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8/17/2019 European History Summary of the Princeton
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Renaissance
Georgio Vasari (16th century)
o Painter, architect, and writer
o Used Italian word for “rebirth” to describe the Renaissance
Renaissanceo Time in which significant contributions were made to Western civilization,
with particular gains in literature, art, philosophy, and political and
historical thought
o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for their
achievements, opposed to the medieval ideal of all glory going to God
Printing Press
o !llowed cultural trends to spread to other parts of "urope, which resulted
in the creation of the #orthern Renaissance movement
o #umerous individuals became literate
o $reated by %ohannes Gutenberg
Rise o Italian !ity "tates and #omination
o &ain Italian cities were $lorence% Venice% &ilan% 'ales% and Rome
o Wealthy merchants dominated political, economic, and artistic life and
formed oligarchies that dominated the independent states
o Italy's central location in the &editerranean (ea created lin)s between the
"ast Gree) colonies and Western *atin culture Rediscovery of ancient
Gree) and Roman te+t was accredited to Italian traders that traveled bysea
o &anufacturing guilds such as clothiers and metal wor)ers formed
o (ocial ierarchy
- &anufacturing guilds. /an)ers, administrators, and merchants
0 ()illed laborers 1e+ (tone masons2
Renaissance "irit
o &edieval mindset
/elieved God had created the world to prepare humans for
salvation or eternal damnation
uman lives were e3ually insignificant 4 Individual had no
importance
&edieval artists did not win fame as individuals and architects,
glassma)ers, and sculptors who decorated "urope wor)ed for theglory o God, not personal glory
o #ew celebration of individual
Unli)e feudal nobles, Italian merchants did not inherit their social
ran) and success depended mostly on s)ill5merit Prosperous merchants too ride in their achievements and
began portrait painting and autobiographies to illustrate the
interest in individual ersonality and ame*
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Wealthy patrons wanted their portraits recorded for roserity
Renaissance individualism stressed the importance of ersonality%
the develoment o uni+ue talents% and the ursuit o ame and
glory 6isplaying these demonstrated the trait of virtu
Pico de &irandola demonstrated the celebration of humans in
Oration on the Dignity of Man $rancesco Petrarch
o $ather o ,umanism
o (ought classical te+ts that were un)nown in the &iddle !ges
o Read letters of !icero7 an important philosopher and politician whose
writings provide an account of the collapse of the Roman Republic
o #idn-t re.ect !hristianity but argued for the universality of the ideas of
the classical age
o !ivic ,umanism: 8oung 9lorentines that viewed $icero's involvement in
political causes as :ustification to use their own classical education for
public good
• !astiglione
o Wrote The Courtier : a person who )new several languages, was familiar
with classical literature, and was s)illed in the arts 4 l’uomo universale.
o Women e+pected to be well educated and charming
• /oren0o Valla
o Wor)ed in ;atican libraries and realized that languages tell a history of
their own and proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery
• !hristine de Pisan $irst $eminist
o Wrote The City of Ladies to counter the popular argument that women
were inferior to men and incapable of moral choices Wrote women have
to carve out their own space or move to a
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o (culpture David was commissioned in 9lorence as propaganda to inspire
citizens against &ilan 6avid's pose recalls Greece and Rome
o 4as commissioned by 5ulius II
o 4ors include:
(istine $hapel Piet>
The *ast %udgment
Rahael (,igh Renaissance)
o $reated The School of Athens
6epicts a gathering of philosophers from various eras and created
movement in a 0?6 space Plato and !ristotle dominate the center
#emonstrates the Renaissance ideals o order% unity% and
symmetry*
Isabella #-steo Renaissance woman
o !rt patron which became the most socially acceptable role for a well?
educated Renaissance woman
/oren0o de &edici (/oren0o the &agniicent)
o Patron of the arts
o $osimo d'&edici assembled 9lorentine Platonic !cademy, which merged
platonic philosophy with $hristianity to create 'eo3Platonism*o $ommissioned /eonardo da Vinci
'orthern Renaissance
o While Italian humanists were $hristian, they thought less of religious
3uestions
o #ortherners sought ways to deepen their $hristian beliefs and was more of
a religious movement
o !hristian ,umanists: Wanted to combine classical ideals of calmness
and stoical patience with the $hristian virtues of piety, humility, and love
#esiderius rasmus ('orthern ,umanist) Prince o ,umanists
o Produced Gree) and *atin editions of the #ew Testament
o Wrote In Praise of Folly 4 a witty satire that po)ed fun at greedy
merchants, pompous priests, and 3uarrelsome scholarso !ritici0ed the hyocrisy o church leaders including Poe 5ulius II*
o Wrote in vernacular 4 native languageo Handoo! of the Christian "ni#ht 4 emphasized the idea of inner faith as
opposed to the outer forms of worship, such as parta)ing in sacraments
o Translated the #ew testament into *atin
o Wanted to reform the church 4 6id not agree with *uther
7homas &ore
o *ord chancellor under enry ;III
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o Wrote $to%ia 4 a novel describing an imaginary society, which featured
religious toleration, a humanist education for both men and women, and
communal ownership of property
o "+ecuted by enry because he didn't recognize him as the ead of the
$hurch of "ngland
Protestant Reormation
• The printing press was able to mass?produce /ibles, which made it easier for
people to interpret the /ible themselves rather than the $hurch
• Problems $acing the !hurch
- 8lac #eath created the idea of anticlericalism 4 a measure of
disrespect toward the clergy, stemming from their poor
performance during the crisisa !haucer-s The Canterury Tales and 8occaccio-s The
Decameron reveal some of the satirical edge with whichliterate society now greeted clergymen
b Pietism: #otion of direct relationship between the
individual and God, therefore reducing the power of the$hurch
c Great "chism: 0 popes e+communicating each other
. "imony: the selling of church offices
0 Peasant riests didn't )now much *atin@ 'eotism: passing of power positions to family
• 5ohn 4yclieo Auestioned the wealth of the church, teachings of penance,
transubstantiation, and selling of indulgences
o 9ollowers were )nown as /ollards
o Urged followers to read and interpret /ibles for themselves
o Translated /ible to "nglish
