF NAILIS Mark Robert Centre for Process Innovation (Fuel Cell
Application Facility) NAVAS Carlos NTDA NYHUS Eirik Det Norske Veritas AS - DNV PRENNINGER Peter AVL List GmbH QUASTHOFF Marcus MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Central
Division Advanced Development ROVERA Giuseppe CRF - Fiat Research Centre SCHULZ Philippe Renault THIESEN Lars Peter GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities VOLKMAR Dr. Henning Volkswagen AG Observers PERUJO MATEOS DEL PARQUE Adolfo EC, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment
and Sustainability
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
77 www.HFPeurope.org
8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP
IP Chairs
Name Last Name Affiliation JACKOW Francois Air Liquide LOUGHHEAD John UK Energy Research Centre
IP Vice-Chairs Name Last Name Affiliation
SCHEUERER Klaus BMW STOLTEN Detlef FZJ Forschungszentrum Jülich
WG Transport Name Last Name Affiliation
ANDRITSAKIS Eleftherios Athens Urban Transport Organization (OASA)
BARDI Nicolas Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA
BONHOFF Klaus DaimlerChrysler BRAESS Holger BMW BÜNGER Ulrich Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) CALLOW Geoffrey David TEC Ltd CARILLO DE ALBORNOZ Eduardo Boeing Research and Technology COSTES Bruno PSA Peugeot Citroën EKDUNGE Per Volvo Technology Corporation GIANOLIO Giuseppe Environment Park - HYSYLAB GODULA-JOPEK Agata EADS - European Aeronautic Defence
and Space Company (CRC-G) HIEBEL Volker EADS Airbus Engineering KLINGENBERG Heinrich hySOLUTIONS GmbH KRAINZ Guenter MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG &
Co KG KRÜGER Roland Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen GmbH LAGANA Antonio Ferrovie dello Stato S.p.A. LEPPERHOFF Gerhard FEV Motorentechnik GmbH MATTIELLO Giorgio Hydrogen Park MÖLLER Emil hydrogenmaastricht.org MOLLER-HOLST Steffen SINTEF NAILIS Mark Robert Centre for Process Innovation (Fuel Cell
Application Facility) NAVAS Carlos NTDA NYHUS Eirik Det Norske Veritas AS - DNV PRENNINGER Peter AVL List GmbH QUASTHOFF Marcus MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Central
Division Advanced Development ROVERA Giuseppe CRF - Fiat Research Centre SCHULZ Philippe Renault THIESEN Lars Peter GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities VOLKMAR Dr. Henning Volkswagen AG Observers PERUJO MATEOS DEL PARQUE Adolfo EC, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment
and Sustainability
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WG Stationary
Name Last name Affiliation BALLHAUSEN Andreas EWE Aktiengesellschaft BERG Joachim Vaillant GmbH BISCHOFF Manfred MTU CFC Solutions GmbH FLINT Bob Ceres Power Limited CASTRO África Hynergreen Technologies, S.A. (Hynergreen) FONTELL Erkko Wärtsilä Corporation GLASER Steven London Hydrogen Partnership / Energy Centre
for Sustainable Communities HOLM-LARSEN Helge Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S HOPFER Martin E.ON LEWIS Jonathan RollsRoyce Fuel Cell Systems MARCENARO Bartolomeo ANSALDO FUEL CELLS MORENO Angelo ENEA PAULMIER Philippe Axane Fuel Cell Systems RIETVELD Bert Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
(ECN) ROSENBERG Rolf VTT/Research Institute STEINBERGER-WILCKENS Robert Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) STEVENS Philippe Electricité de France
WG Portables and Early Market Applications Name Last name Affiliation AGERT Carsten Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems ISE ANTONUCCI Vincenzo CNR BROWNING Darren Defence Science and Technology
Laboratory (Dstl) DE BLAS POMBO JUAN BESEL SA DE SANCTIS Sergio SAPIO Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. DELFRATE Alessandro Nuvera DIEHL Manfred Umicore HEINZEL Angelika ZBT - Center for Fuel Cell Technology IRVINE John 1. University of St Andrews
2. St Andrews Fuel Cells Ltd3. Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association
LUNDSGAARD Joergen S. IRD Fuel Cells A/S MIDDELMAN Erik NedStack Fuel Cell Technology BV MIGUEL CRESPO Oscar CIDETEC, Centre for Electrochemical
Technologies PRIESTNALL Michael CMR Fuel Cells plc SCHULTE Stefan Masterflex AG TREZONA Patrick Fuel Cell Europe
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WG Stationary
Name Last name Affiliation BALLHAUSEN Andreas EWE Aktiengesellschaft BERG Joachim Vaillant GmbH BISCHOFF Manfred MTU CFC Solutions GmbH FLINT Bob Ceres Power Limited CASTRO África Hynergreen Technologies, S.A. (Hynergreen) FONTELL Erkko Wärtsilä Corporation GLASER Steven London Hydrogen Partnership / Energy Centre