• 5an ,us
o $alled before the !ouncil o !onstance by Pope &artin ; and was burnt
as a heretic and burnt at the sta)e
• &artin /uther (19; 1
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Peace of !ugsburg ended the civil war and gave the right to
German princes the right of
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supremacy of the /ible and reaffirmed $atholic teachings and
(cripture Re:ected *uther's . sacraments and reaffirmed E
sacramentsReormed !hurch =buses: Indulgences should no longer be sold
in e+change for financial contributions (imony is forbidden The
council instructed bishops to live in the dioceses they servedReasserted 7raditional Practices: $ouncil reaffirmed the
veneration of relics and images as valid e+pressions of $hristian
piety It confirmed ;ulgate as the authoritative $atholic edition ofthe /ible It decreed that *atin continue to be the language of
worship Resisted /imiting Paal =uthority: The council ruled that no act
of a council could be valid unless accepted by the oly (ee It
preserved the papacy as the center of catholic unity
o 7he 5esuits
Ignatius /oyola was a (panish soldier who e+perienced a
religious conversion and resolved to become a soldier of $hrist anddedicate his life to fighting for the Pope and $atholic $hurch
Wrote The S%iritual )*ercises 4 detailing a system of disciplined
meditation, prayer, and study"ociety o 5esus:
*ed by *oyola, the %esuits were a spiritual army that
emphasized iron discipline and absolute obedience =ctivities o the 5esuits:
!atholic ducation: %esuits founded hundreds of schools
for middle and upper class boys Prominent as confessors
and advisors to royal families
&issionary Cor: Cey role in preaching $hristianity in the
!mericas and !sia
!ombating Protestantism: (pearheaded the revival of
$atholicism in /avaria, the southern #etherlands, and
Polando 8aro+ue =rt
Purose:
• Painters, sculptors, and architects tried to spea) to the
faithful by creating dramatic wor)s of art that involvedworshippers
!haracteristics:• 6ramatic use of light and dar) 4 Tenebrism
• 6ramatic moments
• "veryday people who aren't idolized
• "+ Gentileschi 4 Judith Slaying Holofernes
Bloration
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• Portugal
o Prince ,enry the 'avigator:
Frganized voyages along the west coast of !frica and established
trading posts along the west coast of !frica, which thrived in the
business of gold and slaveso 8artholomeC #ia0:
(ailed around $ape of Good ope at the tip of !frica
o Vasco de Gama:
Reached the coast of India and returned to Portugal with cargo of
pepper and cinnamon
• "ain
o !hristoher !olumbus:
6iscovered $aribbean islands and propelled (pain to the front of
"uropean e+ploration
o ,ernando !ortes:
$on3uered !ztec empire in &e+ico
o $rancisco Pi00aro:
$on3uered Inca empire
o The (panish set out to establish haciendas or plantations to e+ploit
agricultural and mineral riches of the land
o ncomienda "ystem: Indigenous people forced to wor) under a system
of forced labor
#eveloment o &onarchial "tates
• !haracteristics o 'eC 'ation "tates:
- GroCing 8ureaucrati0ationa (alaried officials began to depend on the monarchy for
their livelihood In 9rance, the Intendant system was
established which employed individuals to collect ta+es on
behalf of the monarch. Bistence o a Permanent &onarchy
a "ngland did not establish a permanent army until
parliament was in full control, but other countries saw therising cost of warfare and invested in horsemen and
gunpowder0 GroCing 'eed to 7aB
a &onarchs needed to ta+ to pay for their permanent armies
although this was becoming impossible due to the Price
Revolution and the increased cost of managing acentralized state
Italy
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• 7reaty o /odi: $reated an alliance between &ilan and #aples and
included the support of 9lorence
• /udovico il &oro: /ecame a despot for &ilan and initiated hostilities
within #aples and the @ years later invited 9rance to Italy to satisfy their
long?lasting claims to #apleso !harles VIII arrived to Italy after "avonarola :ust led the
9lorentine population in a rebellion against the &edici amily andestablished a puritanical state
o This religious and political transformation of the city mar)ed the
end of 9lorence's leading role in the Renaissance
o The &edici family eventually burned (avonarola with the help of
the papacy
• The collapse of the Italian independence was the historical conte+t The
Prince was written in
ngland
• 7udors
o 4ar o the Roses: (eries of civil wars to determine which aristocratic
faction, 8or) or *ancaster, would dominate the monarchy
The *ancastrian family, ,enry 7udor (,enry VII), won
central authority
o ,enry VIII came into control ne+t and separated from the $atholic
$hurch
o Dueen li0abeth7
"ducated in Italian humanist program of classical settings
Virgin Dueen: was the title she was given because she didn't
regard marriage as compatible with her title
o !atholic &ary "tuart was the ruler of (cotland and an heir to the
"nglish throne
o 7reaty o 8erCic: "lizabeth enters into an alliance with (cotland,
recognizes %ames as an heir to the "nglish throne
"ain
&arriage o Isabella and $erdinand was the final stage of (econ+uista,
when the armies con3uered the last independent Islamic outpost in (paino Isabella and 9erdinand begand to demand religious uniformity in their
lands and formally e+pel the %ews
o %ews and &oors that converted so they could remain were hounded by
the "anish In+uisition 4 an effective method that the (panish
monarchy used to remove suspected Protestants
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!harles V gave the eastern, protestant apsburg lands that included !ustria,
/ohemia, and ungary to 9erdinand, while his son Phili, received the more
valuable territories of (pain and its holdings in the #ew World
8attle o /eanto (1
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!chieved its goal of wea)ening the apsburgs and )eeping the
R" wea) and divided
merged as the strongest oCer in uroe*
$rance
• $rench 4ars o Religion (1
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o !lso, abolished internal tariffs and created $ive Great $arms large,
custom free regions
o *ouis was able to control trading posts in India, slave?trading centers on
the west coast of !frica, and several islands of the $aribbean
o 7he $rench ast India !omany was organized by $olbert to compete
with the 6utch, which succeed for a small amount of time *ouis BI; revoed the dict o 'antes (“>ne ing% one laC% one aith”) in an
act to create religious unity within 9rance and began to demolish uguenot
churches and schools and too) their civil rights dict o $ontainebleau
o The flee of uguenots from 9rance to other countries, aided the .
countries at war with them
nglish Revolution
• 5ames VI o "cotland 4 inherited the throne once "lizabeth died childless and
was ill suited for the :ob and became 5ames I o ngland ("tuart)*
• ngland-s tCo house system7
o ,ouse o !ommons and ,ouse o /ords
Which %ames ;I summoned to raise additional revenue
• %ames ;I was eventually removed because of being an accused closet $atholic
which didn't satisfy the Puritans 1"nglish $alvinists2
•
!harles I ("tuart) received the throne and believed that the !nglican $hurch provided the greatest stability
o =rminius was a 6utch theologian of the early -Eth century who argued in
favor of free will as opposed to predestination
o 4illiam /aud =rchbisho o !anterbury
o Implemented 7onnage and Poundage: fi+ed ta+ on imported wine
o $ontinually as)ed for money from Parliament and the members who did
not agree were thrown in :ail
$aused the signing of the Petition o Rights 4 provisions included
that a )ing could not demand a loan without the consent of
Parliament and Parliament must be called freely Prohibited
imprisonment of individuals without cause and the housing ofsoldiers in homes without the owner's permission Futlawed
martial law
o $harles I didn't call Parliament for many years because of their demands7
!nyone suspected of propery 1practicing $atholicism2 would be a
capital enemy of the state
!ny of the Cing's advisors that recommend raising money without
Parliament would be capital enemies
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!nyone who continues to pay tonnage and poundage would betray
the
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=ct o Jnion (1??): political reunification of (cotland and
"ngland forming Great /ritain
7he 'etherlands
6ue to the geographical location and large marine fleet, the #etherlands becamethe center for trade
o Provided a connecting between raw material producers and the rest of
"urope through the /altic (ea
8an o =msterdam: issued its own currency and increased the amount of
available capital, while also ma)ing it the center for ban)ing in "urope
#utch ast India !omany: gave rise to .oint3stoc companies and allowed
profits to be shared among individuals
#utch Golden =ge
o igh standard of living and had a tolerant attitudes to %ews and
!nabaptists
,ouse o >range: eld e+ecutive power and held the title of stadholder , an
office with primarily military function
5an Vermeer: composed scenes of everyday life
Rembrandt: influenced by high /aro3ue such as The Night Watch
vents /eading to the "cientiic Revolution and the "cientiic Revolution
- 6iscovery of the #ew World
a (par)ed interest in navigation and astronomy. Invention of the Printing Press
0 Rivalry of #ation?(tatesa Placed increasing importance on technology@ Reformation
Renaissance umanism
a umanist interest e+tended to classical scientific te+ts
• "cholasticism: (ynthesis of $hristian theology with scientific beliefs of the
ancient authors
o =+uinas too) the words of !ristotle and combined them with the church
• Ptolemy: The geometric or Ptolemaic placed the "arth at the center of the
universe
• !oernican Revolution:
o Wrote Concernin# the (evolutions of the Celestial S%hereso (uggested heliocentric theory where the sun is the center of the universe
• Galileo:
o Wrote Dialo#ues on the To Chief System of the /orld
o 6esigned his own telescope to view the planets and stars
• "ir Isaac 'eCton
o Wrote Princi%ia
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o Proposed the laws of gravity, showed white light was a mi+ture of colors,
and the father of calculus
$rancis 8acon• The Advancement of earning 1-JH2
• Novum Organum 1-J.H2
• Ne! Atlantis 1-J.E2
• e believed that evidence from nature is more reliable than tradition
• Inductive reasoning a)a empiricism 1specific general2
Rene #escartes
• Discourse on Method 1-JE027 reduced nature into &I#6 and &!TT"R
• e believed that the past was so suffocating that all must be doubted 1similar to
/acon2
•
6eductive reasoning a)a Rationalism 1general
specific2
/oth inductive and deductive reasoning proved to be complementary parts of a
systematic and logical way of see)ing the truth7 scientific method
8laise Pascal
• e wanted to balance the dogmatic thin)ing of %esuits with religious
s)eptics
• is life's attempt to find this balance is )nown as Pascal's Wager
7homas ,obbes
• eviathan
o Futlined that life without government D nasty, brutish, and short
o !ll men were born wic)ed and selfish
• e believed in the necessity of absolutism
5ohn /oce
• T!o Treatises on "overnment
• #ssay on Human $nderstanding % at birth, mind is ta&ula rasa D blan)
slate
• e believed that man is born free in nature
• When men enter a social contract with the state, he doesn't give up rights
1life, liberty, and property2
• #o slavery
• Women D men
Immanuel @ant
• 'ritique of (ure )eason 1-EK-2 4 argued against the idea that all
)nowledge was empirical
• e thought the "nlightenment was that it was necessary for individuals to
cast off those ideas of the past that had been accepted simply because of
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tradition5intellectual laziness and instead use one's reason to probe for
answers to 3uestions on the nature of man)ind
• The ultimate reward was freedomL
%hiloso%hes D "nlightened 9rench thin)ers 1not :ust 9rench, but mostly2o &a:ority of their discussion groups were at salons organized by wealthy
women
o Together, they formed the
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o $rederic II (the Great) 1Prussia2
"stablished intellectual centers
!bolished serfdom 1e+cept serfs living on private 1%un)er's2
estates2 "nded capital punishment and limited the use of corporal
punishment on serfs!hronological >rder o Prussian Rulers
6evastated after Thirty 8ears war
Gained some territory due to Peace of Westphalia
Relatively poor agricultural land and labor shortages led to serfdom
o Prussian nobility, a)a %un)ers, ensured control over serfs
$rederic 4illiam aa Great lector
o &ade agreement with %un)ers so he could have enough money to build an
army7 %un)ers provide him with revenue and he will agree to their control
over the serfso e left his son 9rederic) III 1Cing 9rederic) I2 an e+cellent army
$rederic II aa the Great
o Refer to enlightened despots section O
&aria 7heresa
o Pushed a series of reforms that removed some hardships that were placed
on the serfs
5oseh II (&aria 7heresa-s son)
o see enlightened despots section for details O
/eoold II (5oseh II-s brother)
o /ac)ed away from %oseph's enlightened policies in order to put an end to
a series of aristocratic and peasant revolts
4ar o the =ustrian "uccession (1?9 1?9)
• /egan with R" $harles ;I because he lac)ed a male heir
• Pushed other "uropean states to accept the Pragmatic "anction, which allowed a
female to succeed to the throne of !ustria and control assorted absburg lands
• 6ied without son, so his daughter &aria Theresa came to throne
• 9rance and Prussia had
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This conflict became a general "uropean war between !ustria, Russia, (weden,
6enmar), and Great /ritain 1feared 9rench e+pansion in !ustrian #etherlands2 vsPrussia, 9rance, and (pain In the end7
7reaty o =iB3la3!haelle
• !ustrian throne was safe and reserved for the apsburgs
#ilomatic Revolution• &aria wor)ed out an alliance with 9rance 1only if 9rance
got !ustrian #etherlands2 6espite their recent hostile
relationship, 9rance was increasingly wary of the growing
of Prussian power (weden and Russia also :oined thisalliance
• Great /ritain had bro)en away from !ustria and became
allies with Prussia /ritain did not contribute to war as
much but rather aided Prussia financially Their main focuswas winning the 9rench and Indian War 19rench colonies in
India and $anada were confiscated2
The 6iplomatic Revolution led to the "even Eears 4ar, which started when
9rederic) attac)ed in order to put down his enemies 3uic)ly before they had a
plan to defeat Prussia This I#ITI!**8 paid off 1defeated 9rench !#6 !ustrianarmy2 but it bac)fired when the Russian army arrived and too) /erlin 1RIP2 Peter
III of Russia showed mercy and did not completely destroy Prussia
• (o 9rederic) was the winner of "urope, and /ritain was the winner of the 9rench
and Indian WarRussia
Ivan the 7errible
o When he died Russia entered the
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• Then the pope died and was replaced by Pope /enedict BI; in -E@H
$harles III too) this opportunity to put forth his belief7 $hurch should