for Sustainable Communities HOLM-LARSEN Helge Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S HOPFER Martin E.ON LEWIS Jonathan RollsRoyce Fuel Cell Systems MARCENARO Bartolomeo ANSALDO FUEL CELLS MORENO Angelo ENEA PAULMIER Philippe Axane Fuel Cell Systems RIETVELD Bert Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
(ECN) ROSENBERG Rolf VTT/Research Institute STEINBERGER-WILCKENS Robert Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) STEVENS Philippe Electricité de France
WG Portables and Early Market Applications Name Last name Affiliation AGERT Carsten Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems ISE ANTONUCCI Vincenzo CNR BROWNING Darren Defence Science and Technology
Laboratory (Dstl) DE BLAS POMBO JUAN BESEL SA DE SANCTIS Sergio SAPIO Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. DELFRATE Alessandro Nuvera DIEHL Manfred Umicore HEINZEL Angelika ZBT - Center for Fuel Cell Technology IRVINE John 1. University of St Andrews
2. St Andrews Fuel Cells Ltd3. Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association
LUNDSGAARD Joergen S. IRD Fuel Cells A/S MIDDELMAN Erik NedStack Fuel Cell Technology BV MIGUEL CRESPO Oscar CIDETEC, Centre for Electrochemical
Technologies PRIESTNALL Michael CMR Fuel Cells plc SCHULTE Stefan Masterflex AG TREZONA Patrick Fuel Cell Europe
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WG Hydrogen Supply Name Last name Affiliation CARVANI Luigi Venezia Technologies CLOUMAN Andres HYDRO DI MARIO Francesco ENEA DONATINI Franco Enel - Divisione GEM - Ricerca GUTHRIE EMMA Air Products GRUBEL Holger Vattenfall Europe HOEHLEIN Bernd LZE-NRW ITOIZ Carlos ACCIONA ENERGIA JEENINGA Harm Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
(ECN) - Unit Policy Studies LUCCHESE PAUL Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA LYMBEROPOULOS Nicolas Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) MULARD Phillippe TOTAL MULLER Thomas Gaz de France PERRIN Jérôme Air Liquide RAINE Diana Air Products (Replacement E.Guthrie) REIJERKERK Jaco Linde AG - Linde Gas Division REMOND Isabelle SHELL HYDROGEN TAMAYO MADURGA Fernando GAMESA ENERGIA TSATSAMI Vasso BP VON HELMOLT Rittmar GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities WEINMANN Oliver Vattenfall Europe (Observer)
WG Cross-cutting Issues Name Last name Affiliation ADAMSON Kerry-Ann Fuel Cell Today AHRER Werner Profactor Produktionsforschungs GmbH AZKARATE Iñaki INASMET BARON Frédéric EDF BARTEN Henk Ecofys bv CLAASSEN Pieternel Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group CORDINER Stefano University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Dep. of
Mechanical Engineering CORREAS Luis FUNDACION HIDROGENO ARAGON FERNANDES Tomas Rei Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon FISCHER Albert Planet Capital Management FJERMESTAD HAGEN Elisabeth Norsk Hydro GARCIA PENA Francisco ELCOGAS S.A. HAUGOM Gerd Petra Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV) HEINZE Erna Initiative of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
Hamburg JUNKER Michel ALPHEA HYDROGENE LAKEMAN Barry Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
(Dstl) LAZAR Roxana Elena National R&D Institute for Cryogenics and
Isotopic Technologies MAIO Patrick Hinicio MAYO Ben THE CENTRE FOR PROCESS INNOVATION MCLOUGHLIN Sean Fuel Cell Markets MEISSNER Dieter University of Applied Sciences Wels, Eco-
energy Studies MERTENS Jean-Jacques European Investment Bank NAGEL Rolf Munich Venture Capital Partners
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
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WG Hydrogen Supply Name Last name Affiliation CARVANI Luigi Venezia Technologies CLOUMAN Andres HYDRO DI MARIO Francesco ENEA DONATINI Franco Enel - Divisione GEM - Ricerca GUTHRIE EMMA Air Products GRUBEL Holger Vattenfall Europe HOEHLEIN Bernd LZE-NRW ITOIZ Carlos ACCIONA ENERGIA JEENINGA Harm Energy research Centre of the Netherlands
(ECN) - Unit Policy Studies LUCCHESE PAUL Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA LYMBEROPOULOS Nicolas Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) MULARD Phillippe TOTAL MULLER Thomas Gaz de France PERRIN Jérôme Air Liquide RAINE Diana Air Products (Replacement E.Guthrie) REIJERKERK Jaco Linde AG - Linde Gas Division REMOND Isabelle SHELL HYDROGEN TAMAYO MADURGA Fernando GAMESA ENERGIA TSATSAMI Vasso BP VON HELMOLT Rittmar GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities WEINMANN Oliver Vattenfall Europe (Observer)
WG Cross-cutting Issues Name Last name Affiliation ADAMSON Kerry-Ann Fuel Cell Today AHRER Werner Profactor Produktionsforschungs GmbH AZKARATE Iñaki INASMET BARON Frédéric EDF BARTEN Henk Ecofys bv CLAASSEN Pieternel Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group CORDINER Stefano University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Dep. of