have #F authority in his )ingdom
• &ade agreement with new pope to ta+ church officials and hold them
e3ual under law
Poland• !lways vulnerable to attac)s because no natural borders
• 9IR(T partition 1-EE.27
o Russia, Prussia, !ustria forced Poland to give up 0H of
territoryQRIP
o Poland 3uic)ly made the Polish?*ithuanian parliament and
produced "urope's first written constitution #ever fully
implemented
• ("$F#6 partition 1-EN027
o Russia and Prussia wanted to remove constitution
o &ore land lostQRIP RIP
o Polish revolt of -EN@ under Coscuisz)oQwas ta)en prisoner
• TIR6 partition 1-EN27
o Poland was wiped off the mapQRIP RIP RIP
o Fnly be revived after WWI
$rance
• Papal decree attac)ed the %ansenists, a $atholic sect that help beliefs on
predestination that were similar to $alvinism
• (arlements 4 law courts primarily made up of nobles who had the
prerogative right of registering royal edicts before they could be enforced
• /ouis V wanted to support the decree but was bloc)ed by the parlement0
• 6uring *ouis B;'s reign, there were financial troubles because of the
(even 8ears War $ouldn't reform because parlement was in the way
again
• In frustration, he abolished them, but *ouis B;I brought them bac) to win
the favor of the nobility
7, $R'!, RV>/J7I>'
- -EKN 4 !ncien Regime
. $onstitutional &onarchy
0 Girondins
@ %acobins 6irectory
J $onsulate
E #apoleonic "mpire
8eore
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• *ouis B;I D )ind but stupid
• !lso had a vv problematic wife, &arie !ntoinette
• !gain, financial issues due to war
• /ac) in the -Eth $, the nobility had been granted freedom from most ta+ation
*ouis B;I now had to convince them to give that up
states General• 9irst "state7 clergy
• (econd "state7 nobles
• Third "state7 everyone else
!bbe (ieyes wrote a famous pamphlet defending the Third "state and how it
should get more credit
• $ahiers D grievances 1to the Cing2
7ennis !ourt >ath in 1?H
• 9irst and second estates assumed that each estate would receive one vote, ma)ing
the third estate always lose• Third estate wanted a meeting where all three estates met together
• Cing refused, and so they promised to continue to meet until the constitution of
the )ingdom is established and consolidated upon solid foundations
8GI''I'G >$ $R'!, RV>/J7I>'
"torming o the 8astille
• People thought that the Cing didn't care about them and that he was
organizing troops to reestablish royal absolutism, so they panic)ed and
gathered weapons to defend themselves from the royal troops
• KH,HHH people demanded the surrender of the /astille fortress so they
could confiscate the arms they thought were inside Their anger was fueled
by the price inflation of bread
• The mob freed prisoners and stole the /astille's gunpowder and weapons
• *ouis made the $ommune of Paris and created a #ational Guard under
*afayette
Great $ear
• &ore nasty rumors heavy ta+ation poor harvests D fearful peasantry
• This panic was called the Great 9ear
• The peasants thought the nobility were using the increasingly anarchicalsituation to steal from the peasants
• Thus, the peasants attac)ed some of the noble estates and burned
documents that verified some of their old manorial obligations
• In !ugust @, -EKN, #ational !ssembly realized the only way to stop this
madness was to renounce their feudal rights Peasants D free
• In Fctober -EKN, women's bread march
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!onstitutional &onarchy
• /aayette K 5eerson D Declaration of the )ights of Man and 'iti+en
o This declared that all men were lyme de Gouges D The )ights of Womeno Women should have rights as well, li)e to be educated, to control their
own property, and to initiate divorce
o Was successful and women gained some rights, but later they were ta)en
away during the 6irectory and #apoleon's reign
o Women did #FT gain right to vote or hold political office, however
RIP L the !hurch
o $onfiscated $hurch's property
o $onstitutional static of $atholic $hurch needed to be altered
o Cing signed the $ivil $onstitution of the $hurch, made the $hurch a
department of the stateo $lergy D civil servants paid by state, clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty
to 9rench state
o Pope Pius ;I was li)e /8" and denounced the $ivil $onstitution !#6
the Declaration of the )ights of Man and 'iti+en
nd o &onarchy
Girondins
• Wanted 9rance to go to war so that it could discredit
the monarchy and diffuse revolutionary ideas
elsewhere
5acobins
• Wanted to overthrow monarchy and create arepublic
• &arat, 6anton, Robespierre
• Gained support of sans1culottes because they were
not antagonistic towards lower classes
San0culottes 4 laboring poor of Paris because men wore trousers instead of )nee breeches
of the aristocracy and middle class
#ue o 8runsCic promised to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed/ouis VI was guillotined in -EN0
7he Reign o 7error (1?H;)
• Inspired by the counter?revolutionary revolt that
began in &arc in a western region of 9rance )nownas the ;endee
• *ed by Robespierre, $ommittee of Public (afety
e+ercised dictatorial power
o "+ecuted the 3ueen, his rivals, and
thousands of other
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o $harlotte $orday 1Girondin sympathizer2
)illed &arat 1hero of sans1culottes2
• *azare $arnot 4 drafted entire population for
military service 2levee en masse3
o !rmy D successful because they were
actually motivated as opposed to the welltrained but unmotivated !ustrians and
Prussians
o 6efeated 9rist $oalition
7hermidorian Reaction
o Revolt against Robespierre becauseQ
o Robespierre continued to pursue his dream
of creating a Republic of ;irtue
o The #ational $onvention feared for their
lives and :ust wanted peace, so they
e+ecuted Robespierre
o is death D end of radical phase of 9rench
Revolution7he #irectory (1?H< 1?HH)
• Thermidorians abolished $ommittee of Public (afety
• #ew constitution D . house legislature7 $ouncil of the !ncients and
$ouncil of 9ive undred
• 6irectory consisted on rich bourgeoisie, so it was corrupt and unpopular
• Public discontent continued to rise and the 6irectory failed to deal with
inflation, food shortages, and corruption
• 9I#!**8, #apoleon /onaparte overthrew the 6irectory and seized
power'aoleon
$irst !onsul M held all power and made all decisionsM defeated (econd
$oalition
Popularity rose
!oncordat o 11 4 $atholicism was the religion of the great ma:ority of
the 9rench 1still tolerant to others though2 Pope Pius ;II was happy and
recognized the 9rench government
'aoleonic !ode 1-KH@2 4 guaranteed e3uality before the law, freedom of
religion, abolition of privilege, and protection of property rights
o Increased authority of husbands within family Women couldn't
buy5sell property without consent of male
• $ensored press and suppressed all political opposition 1loss of liberty for
people2
• -KH@ 4 made himself emperor
=s emerorN
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• 9rance was at peace with /ritain because Treaty of !miens, but still wanted to
limit their influence
• Third $oalition D !ustria Prussia /ritain
• 6efeated !ustria at /attle of !usterlitz
• !bolished R" and created $onfederacy of the Rhine
• Prussians had previously was at peace with 9rance, but when they saw their
e+pansion and control over German territories, they :oined the Third $oalition
• In response, #apoleon defeated Prussians at /attle of %ena
• "stablished !ontinental "ystem in an attempt to ban /ritish goods from arriving
on the continent
#eeat o 'aoleon
Reasons: peninsula war in (pain, growing nationalism in 9rench occupied
"urope, and the -K-. invasion of Russia
"P=I'
o !s 9rench were on their way to defeat Portugal, they had to pass through
(pain 1ally of /ritain2#apoleon decided to occupy (pain as wello (pain rose to e+pel the 9rench, and #apoleon was forced to leave 0H,HHH
troops behind
o (panish used guerilla warfare
GR>4I'G '=7I>'=/I"&
o German states really wanted to unify
o In Prussia, /aron von (tein and $ount con ardenberg helped bring
reforms li)e ending %un)er monopoly and abolishing serfdom
RJ""I=' I'V=7I>' I' 11A
o #apoleon was warned not to constantly see) new lands to con3uer, but he
did
o Wanted to defeat Russia
o e too) his
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• Poland did #FT become independent and its territories were given to
Russia
• 6id #FT want 9rance to ever dominate "urope again
• 9rance was allowed to hold onto all territorial gains made prior to
-EN.
• They also created a series of states that would serve as a barrier tofuture 9rench e+pansion
• Cingdom of #etherlands was created 16utch !ustrian #etherlands2
• Prussia got Rhine River Territory
• Piedmont got Genoa
!onservatism
• "dmund /ur)e 4 )eflections on the )evolution in 4rance
o Tradition was the only trustworthy guide to social5political action
o Fpposed innovation and reform 1loo) at what happened during the 9renchRevolutionQ it was chaos2
• &aistre's 4 #ssay on the "eneral (rinciple of (olitical 'onstitutions
o $hurch D foundation of society because all political authority stemmed
from God'ationalism
• Grimm brothers recorded old German fold tales to reveal traditional
German national spirit
/iberalism
• Tas) of government was to promote individual's natural rights
• *oc)e and (mith D fathers
• 6avid Ricardo 4
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Psychological (ocialism 4 $harles 9ourier 1created
blueprint for smaller and more sufficient communities2
Industrial (ocialism 4 Robert Fwen
o /uilt #ew *anar) and #ew armony 1industrial
communities Wor)ers housed nicely, children got
educationOReormO
$rance
• %uly Frdinances 4 roo) away right to vote from upper bourgeoisieM rigid
censorship
• %uly Revolution 1-K0H2 4 spar)ed revolutions around "uropeM overthrow $harles
B, shifted from one monarchy to anotherM ended with crowning of *ouis Philippe
• %uly &onarchy ? came to e+istence when *ouis Philippe was crowned
"ain
• Cing 9erdinand ;II restored F#*8 if he could honor the constitution drawn by
$ortes 1(panish parliament2 e said ofc
• e immediately dissolved $ortes and he began a rebellion and sent armies down
to (outh !merica to put down rebellions against the (panish
Italy
• Cing 9erdinand of #aples promised to rule as constitutional monarchy, but
life
• (ecret nationalistic societies li)e the $arbonari formed to oppose the
monarch and they revolted
• &etternich wanted to stop revolt and called !ustria, Prussia and Russia
$reated the Troppau Protocol7 "uropean powers had right to intervene inrevolutionary situations
Greece• /ritain, 9rance, Russia helped the Gree)s and Russians attac)ed Fttomans
•
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• Poor *aw of -K0@ 4 forced the destitute to enter into wor)houses where
conditions were purposefully miserable to discourage people from see)ing
assistance
• 9actory !ct of -K00 4 reduced number of hours children could wor) in factorsM
established ade3uate wor)ing conditions
• $orn *aws 4 imposed high tariffs on imported grain to support domestic growersGR=7 R$>R& 8I//":
• -K0. 4 allowed more men to vote and too) problems away from small districts
• -KJE 4 e+tended to suffrage to most of /ritain's wor)ers
• -KK@ 4 granted voting rights to men in different social classes and primary
education for everyone
Revolutions o 19
• $aused by urban wor)ers see)ing improved conditions
• Irish potato famine
$rance
•*ouis Philippe of 9rance's chief minister Guizot believed that everyone whoresented their lac) of political rights should :ust get rich
o &ore censorship
o /anned political meetings
• e was forced fled to "ngland due to all the revoltsM he forced resignation of
Guizot
• *ouis /lanc and his supporters set up national wor)shops to prove :obs for
unemployed
• %une 6ays D termination of wor)shopsM violent struggle in streets of Paris
German "tates
• 9ran)furt Parliament 4 Tried to unite Germany during -K@K revolutions and
failed
!hartism 4 belief that problems of wor)ing class could be corrected by changes in
political organization of countryPeole-s !harter o 1;
- Universal male suffrage
. (ecret ballot0 !bolitions of property re3uirements for members of Parliament
@ Payment to members of Parliament
"3ual electoral districts
J !nnual parliaments with yearly elections
In the end, only five of the si+ acts of the $harter were established parts of the
/ritish $onstitution 1annual parliaments didn't pass2
Great /ritain $hartist &ovement7
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• -K@K was a pea) year of !hartism 3 belief that probs of wor)ing class could be
fi+ed by changes in the political organization of the country The People's
$harter of -K0K was proposed to be debated at the house of commons in -K@K,includes universal adult?male suffrage, anon ballots, and more support for e3ual
representation in prlmnt This stemmed from the belief that the current prlmnt
wasn't meeting their needs sufficiently• Tensions were very high during -K@K and there was fear of a revolution by the
chartists The charter eventually passed and in the early .Hth century, most of the
clauses were added to the /ritish $onstitution
Industrial Revolution7
• (aid to begin in -EJH when people started developing factory and localizing labor
This ended things li)e domestic labor and the cottage industry The real industrial
revolution occurred in the -KHHs as a whole Great /ritain was leading the way inindustrialization
o 9actors contributing to Industrial Rev7
!fter the Glorious Revolution of -JKK, a time of great stability was
ushered in $omparatively much more religious toleration 1e+ception7
#etherlands2 "+panding population due to improved diet5hygiene This also
created more1especially low?wage2 laborers and more consumers,
simply amping up the economy "econd =gricultural Revolution o 1th !7 $rop Rotation,
"nclosures 1privatized and economized farming2, and (elective
breeding all began *ow countries also led the way in this withthings li)e di)es, advanced draining techni3ues, varied crops, and
e+tensive use of manure
There was also an incentive in the *ow $ountries because therewas a high population density, so more people needed to be
provided for There were also more educated people bc in the -Eth
$, the golden age for them started and they had the ban)ing 5commerce industry, shipbuilding industry, and maritime trade
In Great /ritain7 %ethro Tull created the seed drill to efficacies
agriculture, devices li)e flying shuttle and spinning :enny1cloth
and thread production respectively2 sped up labor, transortation
was great bc rivers were everywhere and an e+tensive road systemwas built, and there was abundant coal and iron %ames Watt
invented the steam engine allowing factories to be built away from
rivers 1earlier they would use water power2 #ote all this prosperity came with the price of slavery and
colonization, with reliance on cotton imports, a ma:or material in
this time period "econd Industrial Revolution: $aused by the vast capabilities of
steam and iron /egun with the advent of railroads, whichincreased production, speed, efficiency, and therefore capital gains
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/essemer's Process for creating steel, (iemens' method of ma)ing
steel, "dison's incandescent lamp, electrical power stations, lightafter dar), electric tramways, more opera houses and theaters
7ransortation: "urope's Rail networ) grew, in -KJN, 9rench
built (uez $anal 1G/ too) it in -KE2, (teamships, ice?ma)ing
machines were used to transport perishables many places,increasing trade, /enz invented internal combustion engine powered by Gasoline, Wright brothers invent flight
$ommunication and "ducation7 G/ established national postal
system, universal public education systems developed, -K@@ first
telegraph line was completed, -KEJ /ell invented the telephone
&otion pictures first shown in -KNHs (cientific7 (ynthetic dyes, the #obel prize, T#T, &endeleev
developed periodic table, Planc) created 3uantum physics, 9reud's
Psychoanalysis, &orton began use of !nesthesia, *ouis Pasteurdiscovered microbes, and washing was discovered to prevent
disease $harle's 6arwin's
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• "ocialism and &arB: &ar+ and "ngels wrote the $ommunist &anifesto, which
stated that all struggles of man are caused by class and capitalism In 6as Capital,
&ar+ wrote about the abuses of capitalism towards the proletariat Will add st simon and 9ourier later, also will tal) about
international, &ar+'s socialist organization which dissolved in .