Mechanical Engineering CORREAS Luis FUNDACION HIDROGENO ARAGON FERNANDES Tomas Rei Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon FISCHER Albert Planet Capital Management FJERMESTAD HAGEN Elisabeth Norsk Hydro GARCIA PENA Francisco ELCOGAS S.A. HAUGOM Gerd Petra Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV) HEINZE Erna Initiative of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
Hamburg JUNKER Michel ALPHEA HYDROGENE LAKEMAN Barry Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
(Dstl) LAZAR Roxana Elena National R&D Institute for Cryogenics and
Isotopic Technologies MAIO Patrick Hinicio MAYO Ben THE CENTRE FOR PROCESS INNOVATION MCLOUGHLIN Sean Fuel Cell Markets MEISSNER Dieter University of Applied Sciences Wels, Eco-
energy Studies MERTENS Jean-Jacques European Investment Bank NAGEL Rolf Munich Venture Capital Partners
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PELLISCHEK Gloria CLEPA RTD RAMESOHL Stephan Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment
Energy READ Tom Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association
(SHFCA) REIJALT Marieke Italian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association H2IT ROSA IGLESIAS Manuel Felipe INTA SIGFUSSON Thorsteinn University of Iceland STEIN Alfred Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Initiative Hessen
(Germany) TILLMETZ Werner Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und
Wasserstoffforschung (ZSW) URBANIEC Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology VAN DEN HOED Robert Ecofys bv WANCURA Herbert ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH ZAKOSTELSKY Andreas Raiffeisen KAG Corresponding Members Conte Mario ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove
Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente Selmer-Olsen Staale Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV)
OBSERVERS Name Last name Affiliation Mirror Group-observer to the IP-Coordination Group NEEF Hanns-Joachim FZJ, Jülich
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PELLISCHEK Gloria CLEPA RTD RAMESOHL Stephan Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment
Energy READ Tom Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association
(SHFCA) REIJALT Marieke Italian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association H2IT ROSA IGLESIAS Manuel Felipe INTA SIGFUSSON Thorsteinn University of Iceland STEIN Alfred Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Initiative Hessen
(Germany) TILLMETZ Werner Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und
Wasserstoffforschung (ZSW) URBANIEC Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology VAN DEN HOED Robert Ecofys bv WANCURA Herbert ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH ZAKOSTELSKY Andreas Raiffeisen KAG Corresponding Members Conte Mario ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove
Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente Selmer-Olsen Staale Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV)
OBSERVERS Name Last name Affiliation Mirror Group-observer to the IP-Coordination Group NEEF Hanns-Joachim FZJ, Jülich
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
www.HFPeurope.org
This document has been prepared by the Implementation Panel under the direction of the Advisory Council of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Platform. The views and information contained in this document reflect on the collective views of the Implementation Panel members and not on these of the individuals, or of the European Commission. Neither the HFP bodies, the European Commission nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.
European Technology Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (HFP)
For more information, please contact the HFP Secretariat:
Telephone: +32 27 749652 E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.HFPeurope.org
HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006
www.HFPeurope.org
This document has been prepared by the Implementation Panel under the direction of the Advisory Council of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Platform. The views and information contained in this document reflect on the collective views of the Implementation Panel members and not on these of the individuals, or of the European Commission. Neither the HFP bodies, the European Commission nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.
European Technology Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (HFP)
For more information, please contact the HFP Secretariat:
Telephone: +32 27 749652 E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.HFPeurope.org