yrso (ocial $lasses7
*ater, since the 9rench revolution created a concept of meritocracy,
birth privileges were eliminated there In G/, noble families whose wealth was based on large amounts of
land declined since refrigerated goods 1agricultural products2 came
much cheaper from !merica, !rgentina, and !ustralia 6uring this time, the middle class was e+tremely prosperous and
lived in lu+ury The ;ictorian period resulted in the end of things li)e animal fights
due t the prudish morality, but also a lessening of opportunities for
women regarding wor) and education The end of the ;ictorian period brought more feminist changes in G/, 9rance, and U(
$rimean War 1-K@?-KJ2 G/, 9rance, Fttoman "mpire, (ardinia ; !ustria, Russia
• $aused by controversy over which nation would inherit the holy lands of Fttoman
"mpire !lso caused by Great /ritain's fear over the balance of power tipping inRussia's favor
• Fttoman's lost a naval battle against Russia after declaring war on Russia 1id)
why yet2
• Then 9rance and Great /ritain declared war on Russia &ost people did not die of
battle wounds but rather disease
• 9lorence #ightingale was inspired by this to revolutionize the nursing profession
• Russia withdrew after the fall of (evastopol 1remember because topple2 and also because !ustria threatened to wage war if Russia did not agree to peace
• (!R6I#I! "#T"R"6 %U(T TF G"T F# #!P III'( GFF6 (I6"
Results
o Russia ended up not having any warm water ports and was effectively
capped
o Russia was forced to give up any ports along 6anube
o $oncert of "urope, Idea that "uropean nations should wor) together
spawned at the congress of ;ienna was shattered This led to /ritain
having a policy of isolationism
o Inspired Italian Unification
Italian Unification• /efore -KH, =ustria mainly controlled Italy, 6irectly ruling *ombardy and
;enetia The absburgs ruled Tuscany and &odena Poe had the Paal "tates,supported by good relations with !ustria 9rench /ourbons had Cingdom of the
Two (icilies
• -K0H #ationalist uprising 3uelled by !ustria, discredited secret societies that had
started the revolts, because they seen as unsuccessful
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• Giusee &a00ini 3 (trong nationalist, who wor)ed under )ing ;ictor "mmanuel
I 1r-K@N?-KEK2 of Piedmont?(ardinia, began Risorgimento, &ovement to unite
Italy into one
Eoung Italy
o Frganization he started to form one free, independent, republican Italy
o &embers had to swear loyalty to creating the )ind of Italy &azzini had inmind
o -K@K #ationalist rebellions seemed to succeed but were eventually
suppressed
• (tarted in (icily and moved north so rulers granted constitutions to their own state
1liberal, but still not unified2
• *ombardy and ;enetia rebelled against !ustria, led by $harles !lbert, the Cing of
Piedmont in a
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#apoleon made a separate peace with !ustria
Realized that defeating !ustria could be long and costly
Prussia was mobilizing to help !ustria, and 9rance did not want to
fight !ustria !#6 Prussia, so Piedmont got *ombardy and$avour was mad at #apoleon
•
#ationalists seized control in Parma, &odena, and part of the Papal states• eld plebiscites 1vote to as) the people what they want2, and the people voted to
:oin Piedmont #apoleon agreed to the anne+ation in e+change for #ice and
(avoy, meaning northern Italy is united
• Giusee Garibaldi3 Italian patriot who supported &azzini and republicans
;ery military, sword of revolution $avour was afraid of him and his influence,and wanted him out of the wayM sent him to southern Italy 1(icily2 to help the
revolutionaries there against the /ourbons $ontrol spread through (icily, and
then #aples, and then continued north en route to Rome $avour did not want him
to ta)e Rome, e was afraid the 9rench would get involved to help the pope$avour also did not want democratic republicanism (o $avour sent the Piedmont
army to stop Garibaldi in #aples Garibaldi didn't fight bac)• Plebiscites in the Cingdom of Two (icilies, Papal (tates, and #aples, and the
people voted to :oin Piedmont > Cingdom of Italy was proclaimed in -KJ- under
Cing ;ictor "mmanuel II
• Problems? ;enetia is still ruled by !ustria, and Rome is under 9rench protection
-KJJ !ustro?Prussian War
• Italy was bac)ed by Prussia
• !ustrians defeated the Italian army, but Prussia defeated !ustria and gave
;enetia to Italy• 9ranco?Prussian War7 withdrawal of 9rench troops from Rome and the Italian
army anne+ed Rome• Pope was v angry about the unification and efforts to reconcile did not succeed
• Problems after the unification
o #orth was more developed and wealthier than the south, therefore more
literate with a more productive economy as well as middle class &anyleft Italy
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German Unification7
• Rooted in #apoleonic "ra7 domination of large parts of Germany increased
demand for unified state and reduced amount of independent German states,
aiding in the process
• Prussia too) advantage over !ustria because it was in the ollverein while !ustria
was specifically e+cluded Prussia was the most industrialized in "urope Prussia
also had
Ftto ;on /ismarc) o Prime &inister to William I 1r -KJ-?-KKK2, originally a %un)er 1Prussian
noble2
o Plan to uniy Germany7 - &a)e Prussia better at fiting . 9ite 6enmar)
w5 !ustria 0 9ite !ustria w5 Italy !nne+ northern states @ 9ite 9rance !nne+ more places and call it Germany
1* Improve Prussian &ilitary ?
- William I wanted more military spending, parliament refused, he enlisted/ismarc) who collected ta+es and improved the military anyway by
modernizing the army with new weapons
. /ismarc) delivered his
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- Prussia secured alliance w5 Italy who wanted to remove !ustria bc unity
/ismarc) secured a promise of non?participation from 9rance
. Prussia then declared war on !ustria, citing dispute over governance ofolstein
0 Prussia was e+tremely powerful and easily defeated !ustria, but remained
diplomatic w5 !ustria to prevent involvement in the 9ranco Prussian War@ !fter defeating !ustria, /ismarc) anne+ed small northern German states
allied with !ustria during the conflict
b* 9ranco?Prussian War 1-KEH2- ! )insman of a Prussian )ing 1ohenzollern2 was going to ta)e vacant
throne of (pain, but #ap III said no because balance of power, demanding
an apology (o William I said srry, but /ismarc) rewrote the message,
)nown as the
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• #ap III made many concessions to his tyrannical regime7 eased censorship
1wanted to ma)e people stop hating him but now they had a vehicle to spread
their hate about him more2, in -KN he declared a constitutional monarchy• he might have later changed those but I'll do research on that laterX
• 9ollowing the collapse of the (econd "mpire, the Third 9rench Republic 1-KEH?
-N@H2 was soon created The republic had to stop a revolt in Paris, which resultedfrom the rise of the Paris $ommune /y -KE it was firmly established with a .?
house legislature and a wea) monarch
• /oulanger affair ? General /oulanger was gaining popularity in his radicalist
ideas of destroying the government so the government made him mysteriouslydisappear, lessened the trust of the gov by the people
Great /ritain
• Great "+hibition of -K- ? showed off industrialization and s)ill in the !rystal
Palace
• G/ had a very great time of peace and prosperity in -KHHs
•
Politically, the nation was becoming more democratico Great Reform /ill of -K0. ? e+panded the size of the "nglish electorate
o Poor *aw of -K0@ ?provided public relief for the destitute and
unemployed, but it was nasty and unethical in some ways
o In -KJE, /en:amin 6israeli too) office and was very democratic
o (econd Reform /ill ? "+tended voting privileges to urban heads of
households, later given to rural heads of households as well
o The monarch 1in this case A ;ictoria2's power decreased continuously
with the increased polarization and control of two main political parties
Russia
!le+ander II
o !bolished serfdom in -KJ-, but life still remained hard if not harder forthe serfs afterwards
o $reated emstvos, which were, localized governments li)e states in
!merica today with less control $ontrolled by gentry
o Unwillingness to ma)e actually star) democratic reforms led to his
assassination in -KK- by the organization, People's Will
o (ucceeded by !le+ander III, even less democratic than his father
• &ore stuff laterYY
!ustria
• In -KJE the gov of ;ienna signed an agreement with &agyars to create !ustria?
ungary, a dual state, still under the control of the emperor, 9rancis %oseph• The &agyars hypocritically ensured that the lands within their control ie $roatia,
(erbia, Romania didn't have any control after reaching independence
• !ustria ungary attempted to ta)e more control over the /al)an regions later
Fttoman "mpire
• (ic) man of "urope
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• Tried to implement a process of modernization during the reign of (ultan =bdul
&e.id 1r-K0N?-KJ-2 )nown as the 7an0imat* !ttempt to adopt Western methods
of waging wars to bring reinvigorate economy, and to introduce e3uality 5freedom of religion
• Western education responsible for forming a group of intellectuals who wanted
reform, the 8oung Tur)s They eventually were able to transform the state to aconstitutional monarchy
• When brutal (ultan =bdul ,amid II came to the throne, the constitution was
revo)ed in an attempt to sub:ugate non?&uslims is policies led to the deaths of
many !rmenians 1Precursor to !rmenian genocide occurring under 8oung Tur)safter -N-2
• !fter his reign, 8oung Tur)s restored constitutionalism
(ocial and $ultural developments
Religion
o Religious institutions and beliefs made a recovery after -K- oweverthis is mainly because rulers saw religion as a good way to pacify themasses which it was
o In -K-, (pain declared $atholicism its official religion while in !ustria,
$atholic reforms were repealed Pope Pius IB was forced to flee his city in-K@K and then was restored to power by the 9rench in -KEH e wrote that
socialism was wrong and that the pope could never be wrong in religious
matters, alarming moderate catholic population Pope *eo BIII issued a
boo) stating that the church should focus on helping the poor and so people in 9rance and Italy did
o 6avid (trauss published a boo) critically e+amining the life of %esus in
which he stated that the bible was simply a collection of mythso The wor)ing class in G/ had very little connection to religion
o %ews received full political rights in !ustria?ungary and Germany, access
to parliament in G/, yet soon after, a wave of anti?(emitism spread and in-KE0, a depression led to an increase in pre:udice
o 6reyfus !ffair helped give rise to anti?(emitic 9rench groups
o In Russia, pogroms were commonplace, and were tools for redirecting
anger
o Theodore erzel called for ionism, belief of all %ews returning to a
sacred homeland 9irst ionist $ongress held meeting in (witzerland in-KNE
Womeno $ult of domesticity lead everyone to thin) that women should only be
housewives, catering to their husband and familyo 9rancces Power $obbe was one of the first women to ma)e a living as a
:ournalist and later fought against $ontagious disease act which allowed
for women suspected of having (T6s to be inspected against their willo (uffragists were women who wanted the right to vote
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o "mmeline Pan)hurst and her followers were called suffragettes and were
very militant in their pursuit to vote often using violent riots
o In -N-K women could finally vote in G/
o This was contributed to by the amount of women that were put in the
wor)place as a result of the dire need for manpower during WWI
o &aria &ontessori was a famous educator and physician who wasrenowned for her teaching strategies
o (ome men such as 6 *awrence, were upset by this and pointed that
women should be passive and now they were becoming greedy
"mergence of (ocial (ciences
o /asically, everyone was li)e anthropology, sociology, archaeology and all
that stuff was vv important so they developed further
o !lso romanticism sprung up in the late -Kth $ and was a reaction to
rationalism and enlightenment ideas
o Pages .JE?.E- are all about this new springing up of the arts and such
Imperialism
o "uropean nations
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*iberia because it was a friend of the U( 1a dumpster for all their
freed slaves2
o (epoy Rebellion
/y the year -KE the /ritish had established complete political
control of India !s 4estern education was introduced and
missionaries eroded indu society resentment among Indian people grew and it was :oined by unease among the old governing
class when the /ritish decided to formally abolish the &ughal"mpire
The mutiny of the (epoy 1native troops in the /ritish army2 began
in -KE, when Indian soldiers who had refused to eat meat were
punished The Indian garrison at 6elhi :oined the mutineers and proclaimed
/ahadur (hah, the titular &ughal emperor as their leader The
capture of 6elhi turned the mutiny into a widespread revolt /ut
the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former
indu and &uslim regimes, which traditionally had been opposedto each other
The /ritish had some advantages They did receive reinforcements
from /ritain, and they had a base in /engal, and in the Pun:ab the
(i)hs were so hostile to the &uslims that they supported the/ritish against the &ughal restoration in 6elhi
The /ritish recaptured 6elhi in the fall of -KE, further campaigns
followed the ne+t year and by the spring of -KK the /ritish wereagain in full control of India
The 7ritish 'ontrol of 8ndia resulted in some &enefits such as
elimination of the caste system, improved infrastructure and
irrigation, etc
&ore e+amples of imperialism7
• 9rance seized Indochina
• /ritain had control over ong Cong after the opium war and a lot of the $hinese
economy
• 6utch controlled Indonesia
• U( seized the Philippines after the (panish !merican War
• %apan sized Corea in -N-H after Russo %apanese War
• Russia and G/ were both fighting the
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/elgium and waged a long war with 9rance Then, G/ declared war on Germany and the
Triple !lliance was formed
Germany 3uic)ly got to Paris, but soon after, 9rance retaliated and they were in a
stalemate for the ne+t 0 years Trench Warfare that occurred here was e+tremely deadly
/ritain later decided to wage war on Tur)ey who was on the side of the central powersTur)ey won at Gallipoli
In -N-E Russia became embroiled in Revolution and essentially withdrew from the war
Then !merica :oined the war because of the immerman Telegram from Germany to(pain about capturing !merica and because of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare
1sin)ing of *usitania2
! new German government led by Prince &a+ von /aden decided to contact Pres
Wilson to sue for peace and as) for an armistice based on his -@ points
"ffects of the War7
#ations mobilized their entire economies for wartime after realizing this would ta)e a
very long time This led to increased women in the wor)force and eventually more rightsfor them This also resulted in a destitute Germany that would later be the perfect
environment for itler to come and ta)e advantage of the vacuum of power, and fear ofthe people $lemenceau and *loyd?George were the main reasons why Germany suffered
so much as a result of the Treaty of ;ersailles
The Russian Revolution
•
The Russian army was poorly e3uipped for WW-• #icholas II was an inept ruler who decided to ta)e personal command of the
army #icholas left his ignorant wife "mpress !le+andra in charge of the state
• In early -N-E, food shortages in Petrograd led to spontaneous demonstrations and
stri)es
• #icholas's troops ignored his commands to restore order, instead :oining the
stri)ers #icholas II abdicated in -N-E, ending Romanov rule
• The Provisional Government too) over, led by !le+ander Cerens)y and made up
of members of the 6uma 4 the Russian parliament that arose out of the -NH
revolution
• The Provisional Government continued the war against Germany despite
unpopular views on pursuing the war, playing a )ey role in its demise
• Wor)ers and soldiers continued to form soviets, dominated by moderate socialists
1&enshevi)s2, with a minority of the /olshevi)s, the most e+treme of the social
groups
• &enshevi)s initially supported the provisional government because they believed
that a bourgeois revolution needed to precede a socialist revolution
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• ;ladimir *enin led the /olshevi)s, urging his followers to overthrow the
provisional government e wanted a small party of professional revolutionaries
to seize power on behalf of the wor)ing class
• Fn #ovember J, -N-E, the /olshevi)s occupied most government buildings
*enin proclaimed establishment of a new /olshevi) government
• Treaty of /rest?*itovs) 4 removed Russia from the warM Russia lost a 3uarter ofits "uropean territory to the Germans and a third of its population owever, thetreaty was never fully implemented by the !llies because of Germany's defeat in
the war
• !nti?communist groups 1White armies2 attempted to overthrow the /olshevi)s
1Red army2, who were led by *eon Trots)y The civil war lasted from -N-K to-N.H, and the /olshevi)s ultimately won
The German Weimar Republic
• The republic was created in #ovember -N-K, initially led by 9riedrich "bert, a
moderate (ocialist
• Reasons why it failed7 liberal democracy was foreign to the Germans who had
been ruled by the CaiserM it was wrongly blamed for the humiliating nature of the
Treaty of ;ersaillesM there were many economic problems, including huge war
reparations
• The republic faced staggering reparations payments and suffered from terrible
inflation as a result of the government's wild printing of money
• Gustav (tresemann was the $hancellor of Germany and the leader of the German
People's Party e was able to improve Germany's economy and wor) out a newagreement on reparations
• The 6awes Plan 4 provided !merican loans to Germany to help the German
economy and reduce reparation payments
•The *ocarno Pact 1*ucarno !greement2 4 Germany accepted current borders between 9rance and Germany
• The Cellogg?/riand Pact 4
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• The !merican stoc) mar)et crash caused enormous financial losses
• Governments cut budgets, reduced spending, and raised ta+es on imported goods,
accelerating the downward economic spiral
• %ohn &aynard Ceynes 4 a /ritish economist who argued that governments needed
to increase their e+penditures and run temporary deficits 1
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concentration camps $amps also contained
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• /ritain's economic decline 4 reliance on older factories, where German plants
were rebuilt with the latest technology /ritain also lac)ed central economic
planning and had to deal with the higher wage demands of aggressive unions
• &argaret Thatcher 4 leader of the $onservative partyM /ritain's first female prime
minister er economic policies 1Thatcherism2 included tight control over the
money supply to reduce inflation, sharp cuts in public spending, and a cut inta+es
• $harles de Gaulle 4 established the 9ifth 9rench Republic in -NK is foreign
policies included granting !lgeria full independence, withdrawing 9rench military
forces from #!TF, developing 9rance's own nuclear weapons, and opposingGreat /ritain's entry into the ""$ in order to help 9rance ta)e a leading role in
"urope
• In %une -N@K, the United (tates and /ritain introduced a new currency into their
occupation zones without (oviet approval The (oviet Union cut off Western landaccess to West /erlin Truman offered full support, ordering a massive airlift of
food, fuel, and other supplies to the citizens of West /erlin The /erlin !irlift
mar)ed an important test of containment and ended in &ay -N@N, when (talinlifted the bloc)ade with no preconditions
• The U(, Great /ritain, and 9rance combined their zones and created the 9ederal
Republic of Germany 1West Germany2, and the (oviet Union responded with the
$ommunist?dominated German 6emocratic Republic 1"ast Germany2
• Chrushchev attac)ed (talin in a speech at the $ommunist's Party twentieth
national congress in -NJ e criticized (talin's government and denounced his
reign of terror
• Chrushchev's program of de?(talinization included shifting resources toward
producing more consumer goods, curbing the power of the secret police, and
granting more freedom to writers and intellectuals
• !le)sandr (olzhenitsyn published One Day in the ife of 8van Denisovich This
novel described the horrors of life in a (talinist concentration camp
• /oris Pasterna) wrote Doctor 9hivago, which celebrated the human spirit and
challenged the principles of communism
• (putni) 4 a satellite launched into orbit around the earth by the (oviet Union It
became a symbol of (oviet technological advancements and played a )ey role inthe space race between the (oviet Union and the U(
• The $uban &issile $risis 4 Chrushchev constructed nuclear missiles in $uba,
which were detected by the U( This played a )ey role in Chrushchev's ouster
from power in -NJ@ The $uban &issile $risis is also an e+ample of
brin)manship• 6Ztente 4 a period of warmer diplomatic relations between the U( and the (oviet
Union
• elsin)i !ccords 4 high point of $old War dZtente It ratified the "uropean
territorial boundaries established after WWII It set out basic human rights
provisions and inspired resistance movements in RussiaVs satellite nations
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• /rezhnev 6octrine 4 the (oviet Union would support with all the means at its
disposal any established communist state in "astern "urope that was threatened
by internal strife
• Prague (pring 4 period of reform when $zechoslova)ia's capital bloomed with
new ideas as a result of the communist leader !le+ander 6ubce)'s attempt to
loosen controls on censorship The goal of Prague (pring was to bring about amore humanistic socialism with limits
• &i)hail Gorbachev 4 the new leader of the (oviet Union in -NK e introduced a
policy called glasnost 1openness2, which encouraged (oviet citizens to discuss
ways to reform their societies e also launched a program called perestroi)a1economic restructuring2 to revitalize the (oviet economy ! third policy,
demo)ratizatsiya 1democratization2, called for the election of a new legislature,
the $ongress of People's 6eputies
• ;elvet revolution 4 the peaceful overthrow of (oviet communism in
$zechoslova)ia in -NKN